Pharmaceutical lobby

Short description: Lobbying group

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The pharmaceutical lobby refers to the representatives of pharmaceutical drug and biomedicine companies who engage in lobbying in favour of pharmaceutical companies and their products.

Lobbying takes place at national and international levels, including institutions such as the United States Congress, the European Parliament, and the World Health Organization. Large companies such as Pfizer, Novartis, and Roche lobby directly or through trade groups like Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA).

Common methods include meetings with policymakers, public campaigns, political donations, and litigation to challenge regulations or protect patents. Critics argue this influence contributes to high drug prices[1] and conflicts of interest, while supporters say it can support innovation and access to new medicines. The role of pharmaceutical companies in shaping international agreements and national policies remains a subject of academic and political discussion.

## Contents

* 1 Lobbying by country or region
* 1.1 United States
* 1.1.1 Prescription drug costs in the U.S.
* 2 COVID-19 patent waiver debate
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Lobbying by country or region

### United States

The largest pharmaceutical companies and their two trade groups, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) and Biotechnology Innovation Organization, lobbied on at least 1,600 pieces of legislation between 1998 and 2004. According to the non-partisan OpenSecrets, pharmaceutical companies spent $900 million on lobbying between 1998 and 2005, more than any other industry. During the same period, they donated $89.9 million to federal candidates and political parties, giving approximately three times as much to Republicans as to Democrats.[2] According to the Center for Public Integrity, from January 2005 through June 2006 alone, the pharmaceutical industry spent approximately $182 million on federal lobbying in the United States.[3] In 2005, the industry had 1,274 registered lobbyists in Washington, D.C.[4]

A 2020 study found that, from 1999 to 2018, the pharmaceutical industry and health product industry together spent $4.7 billion lobbying the United States federal government, an average of $233 million per year.[5]

#### Prescription drug costs in the U.S.

Critics of the pharmaceutical lobby argue that the drug industry's influence allows it to promote legislation friendly to drug manufacturers at the expense of patients.[1][6] The lobby's influence in securing the passage of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 was considered a major and controversial[according to whom?] victory for the industry, as it prevents the government from directly negotiating prices with drug companies who provide those prescription drugs covered by Medicare. Price negotiations are instead conducted between manufacturers and the pharmacy benefit managers providing Medicare Part D benefits under contract with Medicare. In 2010 the Congressional Budget Office estimated the average discount negotiated by pharmacy benefit managers at 14%.[7]

The high price of U.S. prescription drugs has been a source of ongoing controversy.[1] Pharmaceutical companies state that the high costs are the result of pricey research and development programs. Critics point to the development of drugs having only small incremental benefit.[6][8] According to Marcia Angell, former editor-in-chief of the New England Journal of Medicine, "The United States is the only advanced country that permits the pharmaceutical industry to charge exactly what the market will bear."[9] In contrast, the RAND Corporation and authors from the National Bureau of Economic Research have argued that price controls stifle innovation and are economically counterproductive in the long term.[10][11]

## COVID-19 patent waiver debate

In 2021, during the height of COVID-19, vaccine makers increased lobbying and public-relations efforts to oppose a proposal that would temporarily waive their patents in Germany, Japan and other countries. This proposal would allow COVID-19 vaccine patents to be licensed to international vaccine makers or otherwise sold entirely. The Biden presidential administration in the U.S. supported the waiver proposal. Pharmaceutical industry trade groups supported actors in Germany, Japan, and other countries that expressed opposition. Pharmaceutical industry representatives lobbied members of Congress and the Biden administration to reverse its support of the waiver, arguing that the patents protect its innovations. However, proponents of the proposal saw the patent as giving companies a monopoly over sales of vaccines during a world crisis.[12]

## See also

* Bad Pharma (2012) by Ben Goldacre
* Big Pharma (2006) by Jacky Law
* Big Pharma conspiracy theory
* Ethics in pharmaceutical sales
* List of pharmaceutical companies
* Lists about the pharmaceutical industry
* Pharmaceutical marketing

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kuchler, Hannah (2019-09-19). "Why prescription drugs cost so much more in America". https://www.ft.com/content/e92dbf94-d9a2-11e9-8f9b-77216ebe1f17.
2. ↑ Smith, R. Jeffrey; Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (12 January 2007). "Drug Bill Demonstrates Lobby's Pull". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/11/AR2007011102081.html.
3. ↑ "Pushing Prescriptions – The Center for Public Integrity". Archived from the original on Jul 3, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022803/http://www.publicintegrity.org/rx/report.aspx?aid=823. Retrieved Aug 13, 2022.
4. ↑ Drinkard, Jim (16 April 2005). "Drugmakers go furthest to sway Congress". USA Today. https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/drugs/2005-04-25-drug-lobby-cover_x.htm.
5. ↑ Wouters, Olivier J. (2020). "Lobbying Expenditures and Campaign Contributions by the Pharmaceutical and Health Product Industry in the United States, 1999-2018". JAMA Internal Medicine 180 (5): 688–697. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0146. PMID 32125357.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Turn the Volume Down on Drug Ads". The New York Times. November 27, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/27/opinion/turn-the-volume-down-on-drug-ads.html.
7. ↑ Congressional Budget Office (September 2010). "Effects of Using Generic Drugs on Medicare's Prescription Drug Spending". https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/118xx/doc11838/09-15-prescriptiondrugs.pdf.
8. ↑ Malcolm Gladwell (25 October 2004). "High Prices". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/10/25/041025crat_atlarge. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
9. ↑ "Interviews - Marcia Angell - The Other Drug War - FRONTLINE - PBS". https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/other/interviews/angell.html. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
10. ↑ Lakdawalla, Darius N.; Goldman, Dana P.; Michaud, Pierre-Carl; Sood, Neeraj; Lempert, Robert J.; Cong, Ze; de Vries, Han; Gutierrez, Italo A. (Jan 9, 2009). "U.S. Pharmaceutical Policy in a Global Marketplace". https://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP1380.html. Retrieved Aug 13, 2022.
11. ↑ Santerre, Rexford E.; Vernon, John A. (2006). "Assessing Consumer Gains from a Drug Price Control Policy in the United States". Southern Economic Journal 73 (1): 233–245. doi:10.2307/20111885.
12. ↑ The Wall Street Journal. "Covid-19 Vaccine Makers Press Countries to Oppose Patent Waiver". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-vaccine-makers-press-countries-to-oppose-patent-waiver-11622021402.

## External links

* Pharmaceutical lobbying totals at Opensecrets
* Corporations and Health Watch
* PhRMA's home page
* PBS series on the pharmaceutical industry
* Big Bucks, Big Pharma, Amy Goodman, 68 minutes

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and history|

| Organizations|

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* Health education
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* Sara Josephine Baker
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* State capture
* Shill

Related|

* AllTrials
* Arm's length principle
* Bias
* Business ethics
* Cochrane
* Corruption
* Cui bono
* Follow the money
* Legal ethics
* Lobbying
* Medical ethics
* cases
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* Pharmaceutical marketing
* Pharmaceutical sales representative
* Pharmacovigilance
* Political ethics
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* Sponsorship of continuing medical education

Writers|

* Michael Davis
* Ben Goldacre
* Sheldon Krimsky
* Leemon McHenry
* Wayne Norman

Incidents|

* Conflicts of interest on Wikipedia
* Bell Pottinger
* Church of Scientology
* Ken Sunshine
* Orangemoody
* The Hunting Ground
* US Congressional staff
* Wiki-PR
* Study 329

Law|

* Nemo iudex in causa sua
* R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet (No 2)
* R v Neil
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Media|

* Bad Pharma
* Big Pharma
* Inside Job
* Side Effects
* Who Killed the Electric Car?
* Taken for a Ride

* Conflict of interest (category)
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Pharmaceutical industry by country

* Bangladesh
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* United Kingdom
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List of pharmaceutical companies

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Pharmaceutical companies of the United States

Current|

* Abbott Laboratories
* AbbVie Inc.
* Acorda Therapeutics
* Aderis
* Advaxis
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* Alnylam
* Amgen
* Avax Technologies
* Baxter
* BioCryst
* Biogen
* Bioverativ
* Biovest
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* Bristol-Myers Squibb
* Century
* Ceragenix
* Combe
* CytoSport
* CytRx
* Danco Laboratories
* Eli Lilly
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* Genentech
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* Ionis
* Institute for OneWorld Health
* Intercept
* Johnson & Johnson
* Ethicon
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* McNeil Consumer Healthcare
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* McKesson
* Melinta Therapeutics
* Melior Discovery
* Mentholatum
* Merck & Co.
* Merrimack Pharmaceuticals
* Myriad Genetics
* Northwest Biotherapeutics
* Norwich Pharma
* NovaBay
* Ovation
* Pfizer
* Hospira
* Searle
* Pharmaceutical Product Development
* Prasco Laboratories
* Procter & Gamble
* Proteon Therapeutics
* Purdue Pharma
* Quark
* Regeneron
* RespireRx
* Sarepta Therapeutics
* Sheffield
* Spectrum
* Tec Laboratories
* Titan
* Trevena Inc
* Upsher-Smith
* Ventria Bioscience
* Vertex
* West Pharmaceutical Services

Former|

| Irish tax inversion|

* Actavis (2013)
* Alkermes (2011)
* Allergan (2015)
* Covidien (2007)
* Endo International (2014)
* Horizon Therapeutics (2014)
* Jazz Pharmaceuticals (2012)
* Mallinckrodt (2013)
* Perrigo (2013)

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Other tax inversion|

* Bausch Health (Canada, 2010)
* Mylan (Netherlands, 2015)

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* ALZA
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Pharmaceutical industry in the United States

Companies|

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* Alexion Pharmaceuticals
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* Allergan
* Alza
* Amgen
* Amylin Pharmaceuticals
* ARIAD Pharmaceuticals
* Avax Technologies
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Regulatory bodies|

* Food and Drug Administration

Professional bodies|

* American Pharmacists Association

Miscellaneous|

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* Pharmaceutical industry
* in Bangladesh
* in India
* in China
* in Pakistan
* in the UK

Books|

* The Billion-Dollar Molecule (1994)
* Mad in America (2002)
* Big Pharma (2006)
* Side Effects (2008)
* Anatomy of an Epidemic (2010)
* Bad Pharma (2012)

Lists|

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* List of pharmaceutical companies
* List of pharmaceutical manufacturers in the UK

Related templates|

* Pharmaceutical industry by country
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Category

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Pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry in the United Kingdom

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companies|

| current|

* AAH Pharmaceuticals
* Alliance Boots
* Astex
* AstraZeneca (MedImmune)
* BTG
* Cyclacel
* Dechra Pharmaceuticals
* GE Healthcare
* Genus
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* Oxford BioMedica
* Pfizer UK
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* Proximagen
* Shire
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* Unipath
* Vectura Group
* Vernalis
* ViiV Healthcare

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defunct|

* Allen & Hanburys
* Amersham
* Beecham Group
* Cambridge Antibody Technology
* Celltech
* Chiroscience
* Distillers Company
* Fisons
* Glaxo Wellcome
* ICI
* Reliant Pharmaceuticals
* Renovo
* Zeneca

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* European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines
* European Medicines Agency
* Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
* National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health
* National Patient Safety Agency
* Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme
* Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland
* General Pharmaceutical Council
* Scottish Medicines Consortium
* Veterinary Medicines Directorate

industry and
professional bodies|

* Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry
* Chemical Industries Association
* European Federation of Biotechnology
* European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations
* Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine
* Pharmacists' Defence Association
* Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain
* Worshipful Society of Apothecaries

books and journals|

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* Bad Pharma (2012)
* British National Formulary
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* Monthly Index of Medical Specialities
* Side Effects (2008)
* The Pharmaceutical Journal

other|

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