Timeline of cardiovascular disease

Short description: Chronological list of scientific developments in cardiology

This is a timeline of cardiovascular disease (CVD), focusing on scientific development and major worldwide organizations and events concerning CVD.

## Contents

* 1 Summarized timeline
* 2 Full timeline
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Summarized timeline

Year/period | Key developments

|

Prior to 1400s | Descriptions of heart failure exist from Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece , and India . The Romans are known to have used the foxglove as medicine.[1]
1400s–1700s | Early examples of cardiovascular disease start to be discovered. Among the most important findings in the field are those of English physician William Harvey and German physician/chemist Friedrich Hoffmann.[2]
1700s–1800s | Angina is described and studied extensively in the 18th and 19th centuries, the most outstanding work being that of Canadian cardiologist William Osler.[2]
1900s | A period of increased interest, study, and understanding of heart disease. Catheters start to be used to explore coronary arteries.[2]
1940s–1950s | The International Society of Cardiology is formed, and the World Congress of Cardiology starts being held under the patronage of the society. The link between heart disease and diet is discovered.[2]
1960s–present | Bypass surgery, angioplasty, and stents are developed. As a result of these treatment advances, a diagnosis of heart disease today is no longer necessarily a death sentence. Nevertheless, cardiovascular diseases remain by far the main cause of death worldwide.[2][3]

## Full timeline

Year/period | Type of event | Event | Location

|
|
|

1628 | Development | English physician William Harvey describes in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart.[1] | Frankfurt, Germany
1658 | Development | Swiss physician Jakob Wepfer describes for the first time carotid thrombosis (extracranially and intracranially), in a patient with a fully occluded and calcified right internal carotid artery.[4] | Switzerland
1681–1742 | Discovery | German physician Friedrich Hoffmann notes that coronary artery disease starts with the "reduced passage of the blood within the coronary arteries."[2] | MLU, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
1733  | Development  | English clergyman and scientist Stephen Hales measures blood pressure.[5] | Teddington, England
1768 | Development | English physician William Heberden describes angina pectoris for the first time.[6] | Royal College of Physicians, London
1785 | Development | English physician William Withering publishes an account of the medical use of digitalis, which are used for the treatment of heart conditions.[1] | Birmingham General Hospital, England
1803 | Achievement | British surgeon David Fleming performs the first successful ligation of a carotid artery.[4] |
1819 | Development | French physician René Laennec invents the stethoscope, an acoustic device for listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body.[1] | Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris
1831  | Discovery  | English physician Richard Bright describes high blood pressure and heart disease in association with kidney disease (Bright's disease).[7] | Guy's Hospital, London
1872–1919 | Development | Canadian physician William Osler works extensively on angina, and is one of the first to indicate that this is a syndrome rather than a disease in itself.[2] |
1895 | Discovery | German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X-rays, which are used to diagnose heart disease.[1] | University of Würzburg, Germany
1901 | Development | Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven invents the string galvanometer, which becomes the first practical electrocardiograph.[1] | Leiden, Netherlands
1920 | Development | Organomercurial diuretics are first used for the treatment of heart failure.[1] |
1924 | Organization | The Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease is established.[8] | New York City
1926 | Organisation | The Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute is founded.[9] | Melbourne, Australia
1930–1939 | Development | German physicist Werner Forssmann is the first to develop a technique for cardiac catheterization, later winning the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this achievement.[10] | Eberswalde, Germany
1932 | Development | American cardiac surgeon Michael E. DeBakey develops the roller pump, which later becomes an essential component of the heart–lung machine.[11] | Tulane University, New Orleans
1938 | Achievement | American surgeon Robert Gross applies systematically the first modern cardiovascular surgery when he successfully closes a patent ductus arteriosus.[12] | Boston Children's Hospital, Massachusetts
1941 | Development | French physician André Cournand and American physician Dickinson Richards, use the cardiac catheter as a diagnostic tool for the first time, applying catheterization techniques to measure right-heart pressures and cardiac output. Both physicians are awarded the Nobel Prize in 1956.[12][13] | Bellevue Hospital, New York City
1948 | Study | The Framingham Heart Study is initiated under the direction of the National Heart Institute to better understand atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease; 1,980 male and 2,421 female volunteers are recruited. The study identifies several risk factors for atherosclerosis: among them, high levels of cholesterol. Over 1000 medical papers have since been published related to the Framingham Heart Study.[14][15] | Framingham, Massachusetts
1949–1958 | Development | Scottish epidemiologist Jerry Morris performs studies on cardiovascular health, later establishing the importance of physical activity in preventing cardiovascular disease.[16] | United Kingdom
1950 | Organization | The first World Congress of Cardiology (WCC) is held.[17] | Paris, France
1950 | Discovery | A team led by American scientist John Gofman demonstrates the role of lipoproteins in the causation of heart disease.[14][18] | University of California, Berkeley
1950–1958  | Development  | Scientists Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co develop thiazides for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.  |
1950–1959 | Development | Scottish pharmacologist James Black develops propranolol, a beta blocker used for the treatment of heart disease. In 1988, Black is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work.[12] | Imperial Chemical Industries, London
1950–1959 | Discovery | American scientist Ancel Keys discovers that heart disease is rare in some Mediterranean populations where the diet is low in saturated fat.[2] | Southern Europe
1952 | Development | Swedish cardiologist Inge Edler and German physicist Carl Hellmuth Hertz launch the field of echocardiography, by adapting for human use a sonar device (that was used for detecting submarines in World War II) and using it to record echoes from the walls of a human heart.[12] |
1952 | Development | American cardiologist Paul Zoll develops the first external cardiac pacemaker.[12] | Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
1953 | Achievement | American surgeon John Gibbon performs the first open-heart operation using cardiopulmonary bypass.[12] | Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia
1958 | Development | Thiazide diuretics are introduced for treating hypertension.[1] |
1959 | Organization | The World Health Organization (WHO) establishes the Cardiovascular Disease program.[19] |
1960 | Study | The Framingham Heart Study finds that cigarette smoking increases the risk of heart disease.[20] | United States
1960 | Achievement | The first successful coronary artery bypass operation (anastomosis) is performed by German surgeon Robert H. Goetz.[21] | Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City
1961 | Discovery | Cholesterol level, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities are found to increase the risk of heart disease.[20] | United States
1961 | Organization | The British Heart Foundation (BHF) is established as a charitable organization in order to fund research into cardiovascular disease.[22] | London, England
1963 | Organization | The Instituto do Coração da Universidade de São Paulo is founded as a center specializing in cardiology, cardiovascular medicine and cardiovascular surgery.[23] | São Paulo, Brazil
1964 | Achievement | Russian cardiac surgeon Vasiliy Kolesov performs the first successful coronary bypass using a standard suture technique.[21] | First Leningrad Medical Institute, Soviet Union
1964 | Development | American interventional radiologist Charles Dotter describes angioplasty for the first time.[24] |
1967 | Achievement | South African cardiac surgeon Christiaan Barnard performs the first successful human-to-human heart transplant.[1] | Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
1967 | Achievement | Argentine cardiac surgeon René Favaloro performs the first documented saphenous aortocoronary bypass.[25] | Cleveland Clinic, Ohio
1967 | Discovery | Physical inactivity and obesity are found to increase the risk of heart disease.[19] | United States
1969 | Organization | The International Cardiology Foundation (ICF) is established.[26] | Geneva, Switzerland
1969 | Achievement | Argentine cardiac surgeon Domingo Liotta and American cardiac surgeon Denton Cooley perform the first clinical implantation of a total artificial heart (TAH).[27] | The Texas Heart Institute, Houston
1970 | Organization | The sixth World Congress of Cardiology is held, during which is created the International Cardiology Federation (ICF).[17] | London, England
1970 | Discovery | Atrial fibrillation is found to produce a fivefold increase in the risk of stroke.[20] | United States
1975 | Organization | The Philippine Heart Center is founded.[28] | Quezón City, Philippines
1976 | Discovery | Menopause is found to increase the risk of heart disease.[20] | United States
1977 | Development | German radiologist Andreas Gruentzig first develops coronary angioplasty for the treatment of coronary artery disease.[29] | Zurich, Switzerland
1978 | Discovery | Psychosocial factors are found to affect heart disease.[20] | United States
1978 | Organization | The International Society of Cardiology and the International Cardiology Federation merge to become the International Society and Federation of Cardiology.[17] |
1979 | Organization | The Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) is founded as an international non-profit organization in order to promote education and advocacy for cardiac arrhythmia professionals and patients.[30] | Washington, D.C., U.S.
1982 | Development | The Jarvik 7 total artificial heart, named for its designer, Dr. Robert Jarvik, is implanted in a patient.[31] | University of Utah, United States
1986 | Development | French physician Jacques Puel and German cardiologist Ulrich Sigwart are credited as being the first to use the coronary stent.[32] | Toulouse, France
1987 | Study | A study conducted by the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS), shows the unequivocal survival benefit of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in severe heart failure.[1] |
1988 | Development | Hemopump, a temporary left ventricular assist blood pump, is put to clinical use. It is designed to allow for the temporary support of a failing heart.[33] | The Texas Heart Institute, Houston
1988 | Achievement | The first successful long-term implantation of an artificial left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is performed by Dr. William F. Bernhard.[34] | Boston Children's Hospital, Massachusetts
1993 | Organization | The American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (ASNC) is founded.[35] |
1994 | Discovery | An enlarged left ventricle (one of two lower chambers of the heart) is shown to increase the risk of stroke.[20] | United States
1995 | Development | The European Society of Cardiology publishes guidelines for diagnosing heart failure.[1] |
1996 | Development | The progression from hypertension to heart failure is described.[20] | United States
1997 | Development | The Thoratec ventricular assist device (VAD) is put to clinical use to support patients with acute and chronic heart failure.[36] | The Texas Heart Institute, Houston
1998 | Study | The Framingham Heart Study finds that atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality.[20] | United States
1998 | Organization | The International Society and Federation of Cardiology board approves the change of name to World Heart Federation (WHF).[17] |
1999 | Discovery | The lifetime risk of developing coronary heart disease at the age of 40, is found to be one in two for men and one in three for women.[20] | United States
2000 | Organization | The WHF launches World Heart Day as an annual event on the last Sunday in September.[17] |
2000 | Organization | The Krishna Heart Institute is founded as a high-end medical facility, specializing in heart diseases.[37] | Ahmedabad, India
2000 | Organization | The Blood Pressure Association is founded as a charitable organization to provide information and support to people with hypertension.[38] | London, England
2001 | Discovery | "High normal" blood pressure (prehypertension) is found to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, emphasizing the need to determine whether the risk can be reduced by lowering prehypertension.[20] | United States
2001 | Development | An AbioCor total artificial heart, developed by U.S. company AbioMed, is implanted in a 59-year-old man.[39] | Jewish Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky
2004 | Discovery | Serum aldosterone levels are found to predict the future risk of hypertension in non-hypertensive individuals.[20][40] | Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts
2006 | Organization | The Multan Institute of Cardiology is founded.[41] | Multan, Pakistan
2007 | Organization | The Atrial Fibrillation Association is established as an international charity that provides information and support for patients with atrial fibrillation.[42] | Shipston-on-Stour, England
2008 | Report | The total number of deaths due to cardiovascular disease reaches 17.3 million a year worldwide, according to the WHO.[43] |
2008 | Organization | The sixteenth World Congress of Cardiology is held, and the WCC is subsequently moved from a 4-year to a 2-year cycle.[17] | Buenos Aires, Argentina
2010 | Discovery | Sleep apnea is found to be tied to an increased risk of stroke.[20][44] | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Maryland, U.S.
2011 | Development | The first-in-class gene therapy drug, pCMV-vegf165, is registered in Russia for the treatment of peripheral artery disease, including the advanced stage of critical limb ischemia.[45][46] | Russia
2011 | Campaign | The United Nations declaration on non-communicable diseases (NCD's) changes the global approach to these diseases, of which cardiovascular disease is the greatest contributor.[17] |
2012 | Report | Ischemic heart disease and stroke are found to be the leading causes of death worldwide, with 7.4 million deaths due to ischemic heart disease and 6.7 million deaths due to stroke.[3] |
2013 | Campaign | The board of the WHF adopts the United Nations and WHO targets for cardiovascular disease, and launches the 25 x 25 campaign to reduce premature deaths from CVD by 25% by the year 2025.[17] |

## See also

* Cardiovascular disease

## References

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Davis, R. C.; Hobbs, F. D. R.; Lip, G. Y. H. (1 January 2000). "History and epidemiology". The BMJ 320 (7226): 39–42. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7226.39. PMID 10617530.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Story, Colleen; Cherney, Kristeen; Nall, Rachel. "The History of Heart Disease". Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/history#3.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "The top 10 causes of death". World Health Organization. 24 May 2018. http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Thompson, Jesse E. (1 August 1996). "The Evolution of Surgery for the Treatment and Prevention of Stroke". Stroke 27 (8): 1427–34. doi:10.1161/01.STR.27.8.1427. PMID 8711815. https://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/27/8/1427.full. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
5. ↑ Lewis, O. (1 December 1994). "Stephen Hales and the measurement of blood pressure". Journal of Human Hypertension 8 (12): 865–871. ISSN 0950-9240. PMID 7884783.
6. ↑ "Description of Angina Pectoris by William Heberden". UMDNJ. http://rwjms1.umdnj.edu/shindler/heberden.html. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
7. ↑ Bright, Richard (1827–1831). Reports of Medical Cases, Selected with a View of Illustrating the Symptoms and Cure of Diseases by a Reference to Morbid Anatomy. I. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green & S. Highley.
8. ↑ "American Heart Association – Our Lifesaving History". American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/about-us/history-of-the-american-heart-association.
9. ↑ "Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute – official website". Baker Institute. https://baker.edu.au. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
10. ↑ "Werner Forssmann Biographical". Nobel Prize. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/forssmann-bio.html. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
11. ↑ "Michael DeBakey Biography". https://www.biography.com/people/michael-debakey-9269009#synopsis.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Braunwald, Eugene (December 2003). "Cardiology: the past, the present, and the future". Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42 (12): 2031–2041. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.08.025. PMID 14680723. http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1132857.
13. ↑ Mehta, Nirav J.; Khan, Ijaz A. (2002). "Cardiology's 10 Greatest Discoveries of the 20th Century". Texas Heart Institute Journal 29 (3): 164–71. PMID 12224718.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "A History of Heart Disease Treatment". NSTA. http://dev.nsta.org/evwebs/2645a/history.html. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
15. ↑ "About the Framingham Heart Study". Framingham Heart Study. 2018. https://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/fhs-about/.
16. ↑ Ashton, J. R. (December 2000). "Professor J N "Jerry" Morris". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 54 (12): 881A–8881. doi:10.1136/jech.54.12.881a. PMID 11076980.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 "World Heart Federation". World Heart Federation. https://www.world-heart-federation.org/about-us/our-history/.
18. ↑ Sanders, Robert (4 September 2007). "John Gofman, anti-nuclear activist & lipid researcher, has died". UC Berkeley. https://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/09/04_GofmanObit.shtml.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Cardiovascular diseases 1856–1967". World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/cvd_atlas_27_MILS_1856_1967.pdf.
20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 "Framingham Heart Study – Research Milestones". Framingham Heart Study. https://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/about-fhs/research-milestones.php. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Haller, Jordan D.; Olearchyk, Andrew S. (2002). "Cardiology's 10 Greatest Discoveries". Texas Heart Institute Journal 29 (4): 342–344. PMID 12484626.
22. ↑ "British Heart Foundation – official website". British Heart Foundation. https://www.bhf.org.uk/. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
23. ↑ "InCor – official website" (in Portuguese). Heart Institute, University of São Paulo. https://www.incor.usp.br/sites/incor2013/.
24. ↑ Dotter, Charles T.; Judkins, Melvin P. (1 November 1964). "Transluminal Treatment of Arteriosclerotic Obstruction". Circulation 30 (5): 654–670. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.30.5.654. PMID 14226164.
25. ↑ Cooley, Denton A. (2000). "In Memoriam: Tribute to René Favaloro, Pioneer of Coronary Bypass". Texas Heart Institute Journal 27 (3): 231–232. PMID 11225585.
26. ↑ "The International Society of Cardiology (ISC) and CVD Epidemiology". University of Minnesota. 15 October 2012. http://www.epi.umn.edu/cvdepi/essay/the-international-society-of-cardiology-isc-and-cvd-epidemiology/. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
27. ↑ "Biography: Professor Domingo Santo Liotta, MD". Domingo Liotta's International Foundation. http://www.fdliotta.org/biography.htm. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
28. ↑ "Philippine Heart Center – official website". Philippine Heart Center. https://www.phc.gov.ph/.
29. ↑ Meier, Bernhard; Bachmann, Dölf; Lüscher, Thomas F. (8 February 2003). "25 years of coronary angioplasty: almost a fairy tale". The Lancet 361 (9356): 527. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12470-1. PMID 12583964. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)12470-1/fulltext.
30. ↑ "About the Heart Rhythm Society". Heart Rhythm Society. https://www.hrsonline.org/About-HRS/.
31. ↑ "Heart Assist Devices – Jarvik 7 Total Artificial Heart". The Texas Heart Institute. November 2011. http://www.texasheart.org/Research/Devices/j7tah.cfm. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
32. ↑ Roguin, Ariel (1 April 2011). "Stent: The Man and Word Behind the Coronary Metal Prosthesis". Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions 4 (2): 206–209. doi:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.110.960872. PMID 21505167.
33. ↑ "Heart Assist Devices – Hemopump". The Texas Heart Institute. http://www.texasheart.org/Research/Devices/hemopump.cfm. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
34. ↑ "LVAD History". August 2014. p. 10. https://www.joomag.com/magazine/lvad-living-august-2014/0872428001402630896?page=10. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
35. ↑ "American Society of Nuclear Cardiology – official website". ASNC. https://www.asnc.org/.
36. ↑ "Heart Assist Devices – Thoratec VAD". The Texas Heart Institute. http://www.texasheart.org/Research/Devices/thoratec.cfm. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
37. ↑ "Krishna Heart & Super Specialty Institute's Profile". https://www.indiaheartbeat.com/hospital/profile/30849/KRISHNA-HEART-SUPER-SPECIALTY-INSTITUTE.html.
38. ↑ "Blood Pressure And Your Health". Blood Pressure Association. https://www.blood-pressure-monitoring.org/.
39. ↑ "Heart Assist Devices – AbioCor Implantable". The Texas Heart Institute. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160307073407/http://www.texasheart.org/research/devices/abiocor.cfm. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
40. ↑ Vasan, Ramachandran S.; Evans, Jane C.; Larson, Martin G.; Wilson, Peter W.F.; Meigs, James B.; Rifai, Nader; Benjamin, Emelia J.; Levy, Daniel (1 July 2004). "Serum Aldosterone and the Incidence of Hypertension in Nonhypertensive Persons". The New England Journal of Medicine 351 (351): 33–41. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa033263. PMID 15229305.
41. ↑ "Multan Institute of Cardiology – official website". Multan Institute of Cardiology. https://cpeic.gop.pk/.
42. ↑ "Atrial Fibrillation Association – official website". Atrial Fibrillation Association. http://www.heartrhythmalliance.org/afa/uk/. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
43. ↑ "Deaths due to cardiovascular disease". World Heart Federation. http://www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascular-health/global-facts-map/. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
44. ↑ "Sleep apnea tied to increased risk of stroke" (News Release). National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 7 April 2010. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/news/2010/sleep-apnea-tied-increased-risk-stroke.
45. ↑ Human Stem Cells Institute (6 December 2011). "Gene Therapy for PAD Approved". R&D magazine. https://www.dddmag.com/news/2011/12/gene-therapy-pad-approved.
46. ↑ Deev, Roman V.; Bozo, Ilia Y.; Mzhavanadze, Nina D.; Voronov, Dmitriy A.; Gavrilenko, Aleksandr V.; Chervyakov, Yuriy V.; Staroverov, Ilia N.; Kalinin, Roman E. et al. (13 March 2015). "pCMV-vegf165 Intramuscular Gene Transfer is an Effective Method of Treatment for Patients With Chronic Lower Limb Ischemia". Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 20 (5): 473–82. doi:10.1177/1074248415574336. PMID 25770117.

* v
* t
* e

Cardiovascular disease (heart) (I00–I52, 390–429)

Ischaemic|

| Coronary disease|

* Coronary artery disease (CAD)
* Coronary artery aneurysm
* Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)
* Coronary thrombosis
* Coronary vasospasm
* Myocardial bridge

|

Active ischemia|

* Angina pectoris
* Prinzmetal's angina
* Stable angina
* Acute coronary syndrome
* Myocardial infarction
* Unstable angina

Sequelae|

* hours
* Hibernating myocardium
* Myocardial stunning
* days
* Myocardial rupture
* weeks
* Aneurysm of heart / Ventricular aneurysm
* Dressler syndrome

Layers|

| Pericardium|

* Pericarditis
* Acute
* Chronic / Constrictive
* Pericardial effusion
* Cardiac tamponade
* Hemopericardium

|

Myocardium|

* Myocarditis
* Chagas disease
* Cardiomyopathy
* Dilated
* Alcoholic
* Hypertrophic
* Tachycardia-induced
* Restrictive
* Loeffler endocarditis
* Cardiac amyloidosis
* Endocardial fibroelastosis
* Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia

Endocardium /
valves|

| Endocarditis|

* infective endocarditis
* Subacute bacterial endocarditis
* non-infective endocarditis
* Libman–Sacks endocarditis
* Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

|

Valves|

* mitral
* regurgitation
* prolapse
* stenosis
* aortic
* stenosis
* insufficiency
* tricuspid
* stenosis
* insufficiency
* pulmonary
* stenosis
* insufficiency

Conduction /
arrhythmia|

| Bradycardia|

* Sinus bradycardia
* Sick sinus syndrome
* Heart block: Sinoatrial
* AV
* 1°
* 2°
* 3°
* Intraventricular
* Bundle branch block
* Right
* Left
* Left anterior fascicle
* Left posterior fascicle
* Bifascicular
* Trifascicular
* Adams–Stokes syndrome

|

Tachycardia
(paroxysmal and sinus)|

| Supraventricular|

* Atrial
* Multifocal
* Junctional
* AV nodal reentrant
* Junctional ectopic

|

Ventricular|

* Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
* Catecholaminergic polymorphic
* Torsades de pointes

Premature contraction|

* Atrial
* Junctional
* Ventricular

Pre-excitation syndrome|

* Lown–Ganong–Levine
* Wolff–Parkinson–White

Flutter / fibrillation|

* Atrial flutter
* Ventricular flutter
* Atrial fibrillation
* Familial
* Ventricular fibrillation

Pacemaker|

* Ectopic pacemaker / Ectopic beat
* Multifocal atrial tachycardia
* Pacemaker syndrome
* Parasystole
* Wandering atrial pacemaker

Long QT syndrome|

* Andersen–Tawil
* Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
* Romano–Ward

Cardiac arrest|

* Sudden cardiac death
* Asystole
* Pulseless electrical activity
* Sinoatrial arrest

Other / ungrouped|

* hexaxial reference system
* Right axis deviation
* Left axis deviation
* QT
* Short QT syndrome
* T
* T wave alternans
* ST
* Osborn wave
* ST elevation
* ST depression
* Strain pattern

Cardiomegaly|

* Ventricular hypertrophy
* Left
* Right / Cor pulmonale
* Atrial enlargement
* Left
* Right
* Athletic heart syndrome

Other|

* Cardiac fibrosis
* Heart failure
* Diastolic heart failure
* Cardiac asthma
* Rheumatic fever

* v
* t
* e

Cardiovascular disease (vessels) (I70–I99, 440–456)

Arteries, arterioles
and capillaries|

| Inflammation|

* Arteritis
* Aortitis
* Buerger's disease

|

Peripheral artery disease|

| Arteriosclerosis|

* Atherosclerosis
* Foam cell
* Fatty streak
* Atheroma
* Intermittent claudication
* Critical limb ischemia

* Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
* Arteriolosclerosis
* Hyaline
* Hyperplastic
* Cholesterol
* LDL
* Oxycholesterol
* Trans fat

|

Stenosis|

* Carotid artery stenosis
* Renal artery stenosis

Other|

* Aortoiliac occlusive disease
* Degos disease
* Erythromelalgia
* Fibromuscular dysplasia
* Raynaud's phenomenon

Aneurysm / dissection /
pseudoaneurysm|

* torso: Aortic aneurysm
* Abdominal aortic aneurysm
* Thoracic aortic aneurysm
* Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
* Aortic dissection
* Aortic rupture
* Coronary artery aneurysm
* head / neck
* Intracranial aneurysm
* Intracranial berry aneurysm
* Carotid artery dissection
* Vertebral artery dissection
* Familial aortic dissection

Vascular malformation|

* Arteriovenous fistula
* Arteriovenous malformation
* Telangiectasia
* Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Vascular nevus|

* Cherry hemangioma
* Halo nevus
* Spider angioma

Veins|

| Inflammation|

* Phlebitis

|

Venous thrombosis /
Thrombophlebitis|

* primarily lower limb
* Deep vein thrombosis
* abdomen
* Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
* Budd–Chiari syndrome
* May–Thurner syndrome
* Portal vein thrombosis
* Renal vein thrombosis
* upper limb / torso
* Mondor's disease
* Paget–Schroetter disease
* head
* Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
* Post-thrombotic syndrome

Varicose veins|

* Gastric varices
* Portacaval anastomosis
* Caput medusae
* Esophageal varices
* Hemorrhoid
* Varicocele

Other|

* Chronic venous insufficiency
* Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
* Superior vena cava syndrome
* Inferior vena cava syndrome
* Venous ulcer

Arteries or veins|

* Angiopathy
* Macroangiopathy
* Microangiopathy
* Embolism
* Pulmonary embolism
* Cholesterol embolism
* Paradoxical embolism
* Thrombosis
* Vasculitis

Blood pressure|

| Hypertension|

* Hypertensive heart disease
* Hypertensive emergency
* Hypertensive nephropathy
* Essential hypertension
* Secondary hypertension
* Renovascular hypertension
* Benign hypertension
* Pulmonary hypertension
* Systolic hypertension
* White coat hypertension

|

Hypotension|

* Orthostatic hypotension

* v
* t
* e

Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease (P, 760–779)

Maternal factors and
complications of pregnancy,
labour and delivery|

| placenta:|

* Placenta praevia
* Placental insufficiency
* Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome

|

chorion/amnion:|

* Chorioamnionitis

umbilical cord:|

* Umbilical cord prolapse
* Nuchal cord
* Single umbilical artery

presentation:|

* Breech birth
* Asynclitism
* Shoulder presentation

Length of gestation
and fetal growth|

* Small for gestational age/Large for gestational age
* Preterm birth/Postmature birth
* Intrauterine growth restriction

Birth trauma|

* scalp
* Cephalhematoma
* Chignon
* Caput succedaneum
* Subgaleal hemorrhage
* Brachial plexus lesion
* Erb's palsy
* Klumpke paralysis

By system|

| Respiratory|

* Intrauterine hypoxia
* Infant respiratory distress syndrome
* Transient tachypnea of the newborn
* Meconium aspiration syndrome
* pleural disease
* Pneumothorax
* Pneumomediastinum
* Wilson–Mikity syndrome
* Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

|

Cardiovascular|

* Pneumopericardium
* Persistent fetal circulation

Haemorrhagic and
hematologic disease|

* Vitamin K deficiency bleeding

* HDN
* ABO
* Anti-Kell
* Rh c
* Rh D
* Rh E
* Hydrops fetalis
* Hyperbilirubinemia
* Kernicterus
* Neonatal jaundice

* Velamentous cord insertion
* Intraventricular hemorrhage
* Germinal matrix hemorrhage
* Anemia of prematurity

Digestive|

* Ileus
* Necrotizing enterocolitis
* Meconium peritonitis

Integument and
thermoregulation|

* Erythema toxicum
* Sclerema neonatorum

Nervous system|

* Perinatal asphyxia
* Periventricular leukomalacia

Musculoskeletal|

* Gray baby syndrome
* muscle tone
* Congenital hypertonia
* Congenital hypotonia

Infectious|

* Vertically transmitted infection
* Neonatal infection
* Congenital rubella syndrome
* Neonatal herpes simplex
* Mycoplasma hominis infection
* Ureaplasma urealyticum infection
* Omphalitis
* Neonatal sepsis
* Group B streptococcal infection
* Neonatal conjunctivitis

Other|

* Miscarriage
* Perinatal mortality
* Stillbirth
* Infant mortality
* Neonatal withdrawal

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