On-set virtual production

Short description: Technology for television and film production

"Virtual studio" redirects here. For the audio interface standard, see Virtual Studio Technology. For the former film company, see Virtual Studios.

This article is missing information about chroma key virtual production. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (September 2023)

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On-set virtual production (OSVP)[lower-alpha 1] is an entertainment technology for television and film production in which LED panels are used as a backdrop for a set, on which video or computer-generated imagery can be displayed in real-time. The use of OSVP became widespread after its use in the first season of The Mandalorian (2019), which used Unreal Engine, developed by Epic Games.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Terminology
* 3 Technology
* 4 Examples
* 5 Productions using the technologies
* 5.1 Television series
* 5.2 Feature films
* 5.3 Short films
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 References

## History

Australian film director Clayton Jacobson first had the idea of improving the green screen that was then in use when filming a TV ad for detergent in 2003. Watching his son playing videogames and seeing the 3D technology used in them gave him the idea. Eventually, in 2016, Jacobson and his son made one of the prototypes for a virtual production stage in their shed, using a set of LED screens. However, he could not get anyone to take an interest in developing the technology further, so gave up on it. Other filmmakers had also caught on to the idea though, and in 2018 an Australian cinematographer, Greig Fraser, used the technology to film the Star Wars franchise spin-off series, The Mandalorian (released 2019). Instead of using the green screen during the filming stage, the team combined post-production with the production stage of the series. They installed huge LED walls linked to powerful computers that ran Unreal Engine gaming software (used for Fortnite, among others). They called this soundstage "the volume", a term already used to refer to a stage where visual effects techniques take place.[1]

Since its inventive use in The Mandalorian, which used ILM's StageCraft, the technology has become increasingly popular. Miles Perkins, industry manager of film and TV for Epic Games and maker of the Unreal Engine, estimated that there were around 300 stages by October 2022, increased from only three in 2019.[2] Most of these were built during or after the COVID-19 pandemic, when lockdowns meant that production studios had to find ways to produce films without traveling to other locations.[1]

In March 2023, the world's largest virtual production stage was opened at the Docklands Studios Melbourne, in the city of Melbourne, Australia.[1]

## Terminology

On-set virtual production (OSVP) is also known as virtual production (VP), immersive virtual production (IVP), In-Camera Visual Effects (ICVFX),[3] or The Volume.

## Technology

With careful adjustment and calibration, an OSVP set can be made to closely approximate the appearance of a real set or outdoor location.[4] OSVP can be viewed as an application of extended reality. OSVP contrasts with virtual studio technology, in which a green screen backdrop surrounds the set, and the virtual surroundings are composited into the green screen plate downstream from the camera, in that in OSVP the virtual world surrounding the set is visible to the camera, actors, and crew, and objects on set are illuminated by light from the LED screen, creating realistic interactive lighting effects, and that the virtual background and foreground are captured directly in camera, complete with natural subtle cues like lens distortion, depth of field effects, bokeh and lens flare. This makes it a far more natural experience that more closely approximates location shooting, making the film-making process faster and more intuitive than can be achieved on a virtual set.

Industry organizations including SMPTE, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and the American Society of Cinematographers have started initiatives to support the development of OSVP.[4][5][6][7]

## Examples

Stages that use OSVP include the various StageCraft stages, Pixomondo's Toronto-based LED stage, which has a long-term lease from CBS, ZeroSpace's Volume in New York City,[8] or Lux Machina various stages.[2] In Japan, the LED wall and virtual production were used by Toei Company for its Super Sentai shows Avataro Sentai Donbrothers[9] and Ohsama Sentai King-Ohger, with the latter also being produced in collaboration with Sony PCL Inc.[10] Toronto's Dark Slope Studios is the home of Virtual Production shots for Heated Rivalry, Gen V and Netflix' BET.[11]

## Productions using the technologies

### Television series

* The Mandalorian (2019–present)[12]
* The Book of Boba Fett (2021)[13]
* Star Trek: Discovery (2021–2024)[14]
* Avataro Sentai Donbrothers (2022–2023)[9]
* Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (2022–present)
* How I Met Your Father (2022–2023)[15]
* Our Flag Means Death (2022–present)[16]
* Obi-Wan Kenobi (2022)[17]
* The Old Man (2022)[18]
* Westworld (2022)[19]
* Andor (2022–2025)[20]
* The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power (2022–present)[21]
* House of the Dragon (2022–present)[22]
* 1899 (2022)[23]
* The Santa Clauses (2022–2023)[24]
* Ohsama Sentai King-Ohger (2023–2024)[10]
* Silo (2023)[25]
* The Muppets Mayhem (2023) [26]
* Ahsoka (2023–present)[14]
* One Piece (2023–present)[27]
* YuYu Hakusho (2023)[28]
* Percy Jackson and the Olympians (2023–present)[29]
* Masters of the Air (2024)[30]
* Fallout (2024–present) [31]
* Doctor Who series 14 (2024)[32]
* The Acolyte (2024)[33]
* Those About to Die (2024)[34]
* Time Bandits (2024)[26]
* Star Wars: Skeleton Crew (2024–2025)[35]
* The Eternaut (2025)[36]
* Murderbot (2025)[37]
* Wednesday (2025–present)[38]
* Gen V (2025)[39]
* It: Welcome to Derry (2025–present)[40]
* Heated Rivalry (2025-present)[41]
* Hate the Player: The Ben Johnson Story (2026)[42]

### Feature films

* Avatar (2009)[43]
* Oblivion (2013)[44]
* Interstellar (2014)[45]
* The Jungle Book (2016)[46]
* Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016)[18]
* Ghost in the Shell (2017)[47]
* Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018)[18]
* First Man (2018)[48]
* Alita: Battle Angel (2019)[49]
* The Lion King (2019)[50]
* The Irishman (2019)[51]
* Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019)[52]
* The One and Only Ivan (2020)[53]
* The Midnight Sky (2020)[54]
* In vacanza su Marte (2020)[55]
* Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021)[56]
* Red Notice (2021)[57]
* Don't Look Up (2021)[58]
* Death on the Nile (2022) [56]
* The Batman (2022)[59]
* Top Gun: Maverick (2022)[60]
* Thor: Love and Thunder (2022)[61]
* The Gray Man (2022)[58]
* Bullet Train (2022)[14]
* Pinocchio (2022)[56]
* Divinity (2022)[62]
* Black Adam (2022)[63]
* Devotion (2022)[64]
* The Fabelmans (2022)[65]
* Avatar: The Way of Water (2022)[66]
* Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023)[67]
* Shazam! Fury of the Gods (2023)[14]
* The Pope's Exorcist (2023)[68]
* The Flash (2023)[69]
* Barbie (2023)[70]
* Gran Turismo (2023)[71]
* The Creator (2023)[72]
* Retribution (2023)[73]
* The Killer (2023)[74]
* The Marvels (2023)[75]
* Candy Cane Lane (2023)[76]
* Poor Things (2023)[77]
* Society of the Snow (2023)[78]
* Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (2023)[79]
* No Way Up (2024)[56]
* Dune: Part Two (2024)[80]
* Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (2024)[81]
* Daddio (2024)[82]
* Transformers One (2024)[83]
* Megalopolis (2024)[84]
* Joker: Folie à Deux (2024)[85]
* Venom: The Last Dance (2024)[86]
* Here (2024)[87]
* Paddington in Peru (2024)[88]
* Red One (2024)[89]
* Wicked: Part One (2024)[88]
* Mufasa: The Lion King (2024)[90][91]
* Snow White (2025)[92]
* A Minecraft Movie (2025)[93]
* Final Destination Bloodlines (2025)[94]
* How to Train Your Dragon (2025)[88]
* Superman (2025)[95]
* Happy Gilmore 2 (2025)[96]
* A Big Bold Beautiful Journey (2025)[97]
* The Lost Bus (2025)[98]
* Tron: Ares (2025)[99]
* Avatar: Fire and Ash (2025)[100]
* Mercy (2026)[101]
* Project Hail Mary (2026)[102]
* Campbeltown '69 (TBD)[103]
* Play Dead (TBD)[104]

### Short films

* The Vandal (2021)[105]
* The Shepherd (2023)[71]

## See also

* Cinematic virtual reality
* Entertainment technology
* Extended reality
* Holodeck
* Virtual camera system
* Virtual cinematography

## Notes

1. ↑ Also known as virtual production (VP), immersive virtual production (IVP), virtual production technology (VPT), or In-Camera Visual Effects (ICVFX), and often called The Volume.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Purtill, James (22 March 2023). "Virtual production studios are replacing green screens as world's largest opens in Melbourne". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2023-03-22/virtual-production-studios-cinema-mandalorian-dune-technology/102105942.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Giardina, Carolyn (2022-10-19). "Too Much Volume? The Tech Behind 'Mandalorian' and 'House of the Dragon' Faces Growing Pains" (in en-US). https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/volume-house-of-the-dragon-stage-mandalorian-1235244158/.
3. ↑ "In-Camera Visual Effects (ICVFX)". https://www.nepgroup.com/tech-blog/in-camera-visual-effects-icvfx.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "2021: The On-Set Virtual Production Initiative" (in en). https://www.smpte.org/rapid-industry-solutions/on-set-virtual-production.
5. ↑ "Partnering to Develop Advisory Group of the On-Set Virtual Production (OSVP) Initiative." (in en). 2022-01-18. https://www.avnetwork.com/news/partnering-to-develop-advisory-group-of-the-on-set-virtual-production-osvp-initiative.
6. ↑ "SMPTE Hollywood To Explore Lighting and Color Science For Virtual Production" (in en). 14 October 2021. https://www.shootonline.com/spw/smpte-hollywood-explore-lighting-and-color-science-virtual-production.
7. ↑ "AMPAS Science & Technology Council Presents Virtual Production Primer - The American Society of Cinematographers". https://theasc.com/news/ampas-virtual-production-primer.
8. ↑ Abram, Cleo. "We Tested Sci-Fi Movie Tech (MKBHD)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7pu1cQBqtQ&t=22s.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 VFXアナトミー インカメラVFXによる特撮をTVシリーズで実現！ 『暴太郎戦隊ドンブラザーズ』
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 新番組「王様戦隊キングオージャー」の背景CGがハイクオリティーと話題に グリーンバックを使わない最新撮影技術とは？
11. ↑ Casemore, Jamie. "Dark Slope unveils expanded 75,000-square-foot campus". https://playbackonline.ca/2025/11/12/dark-slope-unveils-expanded-75000-square-foot-campus/.
12. ↑ Gartenberg, Chaim (February 20, 2020). "How The Mandalorian teamed up with Fortnite creator Epic Games to create its digital sets". https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/20/21145671/mandalorian-sets-stagecraft-epic-games-ilm-fortnite-baby-yoda-digital.
13. ↑ Lane, Carly (June 9, 2021). "Exclusive: Here's When 'The Mandalorian' Season 3 Is Filming; New Details on 'Book of Boba Fett' Connection". https://collider.com/the-mandalorian-season-3-the-book-of-boba-fett-production-filming/.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Giardina, Carolyn (2022-10-19). "Too Much Volume? The Tech Behind 'Mandalorian' and 'House of the Dragon' Faces Growing Pains" (in en-US). https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/volume-house-of-the-dragon-stage-mandalorian-1235244158/.
15. ↑ "ILM STAGECRAFT HONORED WITH ENGINEERING, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EMMY® AWARD". July 29, 2022. https://www.ilm.com/television-academy-announces-recipients-of74th-engineering-science-technologyemmy-awards/.
16. ↑ Peterson, Karen M. (April 29, 2022). "How 'Our Flag Means Death' Designers Mixed History With Broad Theatricality". Variety. https://variety.com/2022/artisans/news/our-flag-means-death-production-design-ra-vincent-1235254416/.
17. ↑ Bui, Hoai-Tran (June 17, 2020). "The Obi-Wan Kenobi Disney+ Series Will Use the Same Technology as 'The Mandalorian'". https://www.slashfilm.com/obi-wan-kenobi-tv-series-technology-the-mandalorian/.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "StageCraft | Industrial Light & Magic". https://www.ilm.com/stagecraft/.
19. ↑ Hogg, Trevor. "Virtual Production Now and Going Forward". https://vfxvoice.com/virtual-production-now-and-going-forward.
20. ↑ Dominguez, Noah (November 14, 2022). "Andor Actually Used StageCraft Technology Despite Early Reports". ComicBook.com. https://www.cbr.com/andor-stagecraft-led-screen-despite-early-reports-star-wars/.
21. ↑ Vegvari, Steve (26 June 2024). "Being Transported by Amazon Studios Virtual Productions at Stage 15". iPhone in Canada. https://www.iphoneincanada.ca/2024/06/26/amazon-studios-virtual-productions-stage-15/.
22. ↑ "HOUSE OF THE DRAGON MAY LOOK TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN SEASON 2 FOR ONE CONTROVERSIAL REASON". 19 October 2022. https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/house-of-the-dragon-season-2-vfx.
23. ↑ "Inside Dark Bay, the spinning LED volume at the heart of Netflix's upcoming '1899'". 10 February 2022. https://techcrunch.com/2022/02/10/dark-bay-1899-virtual-production/.
24. ↑ Brooks, Dan. "How ILM Brought Its Own Christmas Magic to The Santa Clauses". Industrial Light & Magic. https://www.lucasfilm.com/news/the-santa-clauses-ilm/.
25. ↑ "Silo". https://www.luxmc.com/silo.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "DNEG 360 Shows". DNEG. https://www.dneg.com/dneg-360/.
27. ↑ Failes, Ian (31 May 2024). "See Eyeline Studios' volumetric capture rig in action for 'One Piece'". Befores and Afters. https://beforesandafters.com/2024/05/31/see-eyeline-studios-volumetric-capture-rig-in-action-for-one-piece/.
28. ↑ Failes, Ian (25 March 2024). "How Eyeline Studios' new volumetric capture tech was used on 'Yu Yu Hakusho'". https://beforesandafters.com/2024/03/25/how-eyeline-studios-new-volumetric-capture-tech-was-used-on-yu-yu-hakusho/.
29. ↑ Giardina, Carolyn (June 28, 2022). "'Percy Jackson and the Olympians' Takes ILM Virtual Production Route (Exclusive)". https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/percy-jackson-and-the-olympians-ilm-virtual-production-1235171943/.
30. ↑ "MoTA = @cary_fukunaga" (in en). https://www.instagram.com/stories/highlights/17917895687035563/.
31. ↑ "Magnopus brings Amazon's Fallout series to life with virtual production powered by Unreal Engine". May 13, 2024. https://www.unrealengine.com/en-US/spotlights/magnopus-brings-amazon-s-fallout-series-to-life-with-virtual-production-powered-by-unreal-engine.
32. ↑ Tantimedh, Adi (May 14, 2024). "'Doctor Who: "BOOM" Sees Steven Moffat Regenerate into Freelancer'". https://bleedingcool.com/tv/doctor-who-boom-sees-steven-moffat-regenerate-into-freelancer/.
33. ↑ Fisher, Jacob (June 24, 2021). "'The Acolyte' Aiming To Begin Filming In February In London". https://discussingfilm.net/2021/06/24/the-acolyte-aiming-to-begin-filming-in-february-in-london-exclusive/.
34. ↑ Hogg, Trevor. "Virtual Production Now and Going Forward". https://vfxvoice.com/virtual-production-now-and-going-forward.
35. ↑ McPherson, Chris (May 5, 2024). "'Star Wars: Skeleton Crew' Uses Stop-Motion by Phil Tippett and Old School Matte Paintings [Exclusive"]. https://collider.com/star-wars-skeleton-crew-matte-paintings/.
36. ↑ Basso, Por Iván (2025-05-03). "La magia del virtual production en El Eternauta: "Desde Argentina se pueden hacer cosas muy grandes desde la tecnología"" (in es-ES). https://www.infobae.com/teleshow/2025/05/03/la-magia-del-virtual-production-en-el-eternauta-desde-argentina-se-pueden-hacer-cosas-muy-grandes-desde-la-tecnologia/.
37. ↑ Jones, Tamera; Weintraub, Steven (10 June 2025). ""I Haven't Done It Since 'True Blood'": Alexander Skarsgård Broke His Own Rules for Apple TV+'s Critically Acclaimed 'Murderbot'". https://collider.com/murderbot-alexander-skarsgard-jack-mcbrayer-creators-paul-weitz-chris-weitz/.
38. ↑ Failes, Ian. "VFX Breakdowns A sneak peek at how Christopher Lloyd's Professor Orloff scenes were filmed for 'Wednesday'". https://beforesandafters.com/2025/08/13/a-sneak-peek-at-how-christopher-lloyds-professor-orloff-scenes-were-filmed-for-wednesday.
39. ↑ Casemore, Jamie. "Dark Slope unveils expanded 75,000-square-foot campus". https://playbackonline.ca/2025/11/12/dark-slope-unveils-expanded-75000-square-foot-campus/.
40. ↑ Shield, Brian. "Last Summer I spent time in Toronto on the new HBO series IT: Welcome to Derry as the Virtual Production Producer for some car process work. I can't wait to see how this turned out. I couldn't have done it without the amazing crew we had. Steve D. it was such a pleasure working with you and the whole VFX team on this. Looks killer!". https://www.linkedin.com/posts/philipgaller_it-welcome-to-derry-official-teaser-activity-7336141833560866816-aS-f.
41. ↑ Casemore, Jamie. "Dark Slope unveils expanded 75,000-square-foot campus". https://playbackonline.ca/2025/11/12/dark-slope-unveils-expanded-75000-square-foot-campus/.
42. ↑ Casemore, Jamie. "Dark Slope unveils expanded 75,000-square-foot campus". https://playbackonline.ca/2025/11/12/dark-slope-unveils-expanded-75000-square-foot-campus/.
43. ↑ "Autodesk, Lightstorm Entertainment and Weta Digital Drive Virtual Production Forward". Autodesk, Inc.. https://investors.autodesk.com/news-releases/news-release-details/autodesk-lightstorm-entertainment-and-weta-digital-drive-virtual.
44. ↑ "Oblivion" (in en-US). https://www.luxmc.com/oblivion.
45. ↑ Desowitz, Bill (14 November 2014). "How the 'Interstellar' VFX Team Built Wormholes, Black Holes and Alien Planets". Indiewire. https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/how-the-interstellar-vfx-team-built-wormholes-black-holes-and-alien-planets-190162/.
46. ↑ Bardini, Julio (2022-08-14). "Industrial Light & Magic's Digital StageCraft Technology: What We Know About the Volume" (in en). https://collider.com/industrial-light-magic-what-is-the-volume-stagecraft-technology/.
47. ↑ "Lux Machina Consulting on Instagram: "We had a great time working with Director of Photography Jess Hall on Ghost in the Shell to provide LED green screen replacement for some of the driving scenes in the movie. Contact us for help with any film or television projects! We specialize in capturing realistic environments in the camera as part of the visual effects workflow! Pictured: Pilou Asbaek and Scarlett Johansson in Ghost in the Shell from Paramount Pictures and Dreamworks Pictures."" (in en). https://www.instagram.com/p/BZMuO0InZ9y/.
48. ↑ Desowitz, Bill (October 15, 2018). "Beyond Christopher Nolan: 'First Man' Redefines In-Camera VFX" (in en-US). IndieWire. https://www.indiewire.com/2018/10/first-man-vfx-christopher-nolan-in-camera-1202012086/.
49. ↑ Desowitz, Bill (12 February 2019). "'Alita: Battle Angel': Here's How Robert Rodriguez Tried to Channel VFX Master James Cameron". Indiewire. https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/alita-battle-angel-robert-rodriguez-james-cameron-weta-digital-visual-effects-1202043604/.
50. ↑ "How Cutting-Edge ILM Technology Brought 'The Mandalorian' to Life". February 5, 2020. https://nofilmschool.com/ilm-stagecraft-mandalorian.
51. ↑ "The Irishman" (in en-US). https://www.luxmc.com/the-irishman.
52. ↑ "Lux Machina Consulting on Instagram: "Congrats to @starwarsriseofskywalker and @theirishmanfilm for the many Oscar nominations this week, including for Visual Effects! We are so grateful to have been a part of both productions. Looking forward to the big night, Feb 5 live at 8e | 5p! . . . . . . #virtualproduction #incameravfx #vfx #film #technology #videoproduction #led #projection #videoscreens #luxmc #luxmachina #consultants #engineers #programmers"" (in en). https://www.instagram.com/p/B7XdP-LpqOR/.
53. ↑ "The One and Only Ivan". Technicolor Group. https://www.technicolor.com/about/history/the-one-and-only-ivan/.
54. ↑ Mike Seymour (January 21, 2021). "The Midnight Sky's Virtual Production using StageCraft". https://www.fxguide.com/fxfeatured/the-midnight-skys-virtual-production-using-stagecraft/.
55. ↑ Filippo Magnifico (December 23, 2020). "In Vacanza su Marte: il film con Boldi e De Sica realizzato con una tecnologia simile a quella di The Mandalorian". https://blog.screenweek.it/2020/12/in-vacanza-su-marte-film-boldi-de-sica-mandalorian-762136.php//.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 "DNEG 360 Shows". DNEG. https://www.dneg.com/dneg-360/.
57. ↑ "The Next Generation of Extended Reality Sounds Stages" (in en-US). https://www.luxmc.com/red-notice.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Projects - Eyeline Studios". Eyeline Studios. https://www.eyelinestudios.com/projects/.
59. ↑ Giardina, Carolyn (October 19, 2020). "'The Batman' Using 'Mandalorian' Virtual Production Techniques". https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/the-batman-using-mandalorian-virtual-production-techniques.
60. ↑ "Lux Machina Consulting on Instagram: "Congratulations to @topgunmovie "Maverick" on its six @theacademy nominations, including Best Visual Effects and Best Picture! It was an honor for @luxmc_ to be part of such an iconic project by providing in-camera virtual backgrounds and working closely with "Maverick's" overall VFX supervisor Ryan Tudhope and Director of Photography @claudiomirandadop We are thrilled at how much the fans, the critics, and now the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences have responded to the film. The Oscars will be handed out Sunday, March 12, 2023. Get your popcorn ready! (@luxmc_ is part of @nep_group) #vfx #visualeffects #luxmc #awards #oscars #nominations #academy #topgun #NEP #NEPVS #topgunmaverick #sequel #ICFVX #film #photography #directorofphotography"" (in en). https://www.instagram.com/p/Cn0raM7LbmL/.
61. ↑ Carolyn Giardina (September 10, 2020). "Industrial Light & Magic Expands Virtual Production Services, Supports 'Thor 4'". https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/industrial-light-magic-expands-virtual-production-services-supports-thor-4-4057886/.
62. ↑ "Lux Machina Consulting on Instagram: "Wishing Eddie Alcazar the best of luck as he heads to #Sundance to premier his newest film "Divinity." A portion of the film was shot using the #LuxMC LED volume, and Junaid Baig, VP of Research & Development for #NEPVS, used AI to provide slow motion footage of already animated stop motion sequences on the film."" (in en). https://www.instagram.com/tv/CnnAEahrREi/.
63. ↑ Villaverde, Noah (June 8, 2022). "'Black Adam' Director Talks Using Lucasfilm's Volume & Other New Tech". Heroic Hollywood. https://heroichollywood.com/black-adam-director-talks-using-lucasfilms-volume-other-new-tech/.
64. ↑ "Devotion". https://www.dneg.com/show/devotion/.
65. ↑ Kadner, Noah (2023-04-24). "Virtual Production—When The Fabelmans Met The Mandalorian" (in en-US). https://blog.frame.io/2023/04/24/virtual-production-when-the-fabelmans-met-the-mandalorian/.
66. ↑ "Virtual Production In Action". Virtual Production Malta. https://virtualproductionmalta.com/blog/virtual-production-in-action.
67. ↑ Erao, Math (May 17, 2021). "Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania Director Shares Photo From The Mandalorian's Virtual Set". https://www.cbr.com/ant-man-wasp-quantumania-mandalorian-volume-photo/.
68. ↑ "The Pope's Exorcist". Sensel Studio. https://senselstudio.com/portfolio/the-popes-exorcist/.
69. ↑ Failes, Ian (29 August 2023). "How those twinning/doubling shots in 'The Flash' were done". Befores and Afters. https://beforesandafters.com/2023/08/30/how-those-twinning-doubling-shots-in-the-flash-were-done/.
70. ↑ "Barbie". https://www.luxmc.com/barbie.
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 "Our Work". DNEG. https://www.dneg.com/our-work?filterType=department&filterValue=DNEG+360&showsN=.
72. ↑ "Inside ILM: The Making of The Creator". 18 February 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8iZwYCjyKO8&t=364s.
73. ↑ "Retribution". Sensel Studio. https://senselstudio.com/portfolio/retribution/.
74. ↑ Kadner, Noah. "Steven Shulgach on LinkedIn: Adapting to new virtual production tech while implement traditional…". https://www.linkedin.com/posts/sshulgach_adapting-to-new-virtual-production-tech-while-activity-7133318654158413824-Qk_X?trk=public_profile_share_view.
75. ↑ Failes, Ian (Jan 10, 2024). "How ILM's StageCraft was used on 'The Marvels'". https://beforesandafters.com/2024/01/10/how-ilms-stagecraft-was-used-on-the-marvels/.
76. ↑ "Amazon Studios Debuts AWS-Powered Virtual Production Mega Stage". Amazon MGM Studios. https://press.amazonmgmstudios.com/us/en/press-release/amazon-studios-debuts-awspowered-virtual-productio.
77. ↑ Kadner, Noah. "LED Wall Evokes Early-Cinema Effects for Poor Things". https://theasc.com/articles/virtual-world-virtual-effects-poor-things.
78. ↑ "Behind the VFX of J.A. Bayona's Society of the Snow | Netflix". 11 December 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TG7f3gCe2wc&t=59s.
79. ↑ "Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom: Volumetric Capture Technology by Eyeline Studios". Art of VFX. 2 April 2024. https://www.artofvfx.com/aquaman-and-the-lost-kingdom-volumetric-capture-technology-by-eyeline-studios/.
80. ↑ Szalai, Georg (30 April 2024). "'Dune' VFX House DNEG Teams With Dimension on LED Volume Stages in London, Rome". https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/dneg-dimension-studio-deal-led-volume-stages-1235881112/.
81. ↑ "'Godzilla vs. Kong' Sequel reportedly used 'The Mandalorian' LED video wall tech". Medium. 31 July 2023. https://medium.com/@untitled-photographer/godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-reportedly-used-the-mandalorian-led-video-wall-tech-387199268938.
82. ↑ "Christy Hall Shot Daddio Entirely Inside a Taxi Cab". 12 September 2023. https://www.moviemaker.com/christy-hall-daddio-immersive-led-technology/.
83. ↑ "Transforming the Origins of Optimus Prime: Christopher Batty on His Role in Transformers One". https://www.productionhub.com/blog/post/transforming-the-origins-of-optimus-prime-christopher-batty-on-his-role-in-transformers-one.
84. ↑ Couch, Kim Masters, Scott Feinberg, Aaron; Masters, Kim; Feinberg, Scott; Couch, Aaron (2023-01-09). "Francis Ford Coppola's 'Megalopolis' in Peril Amid Ballooning Budget, Crew Exodus (Exclusive)" (in en-US). https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/francis-ford-coppolas-megalopolis-in-peril-1235284875/.
85. ↑ "Joker: Folie à Deux". Industrial Light and Magic. https://www.ilm.com/vfx/joker-folie-a-deux/.
86. ↑ "Venom: The Last Dance". Industrial Light & Magic. https://www.ilm.com/credits/venom-the-last-dance-credits/.
87. ↑ Wells, Chris. "How virtual production transformed the latest Robert Zemeckis film 'Here'". https://www.redsharknews.com/how-virtual-production-transformed-the-latest-robert-zemeckis-film-here.
88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 McGowan, Chris. "Welcoming the Cultural Shift to Virtual Production". https://vfxvoice.com/welcoming-the-cultural-shift-to-virtual-production.
89. ↑ "On-Set Visual Effects Services". The Eisley Company. https://eisleycreative.com/vfx/.
90. ↑ Sharf, Zack (5 December 2024). "Barry Jenkins Says All-Virtual Filmmaking 'Is Not My Thing' After Directing 'Mufasa'; Disney Sent Him a Note Worrying That One Long Take Was Too 'Slow'". Variety. https://variety.com/2024/film/news/barry-jenkins-mufasa-virtual-directing-not-my-thing-1236236799/.
91. ↑ Zoller Seitz, Matt (5 December 2024). "Moonlight in the Lion's Den: Why Barry Jenkins gave up his improvisational shooting style to spend four years making 'Mufasa' on a soundstage". Vulture. https://www.vulture.com/article/how-and-why-barry-jenkins-made-mufasa-for-disney.html.
92. ↑ Chapman, Rob. "MPC, Snow White, Virtual Art Department FX Artist / TD". https://www.artstation.com/artwork/PXK8vL?album_id=10547491.
93. ↑ Priestley, Jenny (9 May 2025). "Providing the virtual production building blocks for A Minecraft Movie". TVB Europe. https://www.tvbeurope.com/virtual-production/providing-the-virtual-production-building-blocks-for-a-minecraft-movie.
94. ↑ Hooper, Simon (21 May 2025). "How they made the skyview restaurant disaster in Final Destination Bloodlines". https://anygoodfilms.com/how-they-made-the-skyview-restaurant-disaster-in-final-destination-bloodlines/.
95. ↑ "James Gunn Unveils Behind-the-Scenes Glimpses of 'Superman,' Soaring with Virtual Production at Trilith Studios". https://peachpopfive.com/james-gunn-unveils-behind-the-scenes-glimpses-of-superman-soaring-with-virtual-production-at-trilith-studios.
96. ↑ "Eyeline Studios and Scanline VFX recently hosted a screening in Los Angeles to celebrate their work on Happy Gilmore 2. After the screening, Eyeline's Virtual Production Supervisor Tarik Thompson shared how volumetric capture technology and virtual production stages were used to help create the world of Happy Gilmore. He also highlighted the collaboration between Eyeline and Scanline, led by VFX Supervisor Dann Tarmy, to deliver a film that balances nostalgia for longtime fans with fresh energy for a new generation. Congrats to all our artists and technicians who worked on this film. From tournament mayhem to flying golf balls and Happy flashbacks, the teams at Eyeline and Scanline brought their A-game to every frame. #eyelinestudios #scanlinevfx #happygilmore #golf #sports #tournament #adamsandler #netflix #streaming #visualeffedts #virtualproduction #screening (photos by Alex Chun)". https://www.linkedin.com/posts/eyelinestudios_eyelinestudios-scanlinevfx-happygilmore-activity-7356822264857702401-4hST?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop&rcm=ACoAAEG1OsgBHznFCkgOR20fgWcRObzQar4KUlU.
97. ↑ Taylor, Drew (2025-10-18). "How Anime Influenced Kogonada’s ‘A Big Bold Beautiful Journey’" (in en-US). https://www.thewrap.com/a-big-bold-beautiful-journey-kogonada-interview-anime-influence/.
98. ↑ Failes, Ian (2025-11-19). "How the bus scenes in 'The Lost Bus' were filmed" (in en-US). https://beforesandafters.com/2025/11/20/how-the-bus-scenes-in-the-lost-bus-were-filmed/.
99. ↑ Failes, Ian (December 4, 2025). "The ‘TRON: Ares’ issue is here!". https://beforesandafters.com/2025/12/04/the-tron-ares-issue-is-here/.
100. ↑ Bittorf, David. "The Making of Avatar 3". https://www.artstation.com/blogs/dcbittorf/3Zeqn/the-making-of-avatar-3.
101. ↑ "Tour Amazon MGM Studios' virtual soundstage that's revolutionizing movies and TV shows through the power of AWS". Amazon. 20 June 2024. https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/aws/aws-virtual-soundstage-stage-15-movies-tv-shows.
102. ↑ "Virtual Productions". Sensel Studio. https://senselstudio.com/virtual-productions/.
103. ↑ "Campbeltown '69". Dimension Studio. https://dimensionstudio.co/work/campbeltown-69/.
104. ↑ "WWII thriller filming on Melbourne's cutting-edge virtual production stage". https://www.filmink.com.au/public-notice/wwii-thriller-filming-on-melbournes-cutting-edge-virtual-production-stage.
105. ↑ "Lux Machina Consulting on Instagram: "What does it take to make an award winning film? We're glad you asked! Watch the new behind the scenes video and find out how the creative artists were able to seamlessly blend live action video with stop-motion for @eddiealcazar 's #VimeoBestOfTheYear award-winning short film "The Vandal." In "The Making of The Vandal," you'll see how we used our #LUXMC LED stage and interactive lighting sources for the miniature photography. Watch "The Making of The Vandal" via the link in our bio."" (in en). https://www.instagram.com/p/CnkMrTVtcfd/.

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Mixed and virtual reality

Concepts|

* Applications of virtual reality
* Artificial reality
* Augmented reality
* Augmented virtuality
* Degrees of freedom
* Immersion
* Projection augmented model
* Real life
* Reality–virtuality continuum
* Room-scale
* Telepresence
* Virtual reality sickness
* Virtual world
* persistent

Technology|

* Eye tracking
* Finger tracking
* Haptic suit
* Omnidirectional treadmill
* Positional tracking
* Wearable computer

| Display|

* Head-mounted display
* optical
* Head-up display
* Virtual retinal display
* Virtual reality headset (comparison)

|

Software|

* Asynchronous reprojection
* Foveated rendering
* Image-based modeling and rendering

Photography|

* Free viewpoint television
* 360-degree video
* VR photography
* Omnidirectional camera

Peripherals|

* Cyberith Virtualizer
* Oculus Touch
* Leap Motion
* PlayStation Move
* Razer Hydra
* Virtuix Omni
* Wired glove

Immersive
devices|

| Current|

* Google Cardboard
* Google Daydream
* HTC Vive
* Nintendo Labo VR Kit
* Oculus Go
* Oculus Quest
* Oculus Rift
* CV1
* S
* OSVR
* Magic Leap
* Samsung Gear VR
* PlayStation VR
* Pimax
* Valve Index
* Windows Mixed Reality
* Microsoft HoloLens
* 2
* Google Glass

|

Legacy|

* Famicom 3D System
* Liquid Image
* Sensorama
* Sega VR
* Sword of Damocles
* Virtual Boy
* Virtuality

Applications|

* ARToolKit
* ARCore
* Interactive art
* Virtual graffiti
* OpenVR
* OpenXR
* Pervasive game
* WebVR

| Games|

* List of HTC Vive games
* List of Oculus Quest games
* List of Oculus Rift games
* List of PlayStation VR games

|

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