Powassan encephalitis

Powassan encephalitis, caused by the Powassan virus (POWV), a flavivirus also known as the deer tick virus, is a form of arbovirus infection that results from tick bites. It can occur as a co-infection with Lyme disease since both are transmitted to humans by the same species of tick.[1] There has been a surge in the number of cases and geographic range in the last decade. In the United States , cases have been recorded in the northeast.[2] The disease was first isolated from the brain of a boy who died of encephalitis in Powassan, Ontario, in 1958.[3] The disease is a zoonosis, an animal disease, usually found in rodents and ticks, with spillover transmission to humans. The virus is antigenically related to the Far Eastern tick-borne encephalitis viruses.[4]

## Contents

* 1 Presentation
* 2 Diagnosis
* 3 Treatment
* 4 Prognosis
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Presentation

Symptoms manifest within 7–10 days and include fever, headache, partial paralysis, confusion, nausea and even coma.[citation needed]

## Diagnosis

## Treatment

There is currently no established treatment.[5]

## Prognosis

Half of all cases results in permanent neurological damage and 10-15% result in death.[citation needed]

## References

1. ↑ Caulfield, AJ; Pritt, BS (December 2015). "Lyme Disease Coinfections in the United States.". Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 35 (4): 827–46. doi:10.1016/j.cll.2015.07.006. PMID 26593260.
2. ↑ "Cumulative human disease cases reported to CDC ArboNET for 2015". United States Geological Survey. http://diseasemaps.usgs.gov/mapviewer/.
3. ↑ McLEAN, DM; DONOHUE, WL (1 May 1959). "Powassan virus: isolation of virus from a fatal case of encephalitis.". Canadian Medical Association Journal 80 (9): 708–11. PMID 13652010.
4. ↑ CASALS, J (13 February 1960). "Antigenic relationship between Powassan and Russian spring-summer encephalitis viruses.". Canadian Medical Association Journal 82: 355–8. PMID 13808112.
5. ↑ "Increased recognition of Powassan encephalitis in the United States, 1999-2005". Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 8 (6): 733–40. December 2008. doi:10.1089/vbz.2008.0022. PMID 18959500.

## External links

Classification|

* ICD-10: A84.8

|

* v
* t
* e

Zoonotic viral disease]]s (A80–B34, 042–079)

Arthropod-borne|

| Mosquito-borne|

| Bunyavirales|

* Arbovirus encephalitides: La Crosse encephalitis
* LACV
* Batai virus
* BATV
* Bwamba Fever
* BWAV
* California encephalitis
* CEV
* Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
* Tete virus
* Tahyna virus
* TAHV

* Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Rift Valley fever
* RVFV
* Bunyamwera fever
* BUNV
* Ngari virus
* NRIV

|

Flaviviridae|

* Arbovirus encephalitides: Japanese encephalitis
* JEV
* Australian encephalitis
* MVEV
* KUNV
* Saint Louis encephalitis
* SLEV
* Usutu virus
* West Nile fever
* WNV

* Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Dengue fever
* DENV-1-4
* Yellow fever
* YFV
* Zika fever
* Zika virus

Togaviridae|

* Arbovirus encephalitides: Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
* EEEV
* Western equine encephalomyelitis
* WEEV
* Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
* VEEV
* Chikungunya
* CHIKV
* O'nyong'nyong fever
* ONNV
* Pogosta disease
* Sindbis virus
* Ross River fever
* RRV
* Semliki Forest virus

Reoviridae|

* Banna virus encephalitis

Tick-borne|

| Bunyavirales|

* Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Bhanja virus
* Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV)
* Heartland virus
* Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (Huaiyangshan banyangvirus)
* Tete virus

|

Flaviviridae|

* Arbovirus encephalitides: Tick-borne encephalitis
* TBEV
* Powassan encephalitis
* POWV
* Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Omsk hemorrhagic fever
* OHFV
* Kyasanur Forest disease
* KFDV
* AHFV
* Langat virus
* LGTV

Orthomyxoviridae|

* Bourbon virus

Reoviridae|

* Colorado tick fever
* CTFV
* Kemerovo tickborne viral fever

Sandfly-borne|

| Bunyavirales|

* Adria virus (ADRV)
* Oropouche fever
* Oropouche virus
* Pappataci fever
* Toscana virus
* Sandfly fever Naples virus

|

Rhabdoviridae|

* Chandipura virus

Mammal-borne|

| Rodent-borne|

| Arenaviridae|

* Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Lassa fever
* LASV
* Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
* GTOV
* Argentine hemorrhagic fever
* JUNV
* Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
* SABV
* Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
* MACV
* LUJV
* CHPV

|

Bunyavirales|

* Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
* DOBV
* HTNV
* PUUV
* SEOV
* AMRV
* Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
* ANDV
* SNV

Bat-borne|

| Filoviridae|

* Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Ebola virus disease
* BDBV
* EBOV
* SUDV
* TAFV
* Marburg virus disease
* MARV
* RAVV

|

Rhabdoviridae|

* Rabies
* ABLV
* MOKV
* DUVV
* LBV
* CHPV

Paramyxoviridae|

* Henipavirus encephalitis
* HeV
* NiV

Primate-borne|

| Herpesviridae|

* Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1

|

Retroviridae|

* Simian foamy virus
* HTLV-1
* HTLV-2

Poxviridae|

* Tanapox
* Yaba monkey tumor virus

Multiple vectors|

| Rhabdoviridae|

* Rabies
* RABV
* Mokola virus

|

Poxviridae|

* Monkeypox

* v
* t
* e

Tick-borne diseases and mite-borne diseases

Bacterial infection
(all G-)|

| Rickettsiales|

* Anaplasmosis
* Boutonneuse fever
* Ehrlichiosis (Human granulocytic, Human monocytotropic, Human E. ewingii infection)
* Scrub typhus
* Spotted fever rickettsiosis (includes Pacific Coast tick fever, Rickettsia parkeri]] rickettsiosis]], rickettsialpox, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever)

|

Spirochaete|

* Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome
* Lyme disease
* Relapsing fever borreliosis

Thiotrichales|

* Tularemia

Viral infection|

* Bhanja virus
* Bourbon virus
* Colorado tick fever
* Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
* Heartland virus
* Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
* Kyasanur Forest disease
* Omsk hemorrhagic fever
* Powassan encephalitis
* Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS)
* Tete virus
* Tick-borne encephalitis

Protozoan infection|

* Babesiosis

Neurotoxin|

* Tick paralysis

Allergies|

* Alpha-gal allergy
* House dust mite allergy
* Oral mite anaphylaxis

Unknown Cause|

* Southern tick-associated rash illness

General|

| Ticks|

* Tick infestation

|

Mites|

* Acariasis
* Baker's itch
* Cheyletiellosis
* Demodicosis
* Feather pillow dermatitis
* Gamasoidosis
* Grain itch
* Grocer's itch
* Rodent mite dermatitis
* Scabies
* Trombiculosis

Vectors|

| Ticks|

* Amblyomma: Amblyomma americanum
* Amblyomma cajennense
* Amblyomma triguttatum

* Dermacentor: Dermacentor andersoni
* Dermacentor variabilis

* Ixodes: Ixodes cornuatus
* Ixodes holocyclus
* Ixodes pacificus
* Ixodes ricinus
* Ixodes scapularis

* Ornithodoros: Ornithodoros gurneyi
* Ornithodoros hermsi
* Ornithodoros moubata

* other: Rhipicephalus sanguineus

|

Mites|

* House dust mite
* Leptotrombidium deliense
* Liponyssoides sanguineus
* Mites associated with cutaneous reactions

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