Parasitic disease

Other names| parasitosis, parasitic infection
False-color electron micrograph of a Plasmodium sporozoite
Specialty| Infectious disease

A parasitic disease, also known as parasitosis, is an infectious disease caused by parasites.[citation needed] Parasites are organisms which derive sustenance from its host while causing it harm.[1] The study of parasites and parasitic diseases is known as parasitology.[2] Medical parasitology is concerned with three major groups of parasites: parasitic protozoa, helminths, and parasitic arthropods.[1] Parasitic diseases are thus considered those diseases that are caused by pathogens belonging taxonomically to either the animal kingdom, or the protozoan kingdom.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Terminology
* 2 Transmission
* 3 Treatment
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Terminology

Although organisms such as bacteria function as parasites, the usage of the term "parasitic disease" is usually more restricted. The three main types of organisms causing these conditions are protozoa (causing protozoan infection), helminths (helminthiasis), and ectoparasites.[4] Protozoa and helminths are usually endoparasites (usually living inside the body of the host), while ectoparasites usually live on the surface of the host. Protozoa are single-celled, microscopic organisms that belong to the kingdom Protista. Helminths on the other hand are macroscopic, multicellular organisms that belong to the kingdom Animalia. Protozoans obtain their required nutrients through pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Helminths of class Cestoidea and Trematoda absorb nutrients, whereas nematodes obtain needed nourishment through ingestion.[3] Occasionally the definition of "parasitic disease" is restricted to diseases due to endoparasites.[5]

## Transmission

Mammals can get parasites from contaminated food or water, bug bites, sexual contact,[6] or contact with animals.

Some ways in which people may acquire parasitic infections are walking barefoot, inadequate disposal of feces, lack of hygiene, close contact with someone carrying specific parasites, and eating undercooked foods, unwashed fruits and vegetables or foods from contaminated regions.[citation needed]

## Treatment

Parasitic infections can usually be treated with antiparasitic drugs.[citation needed] The use of viruses to treat infections caused by protozoa has been proposed.[7][8]

## See also

* Protozoan infection
* Babesiosis
* Giardiasis

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Baron, S. (1996), Baron, Samuel, ed., "Introduction to Parasitology", Medical Microbiology (Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston), ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2, PMID 21413318, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8262/, retrieved 2022-06-21
2. ↑ "Parasitology - Latest research and news | Nature". https://www.nature.com/subjects/parasitology.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sherris medical microbiology. Ryan, Kenneth J. (Kenneth James), 1940- (Seventh ed.). New York. 2018-01-12. ISBN 9781259859816. OCLC 1004770160.
4. ↑ "About Parasites | CDC DPD". 2020-01-28. https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/aboutparasites.htm.
5. ↑ "Intestinal Protozoal Diseases: eMedicine Pediatrics: General Medicine". http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/999282-overview.
6. ↑ "Parasitic Diseases". https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parasiticdiseases.html.
7. ↑ Keen, E. C. (2013). "Beyond phage therapy: Virotherapy of protozoal diseases". Future Microbiology 8 (7): 821–823. doi:10.2217/FMB.13.48. PMID 23841627.
8. ↑ Hyman, P.; Atterbury, R.; Barrow, P. (2013). "Fleas and smaller fleas: Virotherapy for parasite infections". Trends in Microbiology 21 (5): 215–220. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2013.02.006. PMID 23540830.

## External links

Classification|

* MeSH: D010272

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* e

Infectious diseases – Parasitic disease: protozoan infection: Excavata (A06–A07, B55–B57, 007, 085–086)

Discicristata|

| Trypanosomatida|

| Trypanosomiasis|

* T. brucei
* African trypanosomiasis
* T. cruzi
* Chagas disease

|

Leishmaniasis|

* Leishmania major / L. mexicana / L. aethiopica / L. tropica
* Cutaneous leishmaniasis
* L. braziliensis
* Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
* L. donovani / infantum
* Visceral leishmaniasis

Schizopyrenida|

* Naegleria fowleri
* Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

Trichozoa|

| Diplomonadida|

* Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis)

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Trichomonadida|

* Trichomonas vaginalis
* Trichomoniasis
* Dientamoeba fragilis
* Dientamoebiasis

* v
* t
* e

Protozoan infection: SAR and Archaeplastida (A07, B50–B54,B58, 007, 084)

SAR|

| Alveolate|

| Apicomplexa|

| Conoidasida/
Coccidia|

* Coccidia: Cryptosporidium hominis/Cryptosporidium parvum
* Cryptosporidiosis
* Cystoisospora belli
* Isosporiasis
* Cyclospora cayetanensis
* Cyclosporiasis
* Toxoplasma gondii
* Toxoplasmosis

|

Aconoidasida|

* Plasmodium falciparum/vivax/ovale/malariae/knowlesi
* Malaria
* Blackwater fever

* Babesia
* Babesiosis

Ciliophora|

* Balantidium coli
* Balantidiasis

Heterokont|

* Blastocystis
* Blastocystosis
* Pythium insidiosum
* Pythiosis

Archaeplastida|

* Algaemia: Prototheca wickerhamii
* Protothecosis

* v
* t
* e

* Infectious diseases
* Parasitic disease: helminthiases
* B65–B83
* 120–129

Flatworm/
platyhelminth
infection|

| Fluke/trematode
(Trematode infection)|

| Blood fluke|

* Schistosoma mansoni / S. japonicum / S. mekongi / S. haematobium / S. intercalatum
* Schistosomiasis
* Trichobilharzia regenti
* Swimmer's itch

|

Liver fluke|

* Clonorchis sinensis
* Clonorchiasis
* Dicrocoelium dendriticum / D. hospes
* Dicrocoeliasis
* Fasciola hepatica / F. gigantica
* Fasciolosis
* Opisthorchis viverrini / O. felineus
* Opisthorchiasis

Lung fluke|

* Paragonimus westermani / P. kellicotti
* Paragonimiasis

Intestinal fluke|

* Fasciolopsis buski
* Fasciolopsiasis
* Metagonimus yokagawai
* Metagonimiasis
* Heterophyes heterophyes
* Heterophyiasis

Cestoda
(Tapeworm infection)|

| Cyclophyllidea|

* Echinococcus granulosus / E. multilocularis
* Echinococcosis
* Taenia saginata / T. asiatica / T. solium (pork)
* Taeniasis / Cysticercosis]]
* Hymenolepis nana / H. diminuta
* Hymenolepiasis

|

Pseudophyllidea|

* Diphyllobothrium latum
* Diphyllobothriasis
* Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
* Sparganosis
* Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
* Sparganosis

Roundworm/
Nematode
infection|

| Secernentea|

| Spiruria|

| Camallanida|

* Dracunculus medinensis
* Dracunculiasis

|

Spirurida|

| Filarioidea
(Filariasis)|

* Onchocerca volvulus
* Onchocerciasis
* Loa loa
* Loa loa filariasis
* Mansonella
* Mansonelliasis
* Dirofilaria repens
* D. immitis
* Dirofilariasis
* Wuchereria bancrofti / Brugia malayi / |B. timori
* Lymphatic filariasis

|

Thelazioidea|

* Gnathostoma spinigerum / G. hispidum
* Gnathostomiasis
* Thelazia
* Thelaziasis

Spiruroidea|

* Gongylonema

Strongylida
(hookworm)|

* Hookworm infection
* Ancylostoma duodenale / A. braziliense
* Ancylostomiasis / Cutaneous larva migrans]]
* Necator americanus
* Necatoriasis
* Angiostrongylus cantonensis
* Angiostrongyliasis
* Metastrongylus
* Metastrongylosis

Ascaridida|

* Ascaris lumbricoides
* Ascariasis
* Anisakis
* Anisakiasis
* Toxocara canis / T. cati
* Visceral larva migrans / Toxocariasis]]
* Baylisascaris
* Dioctophyme renale
* Dioctophymosis
* Parascaris equorum

Rhabditida|

* Strongyloides stercoralis
* Strongyloidiasis
* Trichostrongylus spp.
* Trichostrongyliasis
* Halicephalobus gingivalis

Oxyurida|

* Enterobius vermicularis
* Enterobiasis
* Pinworm

Adenophorea|

* Trichinella spiralis
* Trichinosis
* Trichuris trichiura (Trichuriasis / Whipworm)
* Capillaria philippinensis
* Intestinal capillariasis
* C. hepatica

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