Model-based systems engineering

Short description: Systems engineering methodology

Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) represents a paradigm shift in systems engineering, replacing traditional document-centric approaches with a methodology that uses structured domain models as the primary means of information exchange and system representation throughout the engineering lifecycle.[1][2]

Unlike document-based approaches where system specifications are scattered across numerous text documents, spreadsheets, and diagrams that can become inconsistent over time, MBSE centralizes information in interconnected models that automatically maintain relationships between system elements. These models serve as the authoritative source of truth for system design, enabling automated verification of requirements, real-time impact analysis of proposed changes, and generation of consistent documentation from a single source. This approach significantly reduces errors from manual synchronization, improves traceability between requirements and implementation, and facilitates earlier detection of design flaws through simulation and analysis.

The MBSE approach has been widely adopted across industries dealing with complex systems development, including aerospace, defense, rail, automotive, and manufacturing.[3][4][5][6] By enabling consistent system representation across disciplines and development phases, MBSE helps organizations manage complexity, reduce development risks, improve quality, and enhance collaboration among multidisciplinary teams.

The International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) defines MBSE as the formalized application of modeling to support system requirements, design, analysis, verification and validation activities beginning in the conceptual design phase and continuing throughout development and later life cycle phases.[1][7]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 Further reading
* 5 External links

## History

The first known prominent public usage of the term "Model-Based Systems Engineering" is a book by A. Wayne Wymore with the same name.[8] The MBSE term was also commonly used among the SysML Partners consortium during the formative years of their Systems Modeling Language (SysML) open source specification project during 2003-2005, so they could distinguish SysML from its parent language UML v2, where the latter was software-centric and associated with the term Model-Driven Development (MDD). The standardization of SysML in 2006 resulted in widespread modeling tool support for it and associated MBSE processes that emphasized SysML as their lingua franca.

In September 2007, the MBSE approach was further generalized and popularized when INCOSE introduced its "MBSE 2020 Vision", which was not restricted to SysML, and supported other competitive modeling language standards, such as AP233, HLA, and Modelica.[9][10] According to the MBSE 2020 Vision: "MBSE is expected to replace the document-centric approach that has been practiced by systems engineers in the past and to influence the future practice of systems engineering by being fully integrated into the definition of systems engineering processes."

As of 2014, the scope of MBSE started to cover more Modeling and Simulation topics, in an attempt to bridge the gap between system model specifications and related system software simulations. As a consequence, the term "modeling and simulation-based systems engineering" has also been increasingly associated along with MBSE.[11]

According to the INCOSE SEBoK (Systems Engineering Book of Knowledge) MBSE may be considered a "subset of digital engineering".[12] INCOSE hosts an annual meeting on MBSE, as well as MBSE working groups.[10]

## See also

* AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture)
* Engineering Information Management (EIM)
* Hardware-in-the-loop simulation
* List of requirements engineering tools
* List of SysML tools
* Model-based design (MBD)
* Model-driven development (MDD)
* Object Management Group
* OPM \- Object Process Methodology (ISO/PAS 19450:2015[13])
* Systems engineering (SE)
* SysML \- Systems Modeling Language
* UML \- Unified Modeling Language

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "start [MBSE Wiki"]. https://www.omgwiki.org/MBSE/doku.php?id=start.
2. ↑ Douglass, Bruce Powel (2016-01-01), Douglass, Bruce Powel, ed., "Chapter 1 - What Is Model-Based Systems Engineering?" (in en), Agile Systems Engineering (Boston: Morgan Kaufmann): pp. 1–39, ISBN 978-0-12-802120-0, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128021200000011, retrieved 2021-04-06
3. ↑ Nouacer, Réda; Djemal, Manel; Niar, Smail; Mouchard, Gilles; Rapin, Nicolas; Gallois, Jean-Pierre; Fiani, Philippe; Chastrette, François et al. (2016-11-01). "EQUITAS: A tool-chain for functional safety and reliability improvement in automotive systems" (in en). Microprocessors and Microsystems 47: 252–261. doi:10.1016/j.micpro.2016.07.020. ISSN 0141-9331. https://cea.hal.science/cea-01845196.
4. ↑ Chen, B.; Zhang, S.; Wang, B. (December 2018). "A Case Study of MBSE Method Used in the EMU Train Design". 2018 International Conference on Intelligent Rail Transportation (ICIRT). pp. 1–5. doi:10.1109/ICIRT.2018.8641645. ISBN 978-1-5386-7528-1.
5. ↑ Weiss, E.; Chung, L.; Nguyen, L. (November 2019). "A MBSE Approach to Satellite Clock Time and Frequency Adjustment in Highly Elliptical Orbit". MILCOM 2019 - 2019 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM). pp. 65–69. doi:10.1109/MILCOM47813.2019.9020875. ISBN 978-1-7281-4280-7.
6. ↑ Hause, M.; Hummell, J.; Grelier, F. (June 2018). "MBSE Driven IoT for Smarter Cities". 2018 13th Annual Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SoSE). pp. 365–371. doi:10.1109/SYSOSE.2018.8428705. ISBN 978-1-5386-4876-6.
7. ↑ "Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) (glossary) - SEBoK". https://sebokwiki.org/wiki/Model-Based_Systems_Engineering_(MBSE)_(glossary).
8. ↑ Wymore, A. Wayne (1993). Model-based systems engineering : an introduction to the mathematical theory of discrete systems and to the tricotyledon theory of system design. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-8012-X. OCLC 26850986.
9. ↑ "Systems Engineering Vision 2020, version 2.03". INCOSE Technical Paper (INCOSE-TP-2004-004-02). September 2007. http://www.ccose.org/media/upload/SEVision2020_20071003_v2_03.pdf.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "start [MBSE Wiki"]. https://www.omgwiki.org/MBSE/doku.php?id=start.
11. ↑ Gianni, Daniele; D'Ambrogio, Andrea; Tolk, Andreas, eds (December 2014). Modeling and Simulation-Based Systems Engineering Handbook (1 ed.). USA: CRC Press. ISBN 9781466571457.
12. ↑ "Digital Engineering - SEBoK". https://www.sebokwiki.org/wiki/Digital_Engineering.
13. ↑ "ISO/PAS 19450:2015" (in en). https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/22/62274.html.

## Further reading

* Eclipse IDE Modeling Project: Gronback, Richard. "Eclipse Modeling Project" (in en). https://www.eclipse.org/modeling/.
* Estefan, Jeff A. "Survey of model-based systems engineering (MBSE) methodologies." Incose MBSE Focus Group 25 (2007): 8.
* David Long, Zane Scott. A Primer for Model-Based Systems Engineering, 2011, Vitech Corporation.
* Patrice Micouin, Model Based Systems Engineering: Fundamentals and Methods, 2014.
* Ana Luísa Ramos, José Vasconcelos Ferreira and Jaume Barceló. "Model-based systems engineering: An emerging approach for modern systems." Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, IEEE Transactions on 42.1 (2012): 101-111.
* A. Wayne Wymore, Model-Based Systems Engineering, 1993.
* Pascal Roques. MBSE with the ARCADIA Method and the Capella Tool \- 8th European Congress on Embedded Real Time Software and Systems (ERTS 2016).
* Somers, James. "The Coming Software Apocalypse," The Atlantic Magazine, 2017.
* Casteran, Regis. "Functions in systems model.", Medium article, 2019.
* Knizhnik et al. "An Exploration of Lessons Learned from NASA's MBSE Infusion and Modernization Initiative (MIAMI)", NASA Systems Engineering, 2020.
* Meillier, Renaud. "System Simulation in the Context of MBSE", Siemens article 2021.

## External links

* An Introduction to MBSE \- SEI Blog
* Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) - NASA

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