Applied Physics Laboratory

Short description: University-affiliated research center

Applied Physics Laboratory

Established| 1942
Research type| Unclassified / classified
Director| Dr. Ralph Semmel
Staff| 8000[1]
Location| Laurel, Maryland, U.S.

Operating agency

| Johns Hopkins University
Website| www.jhuapl.edu

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (Applied Physics Laboratory, or APL) is a not-for-profit university-affiliated research center (UARC) in Howard County, Maryland. It is affiliated with Johns Hopkins University and employs 8,000 people as of 2022.[2] The lab serves as a technical resource for the Department of Defense, NASA, and other government agencies. APL has developed numerous systems and technologies in the areas of air and missile defense, surface and undersea naval warfare, computer security, and space science and spacecraft construction.[3] While APL provides research and engineering services to the government, it is not a traditional defense contractor, as it is a UARC and a division of Johns Hopkins University. APL is a scientific and engineering research and development division, rather than an academic division, of Johns Hopkins.

Hopkins' Whiting School of Engineering offers part-time graduate programs for Lab staff members through its Engineering for Professionals program. Courses are taught at seven locations in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area, including the APL Education Center.[4]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Wartime contributions
* 1.2 Pershing
* 2 Campus
* 3 Education and internships
* 4 Research
* 4.1 Defense
* 4.2 Space
* 4.3 Prosthetics
* 4.4 Drones
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## History

APL was created in 1942 during World War II under the Office of Scientific Research and Development's Section T[5] as part of the Government's effort to mobilize the nation's science and engineering expertise within its universities. Its founding director was Merle Anthony Tuve, who led Section T throughout the war. Section T was created on August 17, 1940.[6] According to the official history[7] of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, Scientists Against Time, APL was the name of Section T's main laboratory from 1942 onward, not the name of the organization overall.[8] Section T's Applied Physics Laboratory succeeded in developing the variable-time proximity fuze[9] that played a significant role in the Allied victory.[10] In response to the fuze's success, the APL created the MK 57 gun director in 1944. Pleased with the APL's work, the Navy then tasked it with the mission to find a way to negate guided missile threats. From there on, the APL became very involved in wartime research.[11] Expected to disband at the end of the war, APL instead became heavily involved in the development of guided missile technology for the Navy. At governmental request, the University continued to maintain the Laboratory as a public service.

APL was originally located in Silver Spring, Maryland in a used-car garage[12] at the Wolfe Building at 8621 Georgia Avenue.[13][14] APL began moving to Laurel in 1954, with the construction of a two million dollar building and a $700,000 wing expansion in 1956.[15] The final staff transitioned to the new facility in 1975.[12][16] Before moving to Laurel, APL also maintained the "Forest Grove Station," north of Silver Spring on Georgia Avenue near today's Forest Glen Metro,[17] which included a hypersonic wind tunnel. The Forest Grove Station was vacated and torn down in 1963 and flight simulations were moved to Laurel. In the 1960s, APL built a mobile automaton called the Johns Hopkins Beast.

The Laboratory's name comes from its origins in World War II, but APL's major strengths are systems engineering and technology application. More than three-quarters of the staff are technical professionals, and 25% have computer science and math degrees. APL conducts programs in fundamental and applied research; exploratory and advanced development; test and evaluation; and systems engineering and integration.

### Wartime contributions

During the 1950s and the 1960s APL worked with the US Navy in the Operation Bumblebee Program on the Talos missile, Tartar missile, Terrier, and RIM-2 Terrier Surface to Air Missile systems. The follow-on RIM-50 Typhon Missile Project, based on improved Talos and Tartar Missiles, while successful, was cancelled in 1963 due to high costs and was eventually developed into the now well-known Aegis Combat System based on an improved Terrier.

In 1990, APL became involved with Operation Desert Storm and was involved in the Gulf Crisis Room[clarification needed] among other efforts. In the same decade (1992), APL, along with Johns Hopkins University, developed an algorithm that allowed for automatic mammogram analysis.[11]

### Pershing

In 1965, the US Army contracted with APL to develop and implement a test and evaluation program for the Pershing missile systems.[18] APL developed the Pershing Operational Test Program (OTP), provided technical support to the Pershing Operational Test Unit (POTU), identified problem areas and improved the performance and survivability of the Pershing systems.[19]

## Campus

The modern Applied Physics Laboratory is located in Laurel, Maryland, and spans 453 acres with more than 30 buildings on site. Additional auxiliary campuses exist in the surrounding areas.[20]

## Education and internships

APL is also home to a Johns Hopkins graduate program in engineering and applied sciences, called Engineering for Professionals.[21] Courses are taught at seven locations in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area, including the APL Education Center.[4]

The center is home to several popular internships for high school and college students, including the ASPIRE High School Intern program for high schoolers, as well as the College Summer Intern program, ATLAS Intern Program, and RISE@APL Intern Program for college students across the country.[22][23]

## Research

As of APL's 80th anniversary in 2022, there were hundreds of projects spanning the Lab's 12 mission areas, that focus on solving complex research, engineering and analytical problems that present critical challenges to the United States. [24] Projects span from those in APL's more traditional areas of work, including air and missile defense, undersea warfare, to newer projects such as homeland security, artificial intelligence and cyber operations. [11] APL has a list of 12 "Defining Innovations," which include the Lab's game-changing breakthroughs in technology that have created inflection points in history, including the Proximity fuze, Transit and Tomahawk. [25]

### Defense

The U.S. Navy continues to be APL's primary long-term sponsor. The Laboratory performs work for the Missile Defense Agency, the Department of Homeland Security, intelligence agencies, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and others. The Laboratory supports NASA through space science, spacecraft design and fabrication, and mission operations. APL has made significant contributions in the areas of air defense, strike and power projection, submarine security, antisubmarine warfare, strategic systems evaluation, command and control, distributed information and display systems, sensors, information processing, and space systems.

### Space

Alan Stern celebrating the successful flyby of the Pluto system by New Horizons in 2015 in the APL Mission Operations Center.

APL has built and operated many spacecraft, including the TRANSIT navigation system, Geosat, ACE, TIMED, CONTOUR, MESSENGER, Van Allen Probes,[26] the New Horizons mission to Pluto, the Parker Solar Probe mission to the outer corona of the Sun,[27] and STEREO.[26]

In the early 1990s APL began building robotic space probes. It won the contract to build NEAR for one third the price that Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA's traditional supplier, estimated. APL's bid caused NASA to create the Discovery Program to solicit competing proposals for other missions. By the early 21st century Science described the two organizations as rivals.[28] In 2019, the APL-proposed Dragonfly mission was selected as the fourth NASA New Frontiers mission.[29][30] Dragonfly is a relocatable lander in an X8 octocopter configuration that will explore Saturn's moon Titan by flying between landing sites to move around the moon's surface. In November 2021, APL launched the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (or DART) mission, which struck the smaller body of a binary asteroid system in September of 2022; this is the first NASA planetary defense mission.[31]

The asteroid 132524 APL was named in honor of APL after a flyby by the New Horizons spacecraft.

### Prosthetics

In 2014, APL made history with the successful use of the Modular Prosthetic Limb — a fully artificial articulated arm and hand — by a bilateral shoulder-level amputee. APL used pattern recognition algorithms to track which muscles were contracting and enable the prosthetics to move in conjunction with the amputee's body.[32]

Similar technology was used in 2016 for a demonstration in which a paralyzed man was able to "fist-bump" Barack Obama using signals sent from an implanted brain chip.[33] The limb returned sensory feedback from the arm to the wearer's brain.

### Drones

The APL researches and produces unmanned aerial vehicles for the US military.[34] One of its most recent projects is an unmanned aerial swarm that can be controlled by a single operator on the ground.[35]

## See also

* List of United States college laboratories conducting basic defense research
* Ralph Asher Alpher
* Raquel Bono
* Gwendolyn Boyd
* Robert Braun
* Anne Brennan
* Robert Brode
* Nancy Chabot
* James Christy
* Paul Dabbar
* Richard Danzig
* Brett Denevi
* Lisa Disbrow
* Andre Douglas
* Ashutosh Dutta
* Carlos Del Castillo
* Christine Fox
* Nicola Fox
* David Goldfein
* Michael Griffin
* Lawrence Hafstad
* Cecil Haney
* J. Allen Hynek
* Paul Kaminski
* Christina Koch
* Tom Krimigis
* Ellen Lord
* Ralph Lorenz
* Victor McCrary
* James Miller
* Gordon Moore
* George Murray
* Heather Murren
* Vivian O'Brien
* Paul Oostburg Sanz
* Louise Prockter
* Gary Roughead
* John Richardson
* Michael Ryschkewitsch
* Ralph Semmel
* Ciara Sivels
* Paul Spudis
* James Stavridis
* Paul Stockton
* Rob Strain
* Elizabeth Turtle
* Merle Tuve
* James Van Allen
* Robert Work

## References

1. ↑ "About APL". Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. http://www.jhuapl.edu/About.
2. ↑ "About". https://www.jhuapl.edu/About.
3. ↑ "About APL". http://www.jhuapl.edu/aboutapl/default.asp.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "APL Education Center". Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. http://www.jhuapl.edu/education/edcenter/.
5. ↑ Baxter, James Phinney (1946) (in en). Scientists Against Time. Little, Brown. ISBN 9780598553881. https://books.google.com/books?id=57lgAAAAIAAJ.
6. ↑ Holmes, Jamie (2020) (in en). 12 Seconds of Silence: How a Team of Inventors, Tinkerers, and Spies Took Down a Nazi Superweapon. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 44. ISBN 978-1-328-46012-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=fyKixgEACAAJ.
7. ↑ "Records of the office of Scientific Research and Development" (in en). 2016-08-15. https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/227.html.
8. ↑ Baxter, James Phinney (1946) (in en). Scientists Against Time. Little, Brown. pp. 230. ISBN 9780598553881. https://books.google.com/books?id=57lgAAAAIAAJ.
9. ↑ Simpson, Joanne (April 2000). "The Funny Little Fuze with Devastating Aim". Johns Hopkins Magazine (Johns Hopkins University). http://www.jhu.edu/~jhumag/0400web/10.html.
10. ↑ "Our History". Johns Hopkins University. http://www.jhuapl.edu/aboutapl/heritage/default.asp.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "APL at 70". 2012. http://www.jhuapl.edu/aboutapl/heritage/default.asp.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/td2104/hagler.pdf.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/td2104/hagler.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Organization:Applied_Physics_Laboratory">
13. ↑ McCoy, Jerry A; Society, Silver Spring Historical (November 2005). Historic Silver Spring. ISBN 978-0-7385-4188-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=vFX-vGYz7FgC&pg=PA111.
14. ↑ Gibson, R. E.. "Reflections on the Origin and Early History of the Applied Physics Laboratory". https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/techdigest/pdf/APL-V15-N02/APL-15-02-Gibson.pdf.
15. ↑ "Johns Hopkins Lets Contract in Md.". The Washington Post. March 27, 1955.
16. ↑ The Johns Hopkins Gazette: March 25, 2002
17. ↑ Google Maps
18. ↑ Mentzer Jr., William R. (1998). "Test and Evaluation of Land-Mobile Missile Systems". Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest (Johns Hopkins University). http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/TD/td1904/mentzer.pdf. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
19. ↑ Lyman, Donald R. (May–June 1977). "POTU: Testing Pershing in Europe and CONUS". Field Artillery Journal: 15–17. http://sill-www.army.mil/firesbulletin/archives/1977/MAY_JUN_1977/MAY_JUN_1977_PAGES_15_17.pdf.
20. ↑ "About:JHU|APL". http://www.jhuapl.edu/About.
21. ↑ "JHU Graduate Program in Engineering and Applied Sciences". http://www.jhuapl.edu/education/edcenter/.
22. ↑ "APL College Summer Intern Program". https://www.jhuapl.edu/Careers/CollegeInternships.
23. ↑ "STEM - ASPIRE". https://secwww.jhuapl.edu/stem/aspire/.
24. ↑ "Johns Hopkins APL Rings in 80 Years" (in en). https://www.jhuapl.edu/NewsStory/220310-APL-80-Anniversary/.
25. ↑ "Defining Innovations". https://www.jhuapl.edu/About/DefiningInnovations.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Space Press Releases". http://www.jhuapl.edu/newscenter/pressreleases/spacemission/spmissions.asp.
27. ↑ "Parker Solar Probe: A Nasa Mission to Touch the Sun". March 18, 2014. http://parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu.
28. ↑ Lawler, Andrew (2002-01-04). "Lab Rivalry Spices Up Solar System Exploration" (in en). Science 295 (5552): 33. doi:10.1126/science.295.5552.33. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11778023. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.295.5552.33. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
29. ↑ NASA selects Titan drone for next New Frontiers mission. Jeff Foust, Space News. June 27, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
30. ↑ NASA's Dragonfly Will Fly Around Titan Looking for Origins, Signs of Life. NASA. June 27, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
31. ↑ https://dart.jhuapl.edu/ Double Asteroid Redirection Test project site
32. ↑ "Amputee Makes History with APL's Modular Prosthetic Limb". December 16, 2014. http://www.jhuapl.edu/newscenter/pressreleases/2014/141216.asp.
33. ↑ "Watch Obama fist bump a robotic arm powered by a brain chip" (in en). NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/video/watch-obama-fist-bump-a-robotic-arm-powered-by-a-brain-chip-785470531610.
34. ↑ "Drone Research and Robotic Warfare: The Hopkins Connection". Today's Announcements. Johns Hopkins University. April 20, 2012. http://web.jhu.edu/announcements/faculty-staff/targetpage.html?baid=38392.
35. ↑ Manufacturing Group (August 13, 2012). "Demonstrating Expanded Control of UAV Swarm". Aerospace Manufacturing and Design. "Boeing and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) have demonstrated that an operator on the ground, using only a laptop and a military radio, can command an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) "swarm". Despite limited flight training, the operator was able to connect with autonomous UAVs, task them and obtain information without using a ground control station. [...] The demonstrations are conducted under a collaborative agreement between Boeing and JHU/APL, a University Affiliated Research Center and a division of Johns Hopkins University that has been addressing critical national challenges through the innovative application of science and technology for nearly 70 years. It maintains a staff of about 5,000 on its Laurel, Maryland, campus."

## External links

* APL home page

[ ⚑ ]  39°09′55″N 76°53′50″W﻿ / ﻿39.16528°N 76.89722°W﻿ / 39.16528; -76.89722

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