Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler

Established| December 30, 2011 (2011-12-30)
Research type| Basic

Field of research

| Astrophysics

Principal investigator

| David Kipping
Staff| Gáspár Bakos
Lars Buchhave
Joel Hartman
David Nesvorný
Allan Schmitt
Nickname| HEK
Affiliations| Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Website| www.cfa.harvard.edu/HEK/

The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK) is a project whose aim is to search for exomoons, natural satellites of exoplanets, using data collected by the Kepler space telescope. Founded by British exomoonologist David Kipping and affiliated with the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, HEK submitted its first paper on June 30, 2011.[1] HEK has since submitted five more papers, finding some evidence for an exomoon around a planet orbiting Kepler-1625b in July 2017.[2]

## Scientific work

HEK searches for exomoons in two ways, radial-velocity variation and transit-timing variation, both of which are based on alterations to the basic signal produced by the planet. For moons detected the first way, the sinusoidal changes in the wavelength of the light of the host star created by the planet may themselves be modulated slightly by a moon of the planet. In the second method, the interval at which a planet transits its host star may be made slightly shorter or longer under the gravitational influence of a moon, revealing its existence.[3]

In its first paper, the Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler selected several Kepler planet candidates as search targets, based on the probability and detectability of potential moons around the planets.[4] A second paper, published in early 2013, covering the properties of seven of the planet candidates, revealed no moons but allowed the astronomers to constrain the moon-to-planet mass ratios for the planets.[5] A third paper, accepted by the Astrophysical Journal, analyzed the transit and radial-velocity signals of Kepler-22b, the first and only habitable-zone planet analyzed by the HEK team as of July 2013. As with previous searches, though, no moons were conclusively discovered, constraining the maximum mass of a Kepler-22b moon below 0.54 Earth masses with 95% confidence.[6]

Despite the lack of positive results in one-and-a-half years of operation, several commentators, including Shannon Hall of Universe Today[3] and Markus Hammonds of Discovery News,[7] have expressed hope that there are billions of exomoons, many habitable, remaining to be found in the Milky Way. Citing the fact that the first exoplanets were not found in the first discovery efforts, and the fact that the Milky Way is extremely large and diverse, both commentators contend that exomoons will be found eventually.

In July 2017, the project reported weak evidence for a set of Io-like moons, and evidence for a moon around the planet orbiting Kepler-1625.[2]

## References

1. ↑ Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (15 June 2013). "News Archive". Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler. Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140222221439/http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/HEK/news_archive.html. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Teachey, Alex; Kipping, David M.; Schmitt, Allan R. (2017). "HEK VI: On the Dearth of Galilean Analogs in Kepler and the Exomoon Candidate Kepler-1625b I". The Astronomical Journal 155: 36. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa93f2. Bibcode: 2018AJ....155...36T.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hall, Shannon (2 July 2013). "The Hunt for Exomoons Begins!". Universe Today. Universe Today. http://www.universetoday.com/103238/the-hunt-for-exomoons-begins/. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
4. ↑ Kipping, D. M.; Bakos, G. Á.; Buchhave, L.; Nesvorný, D.; Schmitt, A. (2012). "The Hunt for Exomoons Withkepler(Hek). I. Description of a New Observational Project". The Astrophysical Journal 750 (2): 115–134. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/115. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...750..115K.
5. ↑ Kipping, D. M.; Hartman, J.; Buchhave, L. A.; Schmitt, A. R.; Bakos, G. Á.; Nesvorný, D. (2013). "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (Hek). Ii. Analysis of Seven Viable Satellite-Hosting Planet Candidates". The Astrophysical Journal 770 (2): 101–132. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/101. Bibcode: 2013ApJ...770..101K.
6. ↑ Kipping, David M.; Duncan Forgan; Joel Hartman; David Nesvorny; Bakos, Gáspár Á.; Schmitt, Allan R.; Buchhave, Lars A. (2013). "The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): III. The First Search for an Exomoon around a Habitable-Zone Planet". The Astrophysical Journal 777 (2): 134–150. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/777/2/134. Bibcode: 2013ApJ...777..134K.
7. ↑ Hammonds, Markus (13 June 2013). "The Hunt is on for Habitable Exomoons". Discovery News. Discovery Communications. http://news.discovery.com/space/alien-life-exoplanets/hunting-for-habitable-exomoons-130613.htm. Retrieved 11 July 2013.

* v
* t
* e

Exoplanet search projects

* Exoplanetology
* Exoplanet

Ground-based|

* AAPS
* APF
* CORALIE
* EAPSNet
* ELODIE
* EPICS
* ESPRESSO
* FINDS Exo-Earths
* Geneva
* HARPS
* HARPS-N
* GPI
* HATNet
* HEK
* HiCIAO
* HIRES
* KELT
* LCES
* Magellan
* MARVELS
* MASCARA
* MEarth
* MicroFUN
* MINERVA
* Australis
* MOA
* N2K
* NGTS
* NESSI
* OGLE
* OPSP
* PlanetPol
* Project 1640
* PARAS
* SEEDS
* SETI
* SOPHIE
* SPECULOOS
* SPHERE
* SuperWASP
* Systemic
* TrES
* XO Telescope
* ZIMPOL/CHEOPS

Space missions|

| Past|

* MOST (2003–2019)
* SWEEPS using HST (2006)
* CoRoT (2006–2013)
* EPOXI using Deep Impact (2008–2013)
* Kepler (2009–2018)
* detected exoplanets

|

Current|

* Gaia (2013–present)
* ASTERIA (2017–present)
* TESS (2018–present)

Planned|

* CHEOPS (2019)
* James Webb Space Telescope (2021)
* PLATO (2026)
* ARIEL (2028)
* WFIRST (mid-2020s)

Proposed|

* ATLAST
* EXCEDE
* HabEx
* HDST
* LUVOIR
* Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
* New Worlds Mission
* OST
* PEGASE

Cancelled|

* Darwin
* EChO
* Eddington
* Space Interferometry Mission
* Terrestrial Planet Finder

* Detection methods
* Discoveries of exoplanets
* Lists of exoplanets
* nearest

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