College of Europe

Short description: International relations school based in Belgium & Poland

College of Europe

Collège d’Europe

Type| Private postgraduate institute
Établissement d'utilité publique
Established| 1949 (1949)
Chairman| Herman Van Rompuy
Rector| Federica Mogherini
Postgraduates| annually ca. 470 students from over 50 countries
Location|

Bruges, Belgium
Warsaw, Poland
Tirana, Albania

Working languages| English and French
Website| www.coleurope.eu

The College of Europe (French: Collège d'Europe; Polish: Kolegium Europejskie) is a post-graduate institute of European studies with its main campus in Bruges, Belgium and further campuses in Warsaw, Poland and Tirana, Albania. The College of Europe in Bruges was founded in 1949 by leading historical European figures and founding fathers of the European Union, including Salvador de Madariaga, Winston Churchill, Paul-Henri Spaak and Alcide De Gasperi as one of the results of the 1948 Congress of Europe in The Hague to promote "a spirit of solidarity and mutual understanding between all the nations of Western Europe and to provide elite training to individuals who will uphold these values"[1] and "to train an elite of young executives for Europe".[2] It has the status of Institution of Public Interest, operating according to Belgian law. The second campus in Natolin (Warsaw), Poland opened in 1992.[3] The College of Europe is historically linked to the establishment of the European Union and its predecessors, and to the creation of the European Movement International, of which the college is a supporting member. Federica Mogherini, former High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, was appointed as the Rector to start in September 2020;[4] former President of the European Council Herman, Count Van Rompuy is chairman of the board.[5]

Each academic year is named after a patron and referred to as a promotion. The academic year is opened by a leading European politician. Alumni of the College of Europe include the former Prime Minister of Denmark Helle Thorning-Schmidt, the former Prime Minister of Finland Alexander Stubb, the former British Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg as well as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Italy Enzo Moavero Milanesi. Many of its alumni go on to serve as diplomats and senior civil servants in European institutions.

The College of Europe was the most represented alma mater (university attended) among senior EU civil servants, based on a sample compiled by Politico in 2021.[6] Politico even dedicated a section of their website to news related to the College of Europe.[7]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Hague Congress initiative to create a College of Europe
* 1.2 Bruges speech by Margaret Thatcher
* 1.3 Post-Cold War history
* 2 Campuses
* 2.1 Bruges campus
* 2.1.1 Dijver
* 2.1.2 Verversdijk
* 2.1.3 Garenmarkt
* 2.1.4 Biskajer
* 2.1.5 Gouden Hand
* 2.2 Natolin campus
* 2.3 Albania Campus
* 3 Student life
* 3.1 Admissions
* 3.2 Traditions
* 4 Promotions
* 5 Notable alumni
* 6 Faculty and organisation
* 6.1 Academics
* 6.2 Organisation
* 6.2.1 Rectors
* 6.2.2 Vice rectors
* 6.2.3 Presidents of the Administrative Council
* 7 Controversies
* 7.1 Controversy concerning Saudi Arabia
* 7.2 Allegations of sexual harassment and misogyny
* 7.3 Jungle comments by Josep Borrell
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links

## History

### Hague Congress initiative to create a College of Europe

The College of Europe was the world's first university institute of postgraduate studies and training in European affairs. It was founded in 1949 by leading European figures, such as Salvador de Madariaga, Winston Churchill, Paul-Henri Spaak and Alcide De Gasperi, in the wake of the Hague Congress of 1948, that led to the creation of the European Movement.[1] At the Congress, the Spanish statesman Salvador de Madariaga strongly advocated for the creation of a College of Europe, where graduates from different European states could study together as a way to heal the wounds of the World War II. Although the cultural resolution adopted at the end of the Congress did not include explicit references to the establishment of a College of Europe and only advocated for the creation of a "European Cultural Centre and a European Institute for Childhood and Youth Questions", the idea of establishing a European University was put forward by Congress attendees immediately after the Congress.[8]

The Hague Congress (1948) Salvador de Madariag

A group of Bruges citizens led by the Reverend Karel Verleye succeeded in attracting the college to Bruges. Professor Hendrik Brugmans, one of the intellectual leaders of the European Movement and the President of the Union of European Federalists, became its first Rector (1950–1972).[9] John Bowie, Professor of Modern History at Oxford University, was appointed Director of the first session held by the college, in 1949.[10] Henri van Effenterre, who was a Professor of Ancient History at Caen University and Alphonse de Vreese, International Law professor at the University of Ghent, also contributed to that first session.[10] The topic of that first session taught to the first promotion of the college (frequently called préparatoire, for it is the only promotion not named after any prominent figure) was "Teaching history and the development of a European spirit in universities".[11]

In the decades that followed the establishment of the institution, students were hosted at the Navarra Hotel in the historic centre of Bruges until 1981.[12] The College consolidated itself as an institution specialized in studies focused on the newly established European Communities (the college was founded in 1949, before the communities were established).

### Bruges speech by Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Thatcher

In 1988, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher delivered a speech that became known as the Bruges speech at the College of Europe[13] as part of the opening ceremony for that academic year. The Bruges speech is considered by observers as the cornerstone of the Eurosceptic movement that eventually led to Brexit.[14] Thatcher laid down her vision for Europe, claiming that the European Community should remain an economic union, refusing the claims for a closer political integration made by Commission President Jacques Delors. Thatcher outlined her opposition to any attempts to create "a European superstate exercising a new dominance from Brussels."[15] The speech was perceived as not only an attack on European federalism but an attack on the European project, as such.

### Post-Cold War history

After the fall of communism and changes in Central and Eastern Europe, the College of Europe campus at Natolin (Warsaw, Poland), was founded in 1992 with the support of the European Commission and the Polish government.[16] According to former President of the European Commission Jacques Delors, "this College of Europe at Natolin is more than the symbol of Europe found once again, it is the hope represented in this beautiful historic place. The hope that exchanges can multiply for greater mutual understanding and fraternity".[16] The establishment of a second campus in eastern has been frequently regarded as part of an effort aiming to train young students from eastern countries under the auspices of eastern enlargement.[17] Since the establishment of that second campus in Poland, the college operates as "one College – two campuses," and what was once referred to as the "esprit de Bruges", is now known as the "esprit du Collège".

In 2012, the College of Europe became a supporting member of the European Movement International.[18] The academic year 2018–2019 marked the first time in which a promotion was named after a College alumnus, Manuel Marín, Spanish Statesman, EU Commissioner and acting President of the Commission (known as the "father of the Erasmus Programme"), who had passed away early that year. In 2015, three years before the election of Marín as Patron, former Finnish Prime Minister Alexander Stubb was the first College alumnus to be invited to be the Orateur at the opening ceremony of that academic year.

Former Spanish Minister and Cabinet Spokesperson Íñigo Méndez de Vigo, 9th Baron of Claret, served as chairman of the board from 2009 to 2019; in 2019 former Prime Minister of Belgium and President of the European Council Herman, Count Van Rompuy was appointed the new chairman of the board.[5] In May 2020 Federica Mogherini, former High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission, was appointed rector of the College, the first high ranking political figure from the European Commission to hold the post.[19]

## Campuses

### Bruges campus

Paul Henri Spaak Building

The Bruges campus is situated in the centre of Bruges since its establishment in 1949. Bruges is located in the Flemish Region of Belgium, a Dutch-speaking area, although the college does not use Dutch as one of its working languages.

The college has a system of residences in the centre of Bruges and not far from the Dijver, where the main administrative and academic building and the library are situated. None of the residences lodges more than 60 students so that each residence in fact has its own small multinational and multicultural environment.[20]

It consists of the following campus buildings:

#### Dijver

The Paul Henri Spaak Building (named after the Belgian socialist politician, and popularly known as Dijver) is the College's main administrative building on the Bruges campus. It hosts the college's main reception, some of its offices, classrooms and the library. It is located on the Dijver Canal. A white classic façade stands at the front of the main building (where the European, Belgian, Flemish and Brugeois flags hang together), while there is a garden in its back side. The garden is used by the students, who frequently spare their break time there due to its proximity to the library (which is connected to the main building by a corridor). Signed portraits of all the orateurs hang in the walls of the main corridor of the building.

Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands laying down the first stone of the library in 1965

The library building was built in 1965. Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands (later Queen Beatrix) laid the first stone of the library in a special commemorative event. Almost three decades after its completion, the library was reformed and enlarged (the works were completed in 1992). Most of the library funds are devoted to European Studies, together with law, economics, and political and administrative sciences.[21] Access to the library is restricted to College students and academic staff. A bust of Salvador de Madariaga presides over the library main reading hall.

#### Verversdijk

Following the increase in the number of students attending the College each year, the College of Europe (with the support of different entities and institutions, including the Flemish Government and the City of Bruges[22]) reformed the 17th century protected monument[23] of Verversdijk to provide additional lecture theatres (auditoria), teaching rooms and offices for academics, research fellows and staff; and to extend its activities. The reform was led by the office of Xaveer De Geyter Architects (XDGA), and the project was nominated for the Mies van de Rohe award in 2009.[24] The Verversdijk premises began to be used by College students in 2007. Besides its academic and administrative use throughout the course, a cocktail is served in its garden to each promotion, following their graduation ceremony at St. Walburga Church (Bruges).

The historical site of Verversdijk owes its name to fact that the owners of the houses standing there at medieval times were dyers who used wool traded with Scotland, as the area was populated by several Englishmen during the Middle Ages.[25] During the Spanish rule, it hosted the schooling houses and the monastery established by the Jesuits in the 17th century.[26] In 1792, the monastery auditorium was used as a meeting place by the Jacobin Club.[23] The main monastery wing (dating back to 1701, and whose façade was plastered in 1865[27]) was built along the canal, and was used as an athenaeum since 1851.[23] its long inner corridor is an outstanding example of the rococo style in Bruges, whereas, the ashlar staircase is also an element of artistic relevance. The attic of the building, with a total length of 45 meters and a surprisingly well-preserved oak canopy, is currently used as a study room. During the First World War occupation of Belgium, the attic was used as a sleeping room for soldiers of the German Marine.[27]

The monastery wing was also home to the Museum of Modern Painting from 1898 to 1931[28] (when they were transferred to the newly established Groeninge Museum[29]). Since 2008, following and agreement between the College and the Groeninge Museum, the college hosts the 'Extraordinary Groeninghe Art Collection',[30] an installation of contemporary works of art featuring international artists at Verversdijk's hallways. Members of the Groeninghe Art Collection meet every two months at the College to discuss art, attend lectures by art experts and consider possible purchases.[30]

In March 2014, the so-called China Library was established at the Verversdijk compound.[31] A project sponsored by the Information Office of the State Council of the Chinese Government,[32] the library (decorated in Chinese style) is home to ten thousand books and documents in more than six languages,[31] as frequently hosts events related with Sino-European relations or the Chinese culture.

* View of Verversdijk Campus

* Old entrance to the Verversdijk buildings

* New entrance to the Verversdijk buildings

#### Garenmarkt

The Hotel Portinari in Garenmarkt 15 with its classical façade was formerly home to Tommaso Portinari, the administrator of the Florentine "Loggia de Medici" in the 15th century in Bruges. It contains eleven apartments for professors and forty student rooms, two "salons" in 19th-century style, the "salon du Recteur" with 18th-century wall paintings and a modern "Mensa" for students. A room dedicated to Winston Churchill (who was among the voices calling for the establishment of the College during The Hague Congress in 1948 and was one of its founders the year after) was inaugurated by his grandson, Sir Nicholas Soames, and the British ambassador in 2017.[33] Garenmarkt also hosts the canteen for all College students.

#### Biskajer

The residence is located in a home built in classicist style during the 19th century. The building is located in Biskajersplein, a small square named after the Spanish region of Biscay (the square is located on the side the dock where ships coming in from that region unloaded their merchandise in the 15th and 16th centuries). The actual residence is located on the lot occupied by the Mareminne house,[34] which hosted the consulate of Biscay in the past, although the original building was demolished. Traces of the old consulate building can be found in the inner garden of the residence, which kept the shape of the consulate's horse stable. The residence hosts 53 students every year.[35]

#### Gouden Hand

The Gouden Hand residence is housed in a Bruges-style building dating back to the 17th century. It is a listed monument. It was renovated during the 2005–2006 academic year. The name of the residence, directly translates from Dutch to "Golden Hand", after a Medieval legend about the canal bordering the residence.[36][37] Gouden Hand is also the name of two streets along the same canal. The 15th century painter Jan Van Eyck lived and owned a studio in the Gouden-Handstraat nr. 6, behind the current residence.[38]

The Gouden Hand student bar is situated in the cellar. The building has been a backdrop for many films and documentaries.[35]

### Natolin campus

Potocki Palace in Natolin

The Natolin Warsaw campus of the college was established in 1992 responding to the revolutions of 1989 and ahead of Poland's accession negotiations with the EU.

The Natolin Campus is located in a historic palace, part of a 120-hectare park and nature reserve—formerly the Royal hunting palace of Natolin—situated in the southern part of Warsaw about 20 minutes by metro from the city centre. The Natolin European Centre Foundation takes care of the complex and has conducted restoration of the former Potocki palace, making it available for the college.

The old historical buildings, including the manor house, the stables and the coach house, were converted to the needs of modern times and new buildings were constructed in a style preserving the harmony of the palace and its outlying park.

In 2022, the Natolin campus of the College of Europe hosted one of the four European citizens’ panels, organised as part of the EU's Conference on the Future of Europe.[39]

### Albania Campus

In 2023, the College announced the opening of a new campus in Albania[40]

## Student life

The College of Europe is bilingual. Students are expected to be proficient in English and French. Students receive an advanced master's degree following a one-year programme. Students specialise in either European Political and Administrative Studies, EU International Relations and Diplomacy Studies, European Law, European Economic Studies, or European Interdisciplinary Studies (at the Natolin campus). For much of its history, the college only admitted a few students, the number has increased since the 1990s.

### Admissions

Application may be made to national selection committees or by direct application to the College of Europe for individuals from a country where no selection committee exists.[41] As of 2014, there are 28 national selection committees.[42] Regarding scholarships, the national selection committees can grant a scholarship; approximately 70% of students receive a scholarship from either national governements or other public and private institutions.[43] Students have the choice between four masters at Bruges campus:

* European Economic Studies
* EU International Relations and Diplomacy Studies
* European Legal Studies
* European Political and Governance Studies
* Master in Transatlantic Affairs, which is a 2 year program unlike the other degrees.

In Natolin Campus, there is only one degree which is the European Interdisciplinary Studies.

### Traditions

The College of Europe has developed several traditions. Some are shared with the École nationale d'administration (ENA) in France. Both the College and ENA name their promotions after a historical figure, being in the College of Europe an outstanding European figure, which is called "patron".[44] Besides the choice of a prominent historical figure to name each promotion, each academical year is traditionally inaugurated by a prominent European figure. Furthermore, each year, College of Europe students are named honorary citizens of Bruges prior to their departure.[45] Another tradition dating back to the first years of existence of the college is the visit to Flanders fields during the first weeks of the academic year. During that visit, students lay a floral tribute at the Menin Gate war memorial in Ypres.[46]

## Promotions

Academic years at the College are known as promotions. Each promotion is named after an outstanding European, referred to as the promotion's patron.

The opening ceremony each year is presided over by a prominent politician, referred to as the Orateur; they have included Angela Merkel, David Miliband, Jean-Claude Juncker, Javier Solana, José Manuel Barroso, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Juan Carlos I of Spain, Margaret Thatcher and François Mitterrand. Being invited as the college's Orateur is considered a high honour.[47]

List of promotions  Year | Name of promotion (Patron) | Students | Speaker at opening ceremony (Orateur)

|
|
|

2023-2024  | Madeleine Albright  |  |
2022-2023  | David Sassoli  | ca. 470 | Roberta Metsola (Bruges) and Stevo Pendarovski (Natolin)
2021-2022  | Éliane Vogel-Polsky  | 472 | Alexander De Croo (Bruges) and Olha Stefanishyna (Natolin)
2020-2021  | Mário Soares  | 477 | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (Bruges) and Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya (Natolin)
2019-2020  | Hannah Arendt | 471 | Donald Tusk[48] (Bruges)
2018–2019 | Manuel Marín | 461 | Antonio Tajani (Bruges) & Tibor Navracsics (Natolin)
2017-2018 | Simone Veil | 462 | António Costa (Bruges)[49] & Andrzej Duda (Natolin)[50]
2016–2017 | John Maynard Keynes | 467 | Jean-Claude Juncker (Bruges) & Ivanna Klympush-Tsintsadze (Natolin)
2015–2016 | Frédéric Chopin | 479 | Alexander Stubb (Bruges) & Johannes Hahn (Natolin)
2014–2015 | Falcone & Borsellino | 437 | Mariano Rajoy (Bruges) & Petro Poroshenko (Natolin, cancelled)
2013–2014 | Voltaire | 445 | Íñigo Méndez de Vigo (Bruges) & Bronisław Komorowski (Natolin)
2012–2013 | Václav Havel | 444 | Helle Thorning-Schmidt (Bruges) & Vladimir Filat (Natolin)
2011–2012 | Marie Sklodowska-Curie | 448 | Giorgio Napolitano (Bruges) & José Manuel Barroso (Natolin)
2010–2011 | Albert Einstein | 435 | Angela Merkel (Bruges) & Štefan Füle (Natolin)
2009–2010 | Charles Darwin | 402 | Jerzy Buzek (Bruges) & Toomas Hendrik Ilves (Natolin)
2008–2009 | Marcus Aurelius | 381 | Yves Leterme (Bruges) & Hans-Gert Pöttering (Natolin)
2007–2008 | Anna Politkovskaya & Hrant Dink | 415 | David Miliband (Bruges) & Carl Bildt (Natolin)
2006–2007 | Nicolaus Copernicus | 413 | Jean-Claude Juncker (Bruges) & Alaksandar Milinkievič (Natolin)
2005–2006 | Ludwig van Beethoven | 384 | Javier Solana (Bruges) & Viktor Yushchenko (Natolin)
2004–2005 | Montesquieu | 404 | José Manuel Barroso (Bruges) & Josep Borrell Fontelles (Natolin)
2003–2004 | John Locke | 391 | Joschka Fischer (Bruges) & Danuta Hübner (Natolin)
2002–2003 | Bertha von Suttner | 370 | Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (Bruges) & Erhard Busek (Natolin)
2001–2002 | Simon Stevin | 365 | Aleksander Kwasniewski (Bruges) & Guy Verhofstadt (Natolin)
2000–2001 | Aristotle | 375 | George Papandreou (Bruges) & Jan Kulakowski (Natolin)
1999–2000 | Wilhelm & Alexander von Humboldt | 374 | Jacques Delors (Bruges) & Jean-Luc Dehaene (Natolin)
1998–1999 | Leonardo da Vinci | 337 | Jean-Luc Dehaene (Bruges) & Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant (Natolin)
1997–1998 | Hendrik Brugmans | 326 | António Guterres (Bruges) & Ursula Stenzel (Natolin)
1996–1997 | Alexis de Tocqueville | 319 | Wim Kok (Bruges) & Aleksander Kwasniewski (Natolin)
1995–1996 | Walter Hallstein | 306 | Klaus Hänsch (Bruges) & Jacques Santer (Natolin)
1994–1995 | Ramon Llull | 296 | Juan Carlos I of Spain (Bruges) & Andrzej Olechowski (Natolin)
1993–1994 | Stefan Zweig | 263 | Thomas Klestil
1992–1993 | Charles IV | 264 | Jacques Santer
1991–1992 | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | 212 | Flavio Cotti
1990–1991 | Hans & Sophie Scholl | 245 | Richard von Weizsäcker
1989–1990 | Denis de Rougemont | 200 | Jacques Delors
1988–1989 | Christopher Dawson | 204 | Margaret Thatcher
1987–1988 | Altiero Spinelli | 178 | François Mitterrand
1986–1987 | William Penn | 177 | Ruud Lubbers
1985–1986 | Christopher Columbus | 158 | Felipe Gonzalez
1984–1985 | Madame de Staël | 123 | Altiero Spinelli
1983–1984 | Jean Rey | 133 | Garret FitzGerald
1982–1983 | Joseph Bech | 122 | Gaston Thorn
1981–1982 | Johan Willem Beyen | 123 | Bruno Kreisky
1980–1981 | Jean Monnet | 131 | Simone Veil
1979–1980 | Salvador de Madariaga | 140 | Dries van Agt
1978–1979 | Paul-Henri Spaak | 130 | Guy Spitaels
1977–1978 | Karl Renner | 128 | Mario Soares
1976–1977 | Peter Paul Rubens | 120 | Leo Tindemans
1975–1976 | Adam Jerzy Czartoryski | 101 | Edgar Faure
1974–1975 | Aristide Briand | 111 | Herman De Croo
1973–1974 | Giuseppe Mazzini | 92 | Karl Otto Pöhl
1972–1973 | Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi | 59 | George Brown, Baron George-Brown
1971–1972 | Dante Alighieri | 58 | Altiero Spinelli & Hendrik Brugmans
1970–1971 | Winston Churchill | 57 | Jean Rey & Hendrik Brugmans
1969–1970 | William the Silent | 49 | Prince Albert of Belgium & Hendrik Brugmans
1968–1969 | Konrad Adenauer | 47 | Robert van Schendel & Hendrik Brugmans
1967–1968 | Comenius | 54 | Alfons de Vreese
1966–1967 | George C. Marshall | 56 | Jean Rey & Hendrik Brugmans
1965–1966 | Thomas More | 52 | Hendrik Brugmans
1964–1965 | Robert Schuman | 45 | Salvador de Madariaga & Hendrik Brugmans
1963–1964 | Thomas Paine | 48 | Hendrik Brugmans
1962–1963 | August Vermeylen | 46 | Pierre Harmel & Hendrik Brugmans
1961–1962 | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz | 37 | Hugo Geiger & Hendrik Brugmans
1960–1961 | Saint-Simon | 38 | Hendrik Brugmans
1959–1960 | Sully | 43 | Hendrik Brugmans
1958–1959 | Fridtjof Nansen | 40 | Hendrik Brugmans
1957–1958 | Henry the Navigator | 40 | Hendrik Brugmans
1956–1957 | Raoul Dautry | 36 | Hendrik Brugmans
1955–1956 | Virgil | 33 | Hendrik Brugmans
1954–1955 | Alcide De Gasperi | 36 | Hendrik Brugmans
1953–1954 | Erasmus | 39 | Hendrik Brugmans
1952–1953 | Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk | 40 | Hendrik Brugmans
1951–1952 | Juan Vives | 30 | Hendrik Brugmans
1950–1951 | Antoine de Saint-Exupéry | 35 | Hendrik Brugmans
1949 | Préparatoire (no name) | 22 | Victor Van Hoestenberghe & Salvador de Madariaga

## Notable alumni

Many former students of the college, referred to as anciens (French for alumni), have gone on to serve as government ministers, members of various parliaments, diplomats and high-ranking civil servants and executives.

* Helle Thorning-Schmidt, Danish politician

* Nick Clegg, British business executive and politician

* Clément Beaune, French politician

* Brigid Laffan, Irish political scientist

* Valerie Plame, American writer, spy novelist and former CIA officer

* Marija Pejčinović Burić, Croatian politician

* Alexander Stubb, Finnish politician

* Pål Jonson, Swedish politician and Minister for Defense

A list of all alumni from 1949 to 1999 is included in the book The College of Europe. Fifty Years of Service to Europe (1999), edited by Dieter Mahncke, Léonce Bekemans and Robert Picht.

Alumni of note of the College of Europe (from 1949) include

* Gaetano Adinolfi, former Deputy Secretary General of the Council of Europe
* Alberto Alemanno, Professor of Law at New York University School of Law and HEC Paris,[51] CEO of eLabEurope[52]
* Frans Alphons Maria Alting von Geusau, Dutch legal scholar and diplomat
* Bernadette Andreosso-O'Callaghan, French-Irish economist, Jean Monnet Professor of Economics at the University of Limerick
* Peter Arbo, Norwegian academic
* Árni Páll Árnason, Icelandic Minister of Economic Affairs. Promotion Mozart.
* Ioanna Babassika, Greek human rights lawyer, member of the Committee for the Prevention of Torture
* Yuriko Backes, Luxembourgish diplomat and politician, Minister for Finances[53]
* María Angeles Benítez Salas, Spanish European civil servant, director-general of the Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development
* Ledi Bianku, judge at the European Court of Human Rights
* Margunn Bjørnholt, Norwegian sociologist
* Iwo Byczewski, former Polish Deputy Foreign Minister (1991–1995), Ambassador to Belgium and Permanent Representative to the European Union
* Geert Van Calster, Belgian lawyer and legal scholar
* Sofie Carsten Nielsen, Danish Minister for Higher Education and Science. Promotion Aristotle
* Franz Ceska, Austrian Ambassador to Belgium and France, Permanent Representative to the United Nations in Geneva
* Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Danish Permanent Representative to the European Institutions, Special Advisor to The Right Honourable Catherine Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland, the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
* Nick Clegg, British politician, former Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, leader of the Liberal Democrats and member of the European Parliament
* Luc Coene, Belgian economist and Governor of the National Bank of Belgium (NBB)
* Karl Cox, Vice President of the Oracle Corporation
* Martin Donnelly, British civil servant
* Niels Egelund, Danish diplomat, former Permanent Representative to NATO and Ambassador to France
* Jonathan Faull, Director General for the Internal Market and Services
* Monique Pariat, Director-General for the Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs and previously Director-General for the Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations.
* Mary Finlay Geoghegan, Justice of the Supreme Court of Ireland.
* Nigel Forman, British MP and Minister of Higher Education (1992), a member of the Conservative Party
* Gabriel Fragnière, Swiss academic
* Louise Fréchette, Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations
* Francesco Paolo Fulci, former Permanent Representative of Italy to the United Nations (1993–1999), currently serving as President of Ferrero SpA
* Otto von der Gablentz, German diplomat and academic
* Luis Garicano, Professor of Economics and Strategy at the London School of Economics
* Miriam González Durántez, Spanish lawyer and wife of Nick Clegg
* Fiona Hayes-Renshaw, Irish academic, visiting professor at the college since 2001
* Chris Hoornaert, Ambassador of Belgium to the Netherlands
* Simon Hughes, British politician and Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament
* Marc Jaeger, judge at the General Court of the EU
* Josef Joffe, German editor and publisher of Die Zeit and adjunct professor of political science at Stanford University
* Claudia Kahr, judge at the Austrian Constitutional Court
* Alison Kelly, Irish ambassador to Israel
* Stephen Kinnock, Director at the World Economic Forum
* Berno Kjeldsen, Danish ambassador
* Lars-Jacob Krogh, journalist
* Sabino Fornies Martinez, European Commission Civil Servant, Head of task force at DG FISMA and EU Diplomat in Beijing
* Brigid Laffan, Director of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute
* Jo Leinen, German member of the European Parliament, former president of the Union of European Federalists
* Christian Lequesne, Professor of European Politics at Sciences Po, the College of Europe and the London School of Economics
* Leif Terje Løddesøl, former Chair of Statoil
* Sylvie Lucas, Luxembourg's ambassador to the United Nations and president of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) (2009–2010)
* Aude Maio-Coliche, Ambassador, Head of the EU Delegation to Venezuela
* Helena Malikova, EU civil servant and academic
* Manuel Marín, former President of the European Commission
* Thomas Mayr-Harting, Ambassador, Head of the Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations
* Ian McIntyre, British journalist
* David McWilliams, Irish economist, journalist and documentary-maker
* Holger Michael, German ambassador
* Enzo Moavero Milanesi, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Italy
* Goenawan Mohamad, Indonesian poet
* Juan Moscoso del Prado, Spanish socialist Member of Parliament, spokesman in the European Union Committee
* Jon Ola Norbom, former Minister of Finance of Norway
* Jim Oberstar, member of the United States House of Representatives
* Mary O'Rourke, barrister
* David O'Sullivan (civil servant), Chief Operating Officer of the European Union's diplomatic corps, former Secretary-General of the European Commission and Director General for Trade
* Valerie Plame, former United States CIA Operations Officer
* Ursula Plassnik, former Foreign Minister of Austria, a member of Austrian People's Party (European People's Party)
* Nikola Poposki, Macedonian Minister for Foreign Affairs and former Ambassador of the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Macedonia to the European Union
* Xavier Prats Monné, EU official
* Torolf Raa, former Norwegian ambassador
* Carine Van Regenmortel, Belgian corporate lawyer
* Philippe Régnier, Professor at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies and the University of Ottawa
* Prince Albert Rohan, former Permanent Secretary of the Austrian Foreign Ministry, UN envoy
* Margaritis Schinas, Vice-President of the European Commission
* György Schöpflin, a Hungarian academic and politician, Member of the European Parliament for Fidesz and the European People's Party
* Guy Spitaels, Belgian politician and Minister-President of Wallonia
* Alexander Stubb, Finnish Minister for Foreign Affairs, a member of politician of the National Coalition Party (European People's Party)
* Helle Thorning-Schmidt, Prime Minister of Denmark and leader of the Social Democrats (Denmark)
* Didrik Tønseth, former Norwegian ambassador
* Count Ferdinand Trauttmansdorff, Austria's ambassador to Prague
* Loukas Tsoukalis, Jean Monnet Professor of European Integration at the University of Athens and President of the Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy
* Andrew Tyrie, Member of Parliament (MP) for Chichester and Chairman of the Treasury Select Committee, a member of Conservative Party
* Helmut Türk, judge at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, former Ambassador of Austria to the United States
* Werner Ungerer, German diplomat, Permanent Representative to the European Communities from 1985 to 1990 and rector of the college from 1990 to 1993
* Robert Verrue, Director-General for Employment of the European Commission
* Alexander Walker, British film critic
* Helen Wallace, Lady Wallace of Saltaire, British expert in European studies and Emeritus Professor at the London School of Economics and Political Science
* Bruno de Witte, Professor of EU Law at the European University Institute
* Marc van der Woude, judge at the European Court of Justice
* Adrien Zeller, former French minister in the second Jacques Chirac government (1986–1988), former President of Alsace Regional Council, a member of the Union for a Popular Movement
* Jaap de Zwaan, Dutch diplomat and negotiator of several European treaties, Professor of EU Law at the Erasmus University Rotterdam
* Alexander Stubb, prime minister of Finland

Alumni of note of the College of Europe in Natolin, Poland (from 1993) include:

* Gert Antsu, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Estonia to Ukraine
* Jarosław Domański, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Poland to the Islamic Republic of Iran
* Marija Pejčinović Burić, Deputy Prime Minister of Croatia, Minister of Foreign and European Affairs
* Alyn Smith, Scottish member of the European Parliament
* Olesea Stamate, Minister of Justice of the Republic of Moldova
* Rafał Trzaskowski, Mayor of Warsaw, former member of the Polish Sejm, former Polish member of the European Parliament, former Polish Minister of Administration and Digitization, former Secretary of State in the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs

## Faculty and organisation

The College of Europe originally had no permanent teaching staff; the courses were taught by prominent academics and sometimes government officials from around Europe.[54] Especially in the last couple of decades, the college has increasingly employed professors and other teaching staff on a permanent basis.

### Academics

* Dominique Moïsi, co-founder and is a senior advisor of the Paris-based Institut Français des Relations Internationales (IFRI), Pierre Keller Visiting Professor at Harvard University, and the Chairholder for Geopolitics at the College of Europe.[55]
* Bronisław Geremek, Chairholder of the Chair of European Civilisation until his death[56]
* Leszek Balcerowicz, economist, the former chairman of the National Bank of Poland and Deputy Prime Minister in Tadeusz Mazowiecki's government. He implemented the Polish economic transformation program in the 1990s, a shock therapy commonly referred to as the Balcerowicz Plan[57]
* Andrea Biondi, co-Director of the Centre for European Law at King's College London[58]
* Aleš Debeljak, cultural critic, poet, and essayist[59]
* Alyson Bailes, a former English diplomat and British Ambassador to Finland who lives in Iceland[60]
* Valentine Korah, Emeritus Professor of Competition Law at University College London[61]
* Jacques Rupnik, professor at Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris i.e. Sciences Po[62]
* Stefan Collignon, professor of political economy, International Chief Economist of the Centro Europa Ricerche, founder of Euro Asia Forum at Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy, he served as Deputy Director General for Europe in the Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany) 1999–2000.[63]
* John Usher, legal scholar
* Guy Haarscher, legal and political philosopher
* Geoffrey R. Denton, head of economics
* Jan de Meyer (1958–1970)
* Dieter Mahncke
* Léonce Bekemans
* Fiona Hayes-Renshaw
* Gerhard Stahl
* Shada Islam
* Christian Lequesne
* Enzo Moavero Milanesi, Italian Minister for Europe and Professor in the Legal Studies Department
* Alexander Stubb, Finnish Minister for Europe, former Foreign Minister, and Professor at the college since 2000
* Norman Davies, Historian; Honorary fellow, St Antony's College, Oxford, Oxford University; Professor, Jagiellonian University [64]
* Jean de Ruyt, Ambassador; Senior European Policy Advisor, Covington & Burling ; Professor, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL); ex-Belgian Permanent representative to the European Union[64]

### Organisation

#### Rectors

The rector directs and coordinates the college's activities.

* Hendrik Brugmans (1906–1997) (1949–1971)
* Jerzy Łukaszewski (°1924) (1972–1990)
* Werner Ungerer (°1927) (1990–1993)
* Gabriel Fragnière (1934-2015) (1993–1995)
* Otto von der Gablentz (1930–2007) (1996–2001)
* Piet Akkermans (1942–2002) (2001–2002)
* Robert Picht (1937–2008) (a.i. 2002–2003)
* Paul Demaret (2003–2013)
* Jörg Monar (2013–2020)
* Federica Mogherini (2020–present)[65]

#### Vice rectors

The vice rector is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the Natolin (Warsaw) campus.

* Ettore Deodato (1993)
* David W. P. Lewis (1994–1996)
* Jacek Saryusz-Wolski (1996–1999)
* Piotr Nowina-Konopka (1999–2004)
* Robert Picht (a.i. 2004–2005)
* Robert Picht (2005–2007)
* Ewa Ośniecka-Tamecka (2007– present)[66]

#### Presidents of the Administrative Council

* Salvador de Madariaga (1950–1964)
* Jean Rey (1964–1974)
* François-Xavier Ortoli (1974–1975)
* Daniel Coens (1985–1990)
* Manuel Marín (1990–1995)
* Jacques Delors (1995–2000)
* Jean-Luc Dehaene (2000–2009)
* Íñigo Méndez de Vigo (2009 – 2019)[67]
* Herman Van Rompuy (2019–present)[68]

## Controversies

### Controversy concerning Saudi Arabia

In February 2019, a series of press pieces published by EUobserver[69] revealed that the Bruges-based institute was paid by the Saudi government to set up private meetings between Saudi ambassadors, EU officials, and MEPs.[70] Although EU lobby transparency rules say that academic institutions should register if they "deal with EU activities and policies and are in touch with the EU institutions", the College of Europe is not listed in the EU joint-transparency register.[69] On 13 February, MEP Alyn Smith of Greens/EFA wrote to ask Jörg Monar, Rector of the College of Europe, to provide assurances that the institute has not received "financial contributions from the Saudi authorities in any form" in its efforts to set up meetings with the EU institutions.[71] On 20 February, Marietje Schaake of the ALDE group presented a written question to the European Commission on this issue.[72][73] This written question was the subject of a response from the European Commission published on 17 May in which it explained not having any direct evidence as to the facts reported, nor being able to comment on the sources of revenue of the College of Europe beyond European subsidies.[74] A group of College alumni collected signatures to demand the institution to stop organising private meetings between MEPs and the Saudi government.[75]

In a letter to the President of the European Parliament's Budget Control Committee Ingeborg Gräßle, Jörg Monar, Rector of the College of Europe, confirmed the organization of trainings for Saudi officials and criticized the media for reporting them as lobbying. The rector indicated that these meetings had no lobbying dimension but sought to show to the Saudis the reasons why the Union defended certain values, privileging communication over isolation to defend European values.[76][77]

Inside Arabia Online, an online publication, characterised the lobbying by Saudi Arabia as part of a concerted effort to reverse the Kingdom's inclusion on the EU's "blacklist", which intends to penalize countries failing to combat terrorism financing and money laundering.[78]

### Allegations of sexual harassment and misogyny

The French language weekly news magazine Le Vif/L'Express published an article on 21 February 2019 based on the testimony of former students from recent years. The article reported a culture of sexual harassment and misogyny at the College of Europe. Cases of sexual harassment and inappropriate behaviour were described in the magazine, including frotteurism, forced kisses and groping. Various students reported to Le Vif/L’Express that the administration observes a code of silence on this issue. Cases of inappropriate behaviours by the academic staff were also reported. Contacted by Le Vif/L’Express magazine, the administration replied that: "In some occasions in the past, some students have crossed the personal barriers of other students".[79] On 5 March 2019, a former student of the College of Europe, published an opinion in Le Vif/L’Express magazine, stating that a culture of sexual harassment and misogyny existed at the College of Europe when she was studying there.[80]

### Jungle comments by Josep Borrell

In October 2022, EU's High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell made controversial comments in a speech to the College of Europe's new European Diplomatic Academy in Bruges. In his speech Borrell designated Europe as “a garden” and he called most of the world a “jungle” that “could invade the garden”.[81] Federica Mogherini, the rector of the College of Europe was hosting Josep Borrell, who succeeded her in the function of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the EU[82] did not express any disagreement.[83]

## See also

* École nationale d'administration
* Europa-Institut of Saarland University
* European Academy of Sciences and Arts
* European University Institute
* List of College of Europe presidents
* List of College of Europe rectors and vice-rectors
* List of Jesuit sites

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Le rôle du Collège d'Europe " [The role of the College of Europe], Journal de Bruges et de la Province, 7 October 1950, Vol. 114, No. 78, p. 1
2. ↑ Henri Brugmans, "Former des cadres pour l'Europe " [Training executives for Europe], Fédération, January 1950, No. 60, pp. 42–44
3. ↑ "College of Europe – College of Europe – Campuses – Natolin (Warsaw)". Coleurope.eu. http://www.coleurope.eu/template.asp?pagename=natolinlocation.
4. ↑ Didili, Zoi (27 May 2020). "Former top diplomat Mogherini appointed as College of Europe rector". https://www.neweurope.eu/article/former-top-diplomat-mogherini-appointed-as-college-of-europe-rector/. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Appointment of the new President of the Administrative Council". https://www.coleurope.eu/news/appointment-new-president-administrative-council.
6. ↑ "How to join the EU bubble — Brussels careers by the numbers". Politico. 4 February 2021. https://www.politico.eu/article/what-to-study-to-join-the-eu-bubble-careers-eu-university-studies-europe-parliament/.
7. ↑ "College of Europe". https://www.politico.eu/institution/college-of-europe/.
8. ↑ "The College of Europe". University of Luxembourg. CVCE.. https://www.cvce.eu/en/recherche/unit-content/-/unit/04bfa990-86bc-402f-a633-11f39c9247c4/e75dcf0a-a6d5-4fef-8de5-fd437a56af9e.
9. ↑ "Hendrik BRUGMANS † (1950-1972)". College of Europe. https://www.coleurope.eu/website/about-college/history/rectors/hendrik-brugmans-1950-1972.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "The College of Europe". University of Luxembourg, CVCE. https://www.cvce.eu/en/recherche/unit-content/-/unit/04bfa990-86bc-402f-a633-11f39c9247c4/e75dcf0a-a6d5-4fef-8de5-fd437a56af9e.
11. ↑ "The College of Europe". University of Luxembourg, CVCE. https://www.cvce.eu/en/recherche/unit-content/-/unit/04bfa990-86bc-402f-a633-11f39c9247c4/e75dcf0a-a6d5-4fef-8de5-fd437a56af9e.
12. ↑ "RICHE HISTOIRE DE L'HÔTEL NAVARRA BRUGES". Hotel Navarra Brugge. https://www.hotelnavarra.com/documentenv2/Histoire.pdf.
13. ↑ "Speech to the College of Europe ("The Bruges Speech")". Margaret Thatcher Foundation. https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107332.
14. ↑ "How Thatcher's Bruges speech put Britain on the road to Brexit". Financial Times. 31 August 2018. https://www.ft.com/content/0b0afe92-ac40-11e8-8253-48106866cd8a.
15. ↑ McWilliams, David (1 December 2015). "How the Iron Lady drew up the original blueprint for a Brexit". Independent.ie. https://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/david-mcwilliams/how-the-iron-lady-drew-up-the-original-blueprint-for-a-brexit-34251646.html.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Welcome to Natolin". College of Europe. https://www.coleurope.eu/about-college/welcome-natolin.
17. ↑ Poole, Peter A. (2003). Europe Unites: The EU's Eastern Enlargement. Westport, CT 06881: Praeger. p. 63. ISBN 0-275-97704-8. https://archive.org/details/europeuniteseuse0000pool. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
18. ↑ "EMI Board approves new Membership applications". https://europeanmovement.eu/news/emi-board-approves-new-membership-applications/. "The EMI is closely linked to the creation of the College of Europe."
19. ↑ de la Baüme, Maia (26 May 2020). "Mogherini approved as College of Europe rector". Politico Europe. https://www.politico.eu/article/federica-mogherini-approved-as-college-of-europe-rector/.
20. ↑ "Residences". College of Europe. https://www.coleurope.eu/about-college/bruges/residences.
21. ↑ "College Libraries". College of Europe. https://www.coleurope.eu/research/college-libraries.
22. ↑ "The Verversdijk extension". College of Europe. https://www.coleurope.eu/about-college/bruges/campus/verversdijk-extension.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Jezuïetencollege". Inventaris Vlaanderen. https://inventaris.onroerenderfgoed.be/erfgoedobjecten/29867.
24. ↑ "College of Europe". XDGA. http://xdga.be/gallery/college-of-europe/.
25. ↑ "Verversdijk". The Doghouse. https://www.thedoghousebruges.co.uk/live-like-a-local.
26. ↑ "De Molenbrug: in het midden van verschillende werelden". Erfgoed Brugge. https://www.erfgoedcelbrugge.be/images/filelib/LangestraatHoogstraat_322.pdf.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Verversdijk. The present and the future". College of Europe. https://www.coleurope.eu/system/tdf/uploads/page/verversdijk_2007.pdf?&file=1&type=node&id=9576&force=.
28. ↑ "Groeninge Museum, Bruges". Web Gallery of Art. https://www.wga.hu/database/museums/groening.html.
29. ↑ Turner, Christopher (2002). Landmark Visitors Guide Bruges: Belgium. Hunter Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 9781843060321. https://books.google.com/books?id=0G_MBiL5chUC&q=groeninge+museum+college+of+europe&pg=PT37.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "History". Groeninghe Art Collection. https://groeningheartcollection.com/about-mission.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 ""China Library" inaugurated at College of Europe". China Culture. http://en.chinaculture.org/info/2014-04/01/content_518045.htm.
32. ↑ "Official Inauguration of the China Library". College of Europe. https://www.coleurope.eu/events/official-inauguration-china-library.
33. ↑ "Official inauguration of the Sir Winston Churchill Room | Coleurope". https://www.coleurope.eu/events/official-inauguration-sir-winston-churchill-room.
34. ↑ "BRUJAS - Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia". https://aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus/eu/brujas/ar-33830/.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Residences | Coleurope". https://www.coleurope.eu/about-college/bruges/residences.
36. ↑ "Legend of Bruges – Young Travelling Scholarship". https://www.owhc-youngtravelling.com/legend-of-bruges/.
37. ↑ "Gouden-Handreibrug, Torenbrug & Augustijnenbrug". https://www.visitbruges.be/nl/torenbrug-augustijnenbrug-gouden-handreibrug.
38. ↑ "Gouden-Handstraat nr 6 site van het voormalig huis van Jan van Eyck". http://www.erfgoedforumbrugge.be/Gouden-Handstraat nr 6 site voormalig huis Jan Van Eyck.htmllanguage=NL.
39. ↑ de La Baume, Maïa (8 May 2022). "The EU spent months and millions asking for people's thoughts. Will it listen to them?". Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/inside-the-eus-costly-all-inclusive-winter-breaks-to-discuss-the-future-of-europe/.
40. ↑ "College of Europe to open new campus in Albania" (in en). 2023-03-16. https://www.politico.eu/article/college-of-europe-new-campus-albania/.
41. ↑ "College of Europe – Admission – Academic requirements". Coleurop.be. http://www.coleurop.be/template.asp?pagename=admisintro.
42. ↑ "College of Europe – Admission – Selection Committees". Coleurop.be. https://www.coleurope.eu/admission/selection-committees.
43. ↑ "Scholarships | Coleurope". https://www.coleurope.eu/admission/scholarships.
44. ↑ Tim Soutphommasane (19 November 2011). "Government by nerds one step from tyranny". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/government-by-nerds-one-step-from-tyranny/story-fn4riyly-1226199393019. "It is no accident that institutes such as the celebrated Ecole Nationale d'Administration in France or the College of Europe in Belgium produce so many political leaders."
45. ↑ "onorary citizens of the city of Bruges". College of Europe. https://www.coleurope.eu/events/honorary-citizens-city-bruges.
46. ↑ "In Flanders Fields - historical study trip". College of Europe. https://www.coleurope.eu/events/flanders-fields-historical-study-trip.
47. ↑ "College of Europe – College of Europe – History – Opening ceremonies". Coleurop.be. http://www.coleurop.be/template.asp?pagename=histopening.
48. ↑ "Weekly schedule of President Donald Tusk" (in en). http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2019/11/08/weekly-schedule-of-president-donald-tusk/.
49. ↑ "Opening Ceremony, Bruges Campus | College of Europe". https://www.coleurope.eu/events/opening-ceremony-bruges-campus-35.
50. ↑ "Opening Ceremony of the Academic Year 2017-2018 at the Natolin campus of the College of Europe | College of Europe". https://www.coleurope.eu/fr/events/opening-ceremony-academic-year-2017-2018-natolin-campus-college-europe.
51. ↑ New York University website
52. ↑ "elabeurope.eu". http://elabeurope.eu/.
53. ↑ "Yuriko Backes" (in en). January 5, 2022. http://gouvernement.lu/en/gouvernement/yuriko-backes/CV.html.
54. ↑ Jozwiak, Rikard (28 October 2011). "Training The 'New Europeans' -- The College of Europe Breeds The EU Elite". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty). https://www.rferl.org/a/college_of_europe_breeds_the_new_elite/24374133.html.
55. ↑ "Dominique MOÏSI - College of Europe". https://www.coleurope.eu/whoswho/person/dominique.moisi.
56. ↑ "Chair of European Civilisation at the College of Europe". Coleurop.be. http://www.coleurop.be/w/Bronislaw.Geremek.
57. ↑ "Leszek Balcerowicz at the College of Europe". Coleurope.eu. http://www.coleurope.eu/w/Leszek.Balcerowicz.
58. ↑ "Andrea Biondi at King's College London". Kcl.ac.uk. http://www.kcl.ac.uk/law/people/academic/abiondi.aspx.
59. ↑ "Aleš Debeljak web page". Old.fdv.uni-lj.si. http://old.fdv.uni-lj.si/osebne/Debeljak.htm.
60. ↑ "Alyson Bailes at College of Europe". Coleurop.be. http://www.coleurop.be/w/Alyson.Bailes.
61. ↑ "Valentine Korah at University College London". Ucl.ac.uk. 25 February 2008. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/academics/profiles/index.shtml?korah.
62. ↑ "Jacques Rupnik at Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris". Ceri-sciencespo.com. http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/cherlist/rupnik.php.
63. ↑ Stefan Collignon. "Stefan Collignon web page". Stefancollignon.de. http://www.stefancollignon.de/.
64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "Site - College of Europe". https://www.coleurope.eu/search/site/sites default files uploads page coebrochure2013 lr pdf.
65. ↑ "Rectors of the College of Europe". College of Europe. https://www.coleurope.eu/website/about-college/history/rectors.
66. ↑ "Vice-Rectors of the Natolin campus (Warsaw)". College of Europe. https://www.coleurope.eu/about-college/history/vice-rectors-natolin-campus-warsaw.
67. ↑ "Presidents of the Administrative Council". College of Europe. https://www.coleurope.eu/about-college/history/presidents-administrative-council.
68. ↑ "Mr Herman VAN ROMPUY President of the Administrative Council of the College of Europe. Opening Ceremony, Bruges Campus, 13 November 2019". College of Europe. https://www.coleurope.eu/system/tdf/uploads/event/speech_herman_van_rompuy_0.pdf?qt-view__master_thesis__page=0&current=node/45585&programme=4&from_page=859&field_indication_tid=504&qt-view__research_papers__block=1&indication=471&page=10&file=1&ha&type=node&id=51534&force=.
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Nielsen, Nikolaj (12 February 2019). "Saudis paying College of Europe to lobby MEPs". https://euobserver.com/institutional/144116.
70. ↑ Debusschere, Barbara (14 February 2019). "Brugse eliteschool kreeg Saudisch geld". https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/brugse-eliteschool-kreeg-saudisch-geld~b1e4bd6e/.
71. ↑ "[Ticker College of Europe rector questioned over Saudi visit"] (in en). 13 February 2019. https://euobserver.com/tickers/144161.
72. ↑ Schaake, Marietje. "College of Europe funding by the Saudi Government for lobbying practices" (in en). https://marietjeschaake.eu/college-of-europe-funding-by-the-saudi-government-for-lobbying-practices?color=primary.
73. ↑ Schaake, Marietje. "College of Europe in receipt of funding from the Saudi Government for lobbying practices" (in en). http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2019-000928_EN.html.
74. ↑ "Answer to Question No E-000928/19". http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2019-000928-ASW_EN.html.
75. ↑ "College of Europe alumni ask rector to cut Saudi ties". 19 February 2019. https://euobserver.com/institutional/144210.
76. ↑ "EU college defends Saudi-style visits, attacks 'sloppy' media". 27 February 2019. https://euobserver.com/institutional/144280.
77. ↑ "POLITICO EU Influence, presented by ISF: International Women's Day – Biased tweeting – College of Europe's Saudi links". 8 March 2019. https://www.politico.eu/newsletter/politico-eu-influence/politico-eu-influence-presented-by-isf-international-womens-day-biased-tweeting-college-of-europes-saudi-links/.
78. ↑ Igrouane, Youssef (5 April 2019). "Saudi Lobbying Blocks Listing on EU Dirty Money Blacklist". https://insidearabia.com/saudi-lobbying-blocks-listing-eu-dirty-money-blacklist/.
79. ↑ Ghali, Soraya (22 February 2019). "Sexisme : omerta au Collège d'Europe ?". https://www.levif.be/actualite/europe/sexisme-omerta-au-college-d-europe/article-normal-1095245.html.
80. ↑ "Le sexisme et le harcèlement font partie intégrantes du fonctionnement de nombreuses institutions universitaires européennes". 5 March 2019. https://www.levif.be/actualite/belgique/le-sexisme-et-le-harcelement-font-partie-integrantes-du-fonctionnement-de-nombreuses-institutions-universitaires-europeennes/article-opinion-1101477.html.
81. ↑ "Borrell denies 'jungle' comments were racist". Euractiv. 19 October 2022. https://www.euractiv.com/section/non-discrimination/news/borrell-denies-jungle-comments-were-racist/.
82. ↑ Massad, Joseph (19 October 2022). "Josep Borrell's European 'garden' is built on the plunder of the 'jungle'". Middle East Eye. https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/eu-josep-borrell-europe-garden-built-on-plunder-jungle.
83. ↑ "The Delonisers". EU Scream. 26 October 2022. https://euscream.com/the-decolonisers/.

## Further reading

* Karel Verleye, De stichting van het Europacollege te Brugge, Stichting Ryckevelde, 1989.
* Dieter Mahncke, Léonce Bekemans, Robert Picht, The College of Europe. Fifty Years of Service to Europe, College of Europe, Bruges, 1999. ISBN 9080498319. Includes a list of all graduates 1949–1999.
* Paul Demaret, Inge Govaere, Dominik Hanf (eds), Dynamiques juridiques européennes. Edition revue et mise à jour de 30 ans d'études juridiques européennes au Collège d'Europe, Cahiers du Collège d'Europe, P. I. E. Peter Lang, Brussels, 2007.

## External links

* Official website
* Politico – College of Europe section
* Alumni Association – College of Europe
* The Madariaga – College of Europe Foundation
* Behind the Walls, article by a College alumnus – Europe&Me Magazine

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* Faculty for Protestant Theology
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