Open-source intelligence

Short description: Data collected from publicly available sources to be used in an intelligence context

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Template:Intelligence

Open-source intelligence (OSINT) is the collection and analysis of data gathered from open sources (overt sources and publicly available information) to produce actionable intelligence. OSINT is primarily used in national security, law enforcement, and business intelligence functions and is of value to analysts who use non-sensitive intelligence in answering classified, unclassified, or proprietary intelligence requirements across the previous intelligence disciplines.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Definition
* 2 History
* 3 Categories
* 4 Collection methodologies
* 5 Tools
* 6 Risks for practitioners
* 7 Disinformation and misinformation risk
* 8 Professional associations and certifications
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
* 10.1 Scientific publications
* 11 External links

## Definition

OSINT, broadly defined, involves gathering and analyzing publicly accessible information to produce actionable insights.[2]

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security defines OSINT as intelligence derived from publicly available information, collected and disseminated promptly to address specific intelligence needs.[3]

NATO describes OSINT as intelligence obtained from publicly available information and other unclassified data with limited public distribution or access.[4]

The European Union defines OSINT as the collecting and analyzing information from open sources to generate actionable intelligence, supporting areas like national security, law enforcement, and business intelligence.[5]

The United Nations has also recognized OSINT’s potential, noting its value in monitoring member states’ compliance with international regulations across various sectors, including public health and human rights.[6]

In the private sector, companies like IBM define OSINT as the process of gathering and analyzing publicly available information to assess threats, inform decisions, or answer specific questions. Similarly, cybersecurity firms such as CrowdStrike describe OSINT as the act of collecting and analyzing publicly available data for intelligence purposes.[7]

## History

Seal of the 9/11 Commission

OSINT practices have been documented as early as the mid-19th century in the United States and early 20th century in the United Kingdom.[8]

OSINT in the United States traces its origins to the 1941 creation of the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service (FBMS), an agency responsible for the monitoring of foreign broadcasts. An example of their work was the correlation of changes in the price of oranges in Paris with successful bombings of railway bridges during World War II.[9]

The Aspin-Brown Commission stated in 1996 that US access to open sources was "severely deficient" and that this should be a "top priority" for both funding and DCI attention.[10]

In July 2004, following the September 11 attacks, the 9/11 Commission recommended the creation of an open-source intelligence agency.[11] In March 2005, the Iraq Intelligence Commission recommended[12] the creation of an open-source directorate at the CIA.

Following these recommendations, in November 2005 the Director of National Intelligence announced the creation of the DNI Open Source Center. The Center was established to collect information available from "the Internet, databases, press, radio, television, video, geospatial data, photos and commercial imagery."[13] In addition to collecting openly available information, it would train analysts to make better use of this information. The center absorbed the CIA's previously existing Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), originally established in 1941, with FBIS head Douglas Naquin named as director of the center.[14] Then, following the events of 9/11 the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act merged FBIS and other research elements into the Office of the Director of National Intelligence creating the Open Source Enterprise.

Furthermore, the private sector has invested in tools which aid in OSINT collection and analysis. Specifically, In-Q-Tel, a Central Intelligence Agency supported venture capital firm in Arlington, VA assisted companies develop web-monitoring and predictive analysis tools.[citation needed]

In December 2005, the Director of National Intelligence appointed Eliot A. Jardines as the Assistant Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Open Source to serve as the Intelligence Community's senior intelligence officer for open source and to provide strategy, guidance and oversight for the National Open Source Enterprise.[15] Mr. Jardines has established the National Open Source Enterprise[16] and authored intelligence community directive 301. In 2008, Mr. Jardines returned to the private sector and was succeeded by Dan Butler who is ADDNI/OS[17] and previously Mr. Jardines' Senior Advisor for Policy.[18]

## Categories

OSINT sources can be divided up into six different categories of information flow:[19]

* Media: print newspapers, magazines, radio, and television from across and between countries.
* Internet: online publications, blogs, discussion groups, citizen media (i.e. – cell phone videos, and user created content), YouTube, and other social media websites (i.e. – Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.). This source also outpaces a variety of other sources due to its timeliness and ease of access.
* Public government data: public government reports, budgets, hearings, telephone directories, press conferences, websites, and speeches. Although this source comes from an official source they are publicly accessible and may be used openly and freely.
* Professional and academic publications: information acquired from journals, conferences, symposia, academic papers, dissertations, and theses.
* Commercial data: commercial imagery, financial and industrial assessments, and databases.
* Grey literature: technical reports, preprints, patents, working papers, business documents, unpublished works, and newsletters.

OSINT is distinguished from research in that it applies the process of intelligence to create tailored knowledge supportive of a specific decision by a specific individual or group.[20]

## Collection methodologies

Collecting open-source intelligence is achieved in a variety of different ways,[21] such as:

* Social media intelligence, which is acquired from viewing or observing a subject's online social profile activity.
* Search engine data mining or scraping.
* Public records checking.
* Information matching and verification from data broker services.

## Tools

A guide by Ryan Fedasiuk, an analyst at the Center for Security and Emerging Technology, lists six tools open-source analysts can use to stay safe and utilize operational security (OPSEC) when conducting online investigations. These include VPNs, cached webpages, digital archive services, URL and file scanners, browser sandbox applications, and antivirus software.[22]

Numerous lists of aggregated OSINT content are available on the web. The OSINT Framework contains over 30 primary categories of tools and is maintained as an open source project on GitHub.[23]

## Risks for practitioners

A main hindrance to practical OSINT is the volume of information it has to deal with information explosion. The amount of data being distributed increases at a rate that it becomes difficult to evaluate sources in intelligence analysis. To a small degree the work has sometimes been done by amateur crowd-sourcing.[24]

Private individuals illegally collecting data for a foreign military or intelligence agency is considered espionage in most countries. Espionage that is not treason (e.g. betraying one's country of citizenship) has been a tool of statecraft since ancient times.[25]

## Disinformation and misinformation risk

The open and accessible nature of public sources makes OSINT particularly vulnerable to contamination. Extremist groups regularly use OSINT to spread to misinformation and spread their ideology.[26]

Governments and state actors have been documented intentionally disseminating disinformation through public channels to influence perceptions, confuse adversaries, or undermine trust in open-source findings. This can include planting false information in news outlets, social media, official statements, or even manipulated geospatial data to deceive OSINT practitioners who rely on such sources.[27]

## Professional associations and certifications

The OSINT Foundation is a professional association for OSINT practitioners in the United States Intelligence Community.[28] It is open to U.S. Citizens and seeks to raise the prominence of the open-source intelligence discipline.[29]

## References

1. ↑ Schwartz, Leo (March 7, 2022). "Amateur open source researchers went viral unpacking the war in Ukraine". https://restofworld.org/2022/osint-viral-ukraine/.
2. ↑ "What is OSINT (Open-Source Intelligence?) | SANS Institute". 23 February 2023. https://www.sans.org/blog/what-is-open-source-intelligence/.
3. ↑ Ethical Frameworks in Open Source Intelligence . (Report) (2022). Part of the 2022 Public Private Partnership Analytic Exchange Program. Washington, DC: US Department of Homeland Security.
4. ↑ NATO OSINT Handbook V 1.2. NATO. 2001-11-01. https://archive.org/details/NATOOSINTHandbookV1.2/mode/2up.
5. ↑ "OSINT: Open-source intelligence". 2022-05-02. https://data.europa.eu/en/publications/datastories/what-osint-open-source-intelligence.
6. ↑ Bochert, Florian (2021-11-19). "OSINT – The Untapped Treasure Trove of United Nations Organizations" (in en). https://hir.harvard.edu/osint-the-untapped-treasure-trove-of-united-nations-organizations/.
7. ↑ Baker, Kurt (2025-01-17). "What is OSINT Open Source Intelligence? | CrowdStrike" (in en-US). https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/cybersecurity-101/threat-intelligence/open-source-intelligence-osint/.
8. ↑ Block, Ludo (2023). "The long history of OSINT" (in en). Journal of Intelligence History 23 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1080/16161262.2023.2224091. ISSN 1616-1262.
9. ↑ Bornn, D Marshall (9 Jan 2013). "Service members, civilians learn to harness power of 'Open Source' information" (in en). https://www.army.mil/article/94007/Service_members__civilians_learn_to_harness_power_of__Open_Source__information.
10. ↑ Lowenthal, Mark; Clark, Robert (2015). The Five Disciplines of Intelligence Collection. CQ Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1483381114.
11. ↑ See page 413 of the 9-11 Commission Report (pdf) .
12. ↑ McLaughlin, Michael (June 2012). "Using open source intelligence for cybersecurity intelligence" (in en-GB). ComputerWeekly.com. https://www.computerweekly.com/tip/Using-open-source-intelligence-software-for-cybersecurity-intelligence.
13. ↑ Office of the Director of National Intelligence. "ODNI Announces Establishment of Open Source Center ". Press release, 8 November 2005.
14. ↑ Ensor, David. "The Situation Report: Open source intelligence center ". CNN, 8 November 2005.
15. ↑ Office of the Director of National Intelligence "ODNI Senior Leadership Announcement ". Press release, 7 December 2005.
16. ↑ "National Open Source Entreprise Vision Statement" May 2006
17. ↑ DNI Open Source Conference 2008 "Decision Advantage" agenda, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, July 2008.
18. ↑ DNI Open Source Conference 2007 "Expanding the Horizons" agenda, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, July 2007.
19. ↑ Richelson, Jeffrey (2016). The US Intelligence Community. Avalon. ISBN 978-0813349183.
20. ↑ "Spy Agencies Turn to Newspapers, NPR, and Wikipedia for Information: The intelligence community is learning to value 'open-source' information". https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/national/2008/09/12/spy-agencies-turn-to-newspapers-npr-and-wikipedia-for-information.html.
21. ↑ Leos, Devan (2023-02-28). "Thinking Like a Spy: How Open Source Intelligence Can Give You a Competitive Advantage" (in en). https://www.entrepreneur.com/growing-a-business/thinking-like-a-spy-how-open-source-intelligence-can-give/444634.
22. ↑ Fedasiuk, Ryan (2022-04-06). "Into the Jungle: Best Practices for Open-Source Researchers" (in en-US). https://cset.georgetown.edu/article/into-the-jungle-best-practices-for-open-source-researchers/.
23. ↑ OSINT Framework, lockFALE, 2022-05-02, https://github.com/lockfale/OSINT-Framework, retrieved 2022-05-02
24. ↑ "Bellingcat's Eliot Higgins Explains Why Ukraine Is Winning the Information War" (in en). Time. https://time.com/6155869/bellingcat-eliot-higgins-ukraine-open-source-intelligence/. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
25. ↑ Sun Tzu (Warring States period), The Art of War, Chapter 13: "Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the victory which is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy's condition simply because one grudges the outlay of 2 hundred ounces of silver in honors and emoluments, is the height of inhumanity."
26. ↑ "The Dark Side of OSINT: How Extremists Exploit Open-Source Intelligence" (in en). https://www.counterextremism.com/blog/dark-side-osint-how-extremists-exploit-open-source-intelligence.
27. ↑ "OSINT in an Age of Disinformation Warfare". 2022-03-14. https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/osint-age-disinformation-warfare.
28. ↑ (in en-US) New OSINT foundation aims to 'professionalize' open source discipline across spy agencies, 2022-07-27, https://federalnewsnetwork.com/inside-ic/2022/07/new-osint-foundation-aims-to-professionalize-open-source-discipline-across-spy-agencies/, retrieved 2022-10-08
29. ↑ Volz, Dustin (2022-07-27), "New Group to Promote Open-Source Intelligence, Seen as Vital in Ukraine War" (in en-US), Wall Street Journal, https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-group-to-promote-open-source-intelligence-seen-as-vital-in-ukraine-war-11658926800?st=q5j3a3ymqekavuj&reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink, retrieved 2022-09-27

* WashTimes.com, Washington Times – CIA mines 'rich' content from blogs, 19 April 2006
* GCN.com, Government Computer News – Intelligence units mine the benefits of public sources 20 March 2006
* FindAcricles.com, Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin October–December, 2005 by Barbara G. Fast
* FAS.org , Congressional Testimony on OSINT and Homeland Security 21 June 2005
* Thompson, Clive (2006-12-03). "Open-Source Spying". https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/03/magazine/03intelligence.html.
* "The Intelligence Network : I n t r o d u c t i o n". 2008-05-09. http://www.intellnet.org/.

## Further reading

* United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights; UC Berkeley Human Rights Center (2022). Berkeley Protocol on Digital Open Source Investigations A Practical Guide on the Effective Use of Digital Open Source Information in Investigating Violations of International Criminal, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. New York, Geneva: UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights; Human Rights Center, UC Berkeley School of Law. ISBN 978-92-1-154233-2. OCLC 1334608062. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2024-01/OHCHR_BerkeleyProtocol.pdf.

### Scientific publications

* Deneuville, Alexandre; Hernández López, Germán; Rasmi, Jamil, eds (2022). "Contre-enquêtes en sources ouvertes". Multitudes 89. https://www.multitudes.net/contre-enquetes-en-sources-ouvertes/. Retrieved 21 May 2026. "Special issue edited by Deneuville, Hernández López, and Rasmi on open‑source investigative methods".
* Hulnick, Arthur S. (2010). "The Dilemma of Open Source Intelligence: Is OSINT Really Intelligence?". in Johnson, Loch K.; Wirtz, James J.; Murray, Michael. The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence. Oxford University Press. pp. 229–241. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195375886.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195375886-e-0014. Retrieved 21 May 2026. "Hulnick’s foundational chapter assessing whether OSINT qualifies as intelligence within national‑security practice"
* Burke, Cody (May 2007). ﻿Freeing Knowledge, Telling Secrets: Open Source Intelligence and Development﻿ (Working paper). Bond University. http://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=cewces_papers. Retrieved 21 May 2026. "Bond University working paper examining OSINT in development contexts"
* Schaurer, Florian; Störger, Jan (Oct 2010). ﻿The Evolution of Open Source Intelligence﻿ (OSINT Report 3/2010). International Relations and Security Network, ETH Zürich. http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?id=122008. Retrieved 21 May 2026. "ISN/ETH Zürich analytical report tracing the conceptual and institutional development of OSINT"
* Hassan, Nihad A. (30 June 2018). Open source intelligence methods and tools : a practical guide to online intelligence. Hijazi, Rami. [United States]. ISBN 978-1-4842-3213-2. OCLC 1043830928.

## External links

* The Open Source Intelligence Resource Discovery Toolkit
* The New Craft of Intelligence: Making the Most of Open Private Sector Knowledge
* Actual Intelligence Case Studies Leveraging Open Source Intelligence (OSINT)
* Sailing the Sea of OSINT in the Information Age
* Open Source Intelligence (OSINT): Issues for Congress , Congressional Research Service, December 5, 2007
* Open Source Intelligence (OSINT): Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, January 28, 2008
* The Free Library, FMSO-JRIC and Open Source Intelligence: speaking prose in a world of verse, Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin, Oct–Dec, 2005 by Jacob W. Kipp

* v
* t
* e

Intelligence management

Collection|

| HUMINT|

* Special reconnaissance
* organizations

Clandestine|

* Asset recruiting
* Cell system
* Covert action
* Direct action
* Operational techniques

Espionage|

* Agents
* field
* handling
* Asset
* Black operation
* black bag
* Concealment device
* Cryptography
* Cut-out
* Dead drop
* Denial and deception
* Eavesdropping
* False flag
* Industrial espionage
* Interrogation
* Numbers station
* Official cover
* Non-official
* One-way voice link
* Resident spy
* Steganography
* Surveillance

Signals (SIGINT)|

* By alliances, nations and industries
* In modern history
* Operational platforms by nation
* Direction finding
* Traffic analysis
* TEMPEST

Measurement and
signature (MASINT)|

* Electro-optical
* Geophysical
* Nuclear
* Radar
* Radiofrequency
* Materials
* Casualty estimation (earthquake)

Other|

* Cultural (CULTINT)
* Financial (FININT)
* Geospatial (GEOINT)
* Imagery (IMINT)
* Market (MARKINT)
* Open-source (OSINT)
* Technical (TECHINT)

Analysis|

* Cognitive traps
* Competing hypotheses
* Target-centric
* Words of estimative probability
* All-source intelligence
* Basic intelligence
* Intelligence assessment
* Medical intelligence
* Military geography
* Scientific & Technical intelligence

Dissemination|

* Intelligence cycle security
* Counterintelligence
* organizations
* Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations

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