Message switching

In telecommunications, message switching involves messages routed in their entirety, one hop at a time. It evolved from circuit switching and was the precursor of packet switching.[1] An example of message switching is email in which the message is sent through different intermediate servers to reach the mail server for storing. Unlike packet switching, the message is not divided into smaller units and sent independently over the network.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Examples
* 3 Store and forward delays
* 4 Advantages
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading

## History

Western Union operated a message switching system, Plan 55-A, for processing telegrams in the 1950s.[2] Leonard Kleinrock wrote a doctoral thesis at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962 that analyzed queueing delays in this system.[3]

Message switching was built by Collins Radio Company, Newport Beach, California, during the period 1959–1963 for sale to large airlines, banks and railroads.

The original design for the ARPANET was Wesley Clark's April 1967 proposal for using Interface Message Processors to create a message switching network.[4][5][6] After the seminal meeting at the first ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in October 1967, where Roger Scantlebury presented Donald Davies work and mentioned the work of Paul Baran, Larry Roberts incorporated packet switching into the design.[7]

The SITA High-Level Network (HLN) became operational in 1969, handling data traffic for airlines in real time via a message-switched network over common carrier leased lines.[8][9] It was organised to act like a packet-switching network.[10]

Message switching systems are nowadays mostly implemented over packet-switched or circuit-switched data networks. Each message is treated as a separate entity. Each message contains addressing information, and at each switch this information is read and the transfer path to the next switch is decided. Depending on network conditions, a conversation of several messages may not be transferred over the same path. Each message is stored (usually on hard drive due to RAM limitations) before being transmitted to the next switch. Because of this it is also known as a 'store and forward' network. Email is a common application for message switching. A delay in delivering email is allowed real-time data transfer between two computers.

## Examples

Hop-by-hop Telex forwarding and UUCP are examples of message switching systems.

When this form of switching is used, no physical path is established in advance between sender and receiver. Instead, when the sender has a block of data to be sent, it is stored in the first switching office (i.e. router) then forwarded later one hop at a time. Each block is received in its entity form, inspected for errors and then forwarded or re-transmitted.

A form of store-and-forward network. Data is transmitted into the network and stored in a switch. The network transfers the data from switch to switch when it is convenient to do so, as such the data is not transferred in real-time. Blocking can not occur, however, long delays can happen. The source and destination terminal need not be compatible, since conversions are done by the message switching networks.

A message switch is "transactional". It can store data or change its format and bit rate, then convert the data back to their original form or an entirely different form at the receive end. Message switching multiplexes data from different sources onto a common facility. A message switch is one of the switching technologies.

## Store and forward delays

Since message switching stores each message at intermediate nodes in its entirety before forwarding, messages experience an end to end delay which is dependent on the message length, and the number of intermediate nodes. Each additional intermediate node introduces a delay which is at minimum the value of the minimum transmission delay into or out of the node. Note that nodes could have different transmission delays for incoming messages and outgoing messages due to different technology used on the links. The transmission delays are in addition to any propagation delays which will be experienced along the message path.

In a message-switching centre an incoming message is not lost when the required outgoing route is busy. It is stored in a queue with any other messages for the same route and retransmitted when the required circuit becomes free. Message switching is thus an example of a delay system or a queuing system. Message switching is still used for telegraph traffic and a modified form of it, known as packet switching, is used extensively for data communications.

## Advantages

The advantages to message switching are:

* Data channels are shared among communication devices, improving the use of bandwidth.
* Messages can be stored temporarily at message switches, when network congestion becomes a problem.
* Priorities may be used to manage network traffic.
* Broadcast addressing uses bandwidth more efficiently because messages are delivered to multiple destinations.

Store and forward delays

## See also

* SMS
* Circuit switching
* Message-oriented middleware
* Delay tolerant networking

## References

1. ↑ Davies, Donald Watts (1979). Computer networks and their protocols. Internet Archive. Chichester, [Eng.] ; New York : Wiley. pp. 456–477. ISBN 9780471997504. https://archive.org/details/computernetworks00davi.
2. ↑ Transfilm (1956), Telegram for America, https://archive.org/details/Telegram1956, retrieved 2021-03-16
3. ↑ Kleinrock, Leonard (December 1962). Message Delay in Communication Nets with Storage (PhD thesis) (PDF) (Thesis). Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
4. ↑ Press, Gil. "A Very Short History Of The Internet And The Web" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2015/01/02/a-very-short-history-of-the-internet-and-the-web-2/. "Roberts’ proposal that all host computers would connect to one another directly ... was not endorsed ... Wesley Clark ... suggested to Roberts that the network be managed by identical small computers, each attached to a host computer. Accepting the idea, Roberts named the small computers dedicated to network administration ‘Interface Message Processors’ (IMPs), which later evolved into today’s routers."
5. ↑ "SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings).[1967"]. https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/EngelbartPapers/B1_F20_CompuMtg.html. "W. Clark's message switching proposal (appended to Taylor's letter of April 24, 1967 to Engelbart)were reviewed."
6. ↑ Roberts, Lawrence (1967). "Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication". Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communications. pp. 3.1–3.6. doi:10.1145/800001.811680. https://people.mpi-sws.org/~gummadi/teaching/sp07/sys_seminar/arpanet.pdf. "Thus the set of IMP's, plus the telephone lines and data sets would constitute a message switching network"
7. ↑ Press, Gil. "A Very Short History Of The Internet And The Web" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2015/01/02/a-very-short-history-of-the-internet-and-the-web-2/.
8. ↑ Chretien, G.J.; Konig, W.M.; Rech, J.H. (1973). "The SITA Network". Sussex, United Kingdom: Noordhoff International Publishing. pp. 373–396. http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/SITAB.html.
9. ↑ Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching". http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html. "Almost immediately after the 1965 meeting, Donald Davies conceived of the details of a store-and-forward packet switching system"
10. ↑ Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching". http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html. "Almost immediately after the 1965 meeting, Donald Davies conceived of the details of a store-and-forward packet switching system"

## Further reading

* Leonard Kleinrock, Information Flow in Large Communication Nets, (MIT, Cambridge, May 31, 1961) Proposal for a Ph.D. Thesis
* Leonard Kleinrock. Information Flow in Large Communication Nets (RLE Quarterly Progress Report, July 1961)
* Roshan L. Sharma, "An Approach Towards Evaluating Digital Computer Controlled Message Switching Systems, IFIP Congress65, New York, May 1965.

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