Orders of magnitude (acceleration)

This page lists examples of the acceleration occurring in various situations. They are grouped by orders of magnitude.

Factor
[m/s2] | Multiple  | Reference frame  | Value  | [g] | Item

|
|
|
|
|

10−∞ | 0 m/s2 | inertial | 0 m/s2 | 0 g | The gyro rotors in Gravity Probe B and the free-floating
proof masses in the TRIAD I navigation satellite[1]
inertial  | ≈ 0 m/s2 | ≈ 0 g | Weightless parabola in a reduced-gravity aircraft
10−14 | 10 fm/s2 | lab | 5×10−14 m/s2 | 5×10−15 g | Smallest acceleration in a scientific experiment[2]
10−3 | 1 mm/s2 | Solar system  | 5.93×10−3 m/s2 | 6.04×10−4 g | Acceleration of Earth toward the sun due to sun's gravitational attraction
10−1 | 1 dm/s2 | lab  | 0.25 m/s2 | 0.026 g | Train acceleration for SJ X2[citation needed]
100 | 1 m/s2 | inertial  | 1.62 m/s2 | 0.1654 g | Standing on the Moon at its equator[citation needed]
lab  | 4.3 m/s2 | 0.44 g | Car acceleration 0–100 km/h in 6.4 s with a Saab 9-5 Hirsch[citation needed]
inertial  | 9.80665 m/s2 | 1 g | Standard gravity, the gravity acceleration on Earth at sea level standard[3]
101 | 1 dam/s2 | inertial  | 11.2 m/s2 | 1.14 g | Saturn V Moon rocket just after launch[citation needed]
inertial  | 15.2 m/s2 | 1.55 g | Bugatti Veyron from 0 to 100 km/h in 2.4 s (the net acceleration vector including gravitational acceleration is directed 40 degrees from horizontal[citation needed])
inertial  | 29 m/s2 | 3 g | Space Shuttle, maximum during launch and reentry[citation needed]
inertial  | 29 m/s2 | 3 g | Sustainable for > 25 seconds, for a human[3]
inertial  | 34 – 49 m/s2 |  3.5 – 5 g | High-G roller coasters[4]: 340
lab?  | 41 m/s2 | 4.2 g | Top Fuel drag racing world record of 4.4 s over 1/4 mile[citation needed]
inertial  | 49 m/s2 | 5 g | Causes disorientation, dizziness and fainting in humans[3]
lab?  | 49+ m/s2 | 5+ g | Formula One car, maximum under heavy braking[citation needed]
inertial?  | 51 m/s2 | 5.2 g | Luge, maximum expected at the Whistler Sliding Centre[citation needed]
lab  | 49 – 59 m/s2 |  5 – 6 g | Formula One car, peak lateral in turns[5]
inertial  | 59 m/s2 | 6 g | Parachutist peak during normal opening of parachute[6]
inertial  | +69 / -49 m/s2 |  +7 / -5 g | Standard, full aerobatics certified glider[citation needed]
inertial  | 70.6 m/s2 | 7.19 g | Apollo 16 on reentry[7]
inertial  | 79 m/s2 | 8 g | F-16 aircraft pulling out of dive[citation needed]
inertial  | 88 m/s2 | 9 g | Maximum for a fit, trained person with G-suit to keep consciousness, avoiding G-LOC[citation needed]
inertial  | 88 – 118 m/s2 |  9 – 12 g | Typical maximum turn acceleration in an aerobatic plane or fighter jet[8]
102 | 1 hm/s2 | inertial  | 147 m/s2 | 15 g | Explosive seat ejection from aircraft[citation needed]
177 m/s2 | 18 g | Physical damage in humans like broken capillaries[3]
209 m/s2 | 21.3 g | Peak acceleration experienced by cosmonauts during the Soyuz 18a abort[9]
333 m/s2 | 34 g | Peak deceleration of the Stardust Sample Return Capsule on reentry to Earth[10]
454 m/s2 | 46.2 g | Maximum acceleration a human has survived on a rocket sled[3]
> 491 m/s2 | > 50 g | Death or serious injury likely[citation needed]
982 m/s2 | 100 g | Sprint missile[11]
982 m/s2 | 100 g | Automobile crash (100 km/h into wall)[12]
> 982 m/s2 | > 100 g | Brief human exposure survived in crash[13]
982 m/s2 | 100 g | Deadly limit for most humans[citation needed]
103 | 1 km/s2 | inertial
≈ lab  | 1540 m/s2 | 157 g | Peak acceleration of fastest rocket sled run[14]
1964 m/s2 | 200 g | 3.5" hard disc non-operating shock tolerance for 2 ms, weight 0.6 kg[15]
2098 m/s2 | 214 g | Highest recorded amount of g-force exposed and survived by a human (Peak deceleration experienced by Kenny Bräck in a crash at the 2003 Chevy 500)[16][17]
2256 m/s2 | 230 g | Peak acceleration experience by the Galileo probe during descent into Jupiter's atmosphere[18]
2490 m/s2 | 254 g | Peak deceleration experienced by Jules Bianchi in crash of Marussia MR03, 2014 Japanese Grand Prix[19]
2946 m/s2 | 300 g | Soccer ball struck by foot[citation needed]
3200 m/s2 | 320 g | A jumping human flea[20]
3800 m/s2 | 380 g | A jumping click beetle[21]
4944 m/s2 | 504 g | Clothes on washing machine, during dry spinning (46 cm drum / 1400 rpm)
104 | 10 km/s2 |  | 11 768 m/s2 | 1200 g | Deceleration of the head of a woodpecker[22]
17 680 m/s2 | 1800 g | Space gun with a barrel length of 1 km and a muzzle velocity of 6 km/s,
as proposed by Quicklaunch (assuming constant acceleration)
29460 m/s2 | 3000 g | Baseball struck by bat[12]
~33 000 m/s2 |  3400 g | Standard requirement for decelerative crashworthiness in certified flight recorders (such as a Boeing 737 'black box')
>49 100 m/s2 | >5000 g | Shock capability of mechanical wrist watches[23]
84 450 m/s2 | 8600 g | Current Formula One engines, maximum piston acceleration (up to 10,000 g before rev limits)[24]
105 | 100 km/s2 |  | 102 000 m/s2 | 10 400 g
152 210 m/s2 | 15 500 g | Rating of electronics built into military artillery shells[25]
196 400 m/s2 | 20 000 g | Spore acceleration of the Pilobolus fungi[26]
304 420 m/s2 | 31 000 g | 9×19mm Parabellum handgun bullet (average along the length of the barrel)[citation needed][27]
106 | 1 Mm/s2 |  | 1 000 000 m/s2 | 100 000 g | Closing jaws of a trap-jaw ant[28]
1 865 800 m/s2 | 190 000 g | 9×19mm Parabellum handgun bullet, peak[citation needed][29]
3 800 000 m/s2 | 390 000 g | Surface gravity of white dwarf Sirius B[30]
3 900 000 m/s2 | slightly below 400 000 g | Ultracentrifuge[31]
107 | 10 Mm/s2 |  | 53 000 000 m/s2 | 5 400 000 g | Jellyfish stinger[32]
109 | 1 Gm/s2 |  | 1×109 m/s2 | ~100 000 000 g | The record peak acceleration of a projectile in a coilgun, a 2 gram projectile accelerated in 1 cm from rest to 5 km/sec.[33]
1012 | 1 Tm/s2 |  | 7×1012 m/s2 | 7×1011 g | Max surface gravity of a neutron star[citation needed]
2.1×1013 m/s2 | 2.1×1012 g | Protons in the Large Hadron Collider[34]
1021 | 1 Zm/s2 |  | 9.149×1021 m/s2 | 9.33×1020 g | Classical (Bohr model) acceleration of an electron around a 1H nucleus.
176×1021 m/s2 | 1.79×1022 g | Electrons in a 1 TV/m wakefield accelerator[35]
1051 | 1 QZm/s2 |  | 5.5608×1051 m/s2 | 5.5719×1050 g | Coherent Planck unit of acceleration

## See also

* G-force
* Gravitational acceleration
* Mechanical shock
* Standard gravity
* International System of Units (SI)
* SI prefix

## References

1. ↑ Stanford University: Gravity Probe B, Payload & Spacecraft, and NASA: Investigation of Drag-Free Control Technology for Earth Science Constellation Missions. The TRIAD 1 satellite was a later, more advanced navigation satellite that was part of the U.S. Navy’s Transit, or NAVSAT system.
2. ↑ Gundlach, J. H; Schlamminger, S; Spitzer, C. D; Choi, K. -Y; Woodahl, B. A; Coy, J. J; Fischbach, E (2007). "Laboratory Test of Newton's Second Law for Small Accelerations". Physical Review Letters 98 (15): 150801. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.150801. PMID 17501332. Bibcode: 2007PhRvL..98o0801G. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2657&context=physics_articles.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 csel.eng.ohio-state.edu - High Acceleration and the Human Body, Martin Voshell, November 28, 2004
4. ↑ George Bibel. Beyond the Black Box: the Forensics of Airplane Crashes. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8018-8631-7.
5. ↑ 6 g has been recorded in the 130R turn at Suzuka circuit, Japan. [1] Many turns have 5 g peak values, like turn 8 at Istanbul or Eau Rouge at Spa
6. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.pcprg.com/g-forces.htm.
7. ↑ NASA: SP-368 Biomedical Results of Apollo, Chapter 5: Environmental Factors, Table 2: Apollo Manned Space Flight Reentry G Levels
8. ↑ "Maxed out: How many gs can you pull?" (in en-US). New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20627562-200-maxed-out-how-many-gs-can-you-pull/.
9. ↑ Hall, Rex; David Shayler (2003). Soyuz, A Universal Spacecraft. Springer Praxis. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-85233-657-8.
10. ↑ ReVelle, D. O.; Edwards, W. N. (2007). "Stardust—An artificial, low-velocity "meteor" fall and recovery: 15 January 2006". Meteoritics and Planetary Science 42 (2): 271. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2007.tb00232.x. Bibcode: 2007M&PS...42..271R.
11. ↑ Sprint
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 tomshardware.co.uk - Hard Drive Shock Tolerance - Hard-Disks - Storage , Physics, by O'hanian, 1989, 2007-01-03
13. ↑ “Several Indy car drivers have withstood impacts in excess of 100 G without serious injuries.” Dennis F. Shanahan, M.D., M.P.H.: ”Human Tolerance and Crash Survivability [|permanent dead link|dead link}}], citing Society of Automotive Engineers. Indy racecar crash analysis. Automotive Engineering International, June 1999, 87–90. And National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: Recording Automotive Crash Event Data
14. ↑ "Holloman Air Force Base - Fact Sheet (Printable) : 846 TS HYPERSONIC UPGRADE PROGRAM". http://www.holloman.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp?fsID=6130&page=1.
15. ↑ wdc.com - Legacy Product Specifications : WD600BB , read 2012-01-11
16. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.kennybrack.com/pages/personal-info/2003.html.
17. ↑ Feel the G's: The Science of Gravity and G-Forces - by Suzanne Slade (page 37)
18. ↑ Woodfill, Jerry. "What Did Galileo Find at Jupipter?". NASA. https://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/galileo5.html.
19. ↑ "Formula 1 - Bianchi crash impact was 254g". 23 July 2015. https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/formula-1-bianchi-crash-impact-254g-103939864--f1.html.
20. ↑ Evans, M. E. G (2009). "The jump of the click beetle (Coleoptera, Elateridae)—a preliminary study". Journal of Zoology 167 (3): 319–336. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972.tb03115.x.
21. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.its.caltech.edu/~biomech/papers/BennetClarkLucey1967.pdf.
22. ↑ S-H Yoon; S Park (17 January 2011). "A mechanical analysis of woodpecker drumming and its application to shock-absorbing systems". Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 6 (1): 12. doi:10.1088/1748-3182/6/1/016003. PMID 21245520. Bibcode: 2011BiBi....6a6003Y. http://invenio2.unizar.es/record/7674/files/TAZ-PFC-2012-311_ANE.pdf. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
23. ↑ Omega [2], Ball Watch Technology
24. ↑ Cosworth V8 engine
25. ↑ "L-3 Communication's IEC Awarded Contract with Raytheon for Common Air Launched Navigation System". http://www2.l-3com.com/iec/news/r_ pr/032003.htm.
26. ↑ bu.edu - Rockets in Horse Poop, 2010-12-10
27. ↑ Assuming an 8.04 gram bullet, a muzzle velocity of 350 metres per second (1,100 ft/s), and a 102 mm barrel.
28. ↑ "Multifunctionality and mechanical origins: Ballistic jaw propulsion in trap-jaw ants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (34): 12787–12792. 22 August 2006. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604290103. PMID 16924120. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..10312787P.
29. ↑ Assuming an 8.04 gram bullet, a peak pressure of 240 MPa (35,000 psi) and 440 N of friction.
30. ↑ Holberg, J. B.; Barstow, M. A.; Bruhweiler, F. C.; Cruise, A. M.; Penny, A. J. (1998). "Sirius B: A New, More Accurate View". The Astrophysical Journal 497 (2): 935–942. doi:10.1086/305489. Bibcode: 1998ApJ...497..935H.
31. ↑ Berkeley Physics Course, vol. 1, Mechanics, fig. 4.1 (authors Kittel-Knight-Ruderman, 1973 edition)
32. ↑ Tibballs, J; Yanagihara, A. A; Turner, H. C; Winkel, K (2011). "Immunological and Toxinological Responses to Jellyfish Stings". Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets 10 (5): 438–446. doi:10.2174/187152811797200650. PMID 21824077.
33. ↑ K. McKinney and P. Mongeau, "Multiple stage pulsed induction acceleration," in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 239-242, March 1984, doi: 10.1109/TMAG.1984.1063089.
34. ↑ Calculated from their speed and radius, approximating the LHC as a circle.
35. ↑ Rosenzweig, J. B; Andonian, G; Bucksbaum, P; Ferrario, M; Full, S; Fukusawa, A; Hemsing, E; Hidding, B et al. (2011). "Teravolt-per-meter beam and plasma fields from low-charge femtosecond electron beams". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 653 (1): 98. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2011.01.073. Bibcode: 2011NIMPA.653...98R.

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Orders of magnitude

Quantity|

* Acceleration
* Angular momentum
* Angular velocity
* Area
* Bit rate
* Capacitance
* Charge
* Computing
* Currency
* Current
* Data
* Density
* Energy / Energy density / Energy flow density
* Entropy
* Force
* Frequency
* Inductance
* Illuminance
* Length
* Luminance / Luminous flux
* Magnetic field
* Mass
* Molarity
* Momentum
* Numbers
* Power
* Pressure
* Probability
* Radiation
* Resistance
* Sound pressure
* Specific energy
* Specific heat capacity
* Speed
* Temperature
* Time
* Viscosity
* Voltage
* Volume

See also|

* Back-of-the-envelope calculation
* Fermi problem
* Powers of 10 and decades
* 10th
* 100th
* 1000000th
* Billionth
* Trillionth
* Metric (SI) prefix
* Macroscopic scale
* Microscopic scale
* Quantum realm

Related|

* Astronomical system of units
* Earth's location in the Universe
* "Cosmic View" (1957 essay)
* To the Moon and Beyond (1964 film)
* Cosmic Zoom (1968 film)
* Powers of Ten (1968 and 1977 films)
* Cosmic Voyage (1996 documentary)
* Cosmic Eye (2012)

* Book
* Category

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