Vision disorder

Disability-adjusted life year for vision disorders (age-related) per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.[1]

no data

less than 100

100–200

200–300

300–400

400–450

450–500

500–600

600–700

700–750

750–800

800–850

more than 850

Specialty| Ophthalmology

A vision disorder is an impairment of the sense of vision.

Vision disorder is not the same as an eye disease. Although many vision disorders do have their immediate cause in the eye, there are many other causes that may occur at other locations in the optic pathway.

## Contents

* 1 Causes
* 2 Epidemiology
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Causes

There are many eye conditions that can lead to vision disorder. Some of which are as follows:

* Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD): ARMD is a retinal degeneration disease specifically associated with macula blood vessels, which can result in central vision impairment. It is strongly linked to advancing age, as well as European ancestry.[2]
* Bulging eyes: where the eye (one or both) protrudes or distends out of its orbit. Left untreated, bulging eyes may lead to eye dryness, pain and vision loss [3]
* Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinitis: This is an inflammation of the retina caused by infection, which can result in blindness. It occurs in people experiencing suppressed immune systems, most commonly by Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).[4]
* Diabetic Macular Edema (DME): is an eye disease specifically related to diabetes, occurring due to fluid build-up in the retina as a result of sustained high blood glucose levels. It can result in blurred vision and vision loss.[5]
* Eye floaters and spots: where visible cloud-like images appear to "float" in an individual's field of vision.[6] Floaters and spots are most commonly related to ageing. They are generally harmless and do not cause blindness [7]
* Eye flashing: characterised by bursts or streaks of light that appear in an individual's field of vision. As eye flashing may indicate impending retinal detachment, medical attention is required.[8]
* Eyelid twitching: where the eyelid muscles contract in an irregular or abnormal pattern. Such movements can cause irritation and fatigue to the eyes.[9]
* Glaucoma: occurs when the optic nerve is damaged and can result in irreversible vision loss, with the potential to pass undetected until this damage occurs. It is caused when aqueous humour fails to adequately drain from the eye, resulting in pressure build-up.[10]
* Keratoconus: vision problems can be caused when the cornea thins and distorts into a conical shape. While the cause is unknown, Keratoconus is believed to be congenital, and can be exacerbated by allergies and eye rubbing.[11]
* Strabismus: where the muscular or neural control of gaze direction fails to align the eyes to a shared locus of visual attention, sometimes leading to double vision
* Uveitis: where the uveal (middle) layer of the eye is inflamed. Uveitis requires medical intervention as it can lead to blurry vision, eye pain, eye floaters, eye redness and vision loss [12][13]

## Epidemiology

It was estimated by the WHO in 2004 that 314 million people worldwide are vision impaired (from all causes), of whom 45 million are blind.[14] Vision disorders are not often targeted by public health initiatives, as mortality causes take priority.[15] However, they can have significant impact on a person's quality of life, affecting performance at school and the workplace if not corrected.[citation needed]

## See also

* Blindness, Recovery from blindness
* Amblyopia, Nystagmus, Strabism, Stereoblindness, Stereopsis recovery
* Visual impairment
* Visual field

## References

1. ↑ "Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002" (xls). World Health Organization. 2002. https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/statistics/bodgbddeathdalyestimates.xls.
2. ↑ "Age-related macular degeneration - EyeWiki" (in en). https://eyewiki.org/Age-related_macular_degeneration.
3. ↑ "Bulging Eyes – Symptoms and treatments for Bulging Eyes : Bausch + Lomb". https://www.bausch.com/your-eye-concerns/diseases-and-disorders/bulging-eyes.
4. ↑ "CMV Retinitis - EyeWiki" (in en). https://eyewiki.org/CMV_Retinitis.
5. ↑ "Diabetic Macular Edema - EyeWiki" (in en). https://eyewiki.org/Diabetic_Macular_Edema.
6. ↑ "Glossary of Common Eye & Vision Conditions" (in en). https://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/eye-and-vision-problems/glossary-of-eye-and-vision-conditions#floaters-spots.
7. ↑ "Common Eye Problems and Infections" (in en). https://www.onhealth.com/content/1/common_eye_conditions.
8. ↑ "Glossary of Common Eye & Vision Conditions" (in en). https://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/eye-and-vision-problems/glossary-of-eye-and-vision-conditions#floaters-spots.
9. ↑ "Eyelid Twitching – Causes and Symptoms of Eyelid Twitches : Bausch + Lomb". https://www.bausch.com/your-eye-concerns/diseases-and-disorders/eyelid-twitching.
10. ↑ "Glaucoma Treatment, Symptoms & Diagnosis" (in en-US). https://www.lei.org.au/services/eye-health-information/glaucoma/.
11. ↑ "Keratoconus: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" (in en). https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001013.htm.
12. ↑ "Uveitis – Symptoms and Treatments for Uveitis : Bausch + Lomb". https://www.bausch.com/your-eye-concerns/diseases-and-disorders/uveitis.
13. ↑ "Glossary of Common Eye & Vision Conditions" (in en). https://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/eye-and-vision-problems/glossary-of-eye-and-vision-conditions#floaters-spots.
14. ↑ "Global magnitude of visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive errors in 2004". Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86 (1): 63–70. January 2008. doi:10.2471/BLT.07.041210. PMID 18235892.
15. ↑ "Global Inequality in Eye Health: Country-Level Analysis From the Global Burden of Disease Study". American Journal of Public Health 100 (9): 1784–8. September 2010. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187930. PMID 20634443.

## External links

Classification|

* MeSH: D014786

|

* v
* t
* e

* Diseases of the human eye (H00–H59
* 360–379)

Adnexa

| Eyelid|

| Inflammation|

* Stye
* Chalazion
* Blepharitis

|

* Entropion
* Ectropion
* Lagophthalmos
* Blepharochalasis
* Ptosis
* Blepharophimosis
* Xanthelasma

Eyelash|

* Trichiasis
* Madarosis

Lacrimal apparatus|

* Dacryoadenitis
* Epiphora
* Dacryocystitis
* Xerophthalmia

Orbit|

* Exophthalmos
* Enophthalmos
* Orbital cellulitis
* Orbital lymphoma
* Periorbital cellulitis

Conjunctiva|

* Conjunctivitis
* allergic
* Pterygium
* Pinguecula
* Subconjunctival hemorrhage

Globe

| Fibrous tunic|

| Sclera|

* Scleritis
* Episcleritis

|

Cornea|

* Keratitis
* herpetic
* acanthamoebic
* fungal
* Corneal ulcer
* Photokeratitis
* Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
* Corneal dystrophy
* Fuchs'
* Meesmann
* Corneal ectasia
* Keratoconus
* Pellucid marginal degeneration
* Keratoglobus
* Terrien's marginal degeneration
* Post-LASIK ectasia
* Keratoconjunctivitis
* sicca
* Corneal neovascularization
* Kayser–Fleischer ring
* Haab's striae
* Arcus senilis
* Band keratopathy

Vascular tunic|

* Iris
* Ciliary body

* Uveitis
* Intermediate uveitis
* Hyphema
* Rubeosis iridis
* Persistent pupillary membrane
* Iridodialysis
* Synechia

|

Choroid|

* Choroideremia
* Choroiditis
* Chorioretinitis

Lens|

* Cataract
* Congenital cataract
* Childhood cataract
* Aphakia
* Ectopia lentis

Retina|

* Retinitis
* Chorioretinitis
* Cytomegalovirus retinitis
* Retinal detachment
* Retinoschisis
* Ocular ischemic syndrome / Central retinal vein occlusion
* Central retinal artery occlusion
* Branch retinal artery occlusion
* Retinopathy
* diabetic
* hypertensive
* Purtscher's
* of prematurity
* Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
* Coats' disease
* Macular degeneration
* Retinitis pigmentosa
* Retinal haemorrhage
* Central serous retinopathy
* Macular edema
* Epiretinal membrane (Macular pucker)
* Vitelliform macular dystrophy
* Leber's congenital amaurosis
* Birdshot chorioretinopathy

Other|

* Glaucoma / Ocular hypertension / Primary juvenile glaucoma
* Floater
* Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
* Red eye
* Globe rupture
* Keratomycosis
* Phthisis bulbi
* Persistent fetal vasculature / Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous
* Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
* Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy

Pathways

| Optic nerve
Optic disc|

* Optic neuritis
* optic papillitis
* Papilledema
* Foster Kennedy syndrome
* Optic atrophy
* Optic disc drusen

Optic neuropathy|

* Ischemic
* anterior (AION)
* posterior (PION)
* Kjer's
* Leber's hereditary
* Toxic and nutritional

Strabismus
Extraocular muscles
Binocular vision
Accommodation|

| Paralytic strabismus|

* Ophthalmoparesis
* Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
* Kearns–Sayre syndrome

palsies|

* Oculomotor (III)
* Fourth-nerve (IV)
* Sixth-nerve (VI)

Other strabismus|

* Esotropia / Exotropia
* Hypertropia
* Heterophoria
* Esophoria
* Exophoria
* Cyclotropia
* Brown's syndrome
* Duane syndrome

Other binocular|

* Conjugate gaze palsy
* Convergence insufficiency
* Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
* One and a half syndrome

Refraction|

* Refractive error
* Hyperopia
* Myopia
* Astigmatism
* Anisometropia / Aniseikonia
* Presbyopia

Vision disorders
Blindness|

* Amblyopia
* Leber's congenital amaurosis
* Diplopia
* Scotoma
* Color blindness
* Achromatopsia
* Dichromacy
* Monochromacy
* Nyctalopia
* Oguchi disease
* Blindness / Vision loss / Visual impairment

Anopsia|

* Hemianopsia
* binasal
* bitemporal
* homonymous
* Quadrantanopia

subjective|

* Asthenopia
* Hemeralopia
* Photophobia
* Scintillating scotoma

Pupil|

* Anisocoria
* Argyll Robertson pupil
* Marcus Gunn pupil
* Adie syndrome
* Miosis
* Mydriasis
* Cycloplegia
* Parinaud's syndrome

Other|

* Nystagmus
* Childhood blindness

Infections

* Trachoma
* Onchocerciasis

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