International Council of Museums

Abbreviation| ICOM
Formation| 1946; 80 years ago (1946)
Type| Non-governmental organization
Purpose| Conservation, continuation and communication to society of the world's natural and cultural heritage
Location|

* Paris, France

Coordinates|  [ ⚑ ] : 48°50′44″N 2°18′23″E﻿ / ﻿48.8455°N 2.3063°E﻿ / 48.8455; 2.3063
Website| icom.museum

The International Council of Museums (ICOM) is a non-governmental organisation dedicated to museums, maintaining formal relations with UNESCO[1][2] and having a consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Founded in 1946, ICOM also partners with entities such as the World Intellectual Property Organization,[3] [4] Interpol,[5] and the World Customs Organization in order to carry out its international public service missions, which include fighting illicit traffic in cultural goods and promoting risk management and emergency preparedness to protect world cultural heritage in the event of natural or man-made disasters. ICOM members receive a card providing free or reduced-rate entry to many museums worldwide.[6]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums
* 3 Red Lists
* 4 Museums emergency programme
* 5 International Museum Day
* 6 Committees
* 7 General Conference
* 8 Governance
* 8.1 Presidents
* 9 CIDOC conceptual reference model
* 10 Online museums
* 11 Member organisations
* 12 See also
* 13 References
* 14 External links

## History

ICOM traces it roots back to the defunct International Museums Office (OIM (Office international des musées)), created in 1926 by the League of Nations. An agency of the League's International Commission on Intellectual Cooperation, like many of the League's initiatives the OIM was dissolved following WWII, and its activities later assumed by ICOM.[7]

## ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums

ICOM adopted its ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums[8] in 1986, a reference tool that sets standards of excellence to which all members of the organisation must adhere. The ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums, translated into 39 languages and revised in 2004,[9] establishes values and principles shared by ICOM and the international museum community. These standards of self-regulation by museums include basic principles for museum governance, the acquisition and disposal of collections, and rules for professional conduct.

A decision was reached in 2019 following the 25th General Conference of ICOM that the Code should be reviewed and revised if necessary. The review process is ongoing and is coordinated by the ICOM Standing Committee for Ethics (ETHCOM), a dedicated ICOM body which handles ethical issues relating to museums.[9]

## Red Lists

Since 2000, ICOM has published its Red Lists to combat the illicit traffic in cultural goods which causes significant damage to heritage, particularly in regions of the world where cultural property is most susceptible to theft and looting. Supporting the fight against illicit traffic in cultural goods is among ICOM's highest priorities,[10] and the Red Lists raise awareness on smuggling and illicit trade in cultural objects. The ICOM Red Lists are tools designed to help police and customs officials, heritage professionals, and art and antiquities dealers to identify the types of objects that are most susceptible to illicit trafficking.[citation needed]

As of 2025, ICOM has published Red Lists for many different countries and regions:[citation needed]

* Afghanistan
* Africa
* Brazil
* Cambodia
* Central America and Mexico
* China
* Colombia
* Dominican Republic
* Egypt
* Greece
* Haiti
* Iraq (and 2015 update)
* Latin America
* Libya
* Mali and West Africa
* Peru
* Southeast Europe
* Syria
* Ukraine
* Yemen

Red Lists are not lists of stolen objects, but are awareness-raising tools to identify categories of cultural objects subject to theft and traffic. They help individuals, organisations and authorities, such as police or customs officials, identify objects at risk and prevent them from being illegally sold or exported. The cultural goods depicted on the lists are inventoried objects within the collections of recognised institutions. They serve to illustrate the categories of cultural goods most vulnerable to illicit traffic.[11]

ICOM publishes the Red Lists with the scientific collaboration of national and international experts and the support of dedicated sponsors, to cover the most vulnerable areas of the world in terms of illicit trafficking of cultural objects. The lists are published in different languages according to the context of each list. Among other successes, these tools have contributed to the identification, recovery and restitution of thousands of cultural objects from Iraq, Afghanistan and Mali.[11]

## Museums emergency programme

ICOM is committed to providing cultural institutions with the necessary support and risk prevention tools when faced with conflict situations or natural disasters. Through its Disaster Relief for Museums Task Force (DRTF), its Museums Emergency Programme (MEP) and its active role in the Blue Shield,[12] ICOM assists museums worldwide by mobilising its resources quickly and efficiently to provide support in both the prevention and the aftermath of disaster situations.

The Getty Conservation Institute and ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property) took part in this programme and helped develop training tools for MEP. ICOM's action programme offers a long-term global response that strengthens the Blue Shield dynamism.[citation needed]

## International Museum Day

Every year since 1977, ICOM has organised International Museum Day, a worldwide event held around 18 May.[13] From America and Oceania to Europe, Asia and Africa, International Museum Day aims to increase public awareness of the role of museums in developing society.

## Committees

ICOM operates 32 international committees on a range of museum specialties,[14] who conduct advanced research in their respective fields for the benefit of the museum community.

* AFRICOM – International Council of African Museums
* AVICOM – Audio-visual & New Technologies and Social Media
* CAMOC – Museums of Cities
* CECA – Education & Cultural Action
* CIDOC – Documentation
* CIMCIM – Museums and Collections of Instruments and Music
* CIMUSET – Science & Technology
* COMCOL – Collecting
* COSTUME – International Committee for Museums and Collections of Costume[15]
* DEMHIST – Historic House Museums
* GLASS
* ICAMT- Architecture & Museum Techniques
* ICDAD – Decorative Arts and Design
* ICEE – Exhibition Exchange
* ICFA – Fine Arts
* ICLM – Literary Museums
* ICMAH – Archaeology & History
* ICME – Ethnography
* ICMEMO – Memorial Museums
* ICMS – Museum Security
* ICR – Regional Museums
* ICOFOM – Museology
* ICOMAM – Arms & Military History
* ICOM-CC – Conservation
* ICOMON – Money & Banking Museums
* ICTOP – Training of Personnel
* INTERCOM – Management
* NATHIST – Natural History
* ICOM MPR (International Committee for Marketing and Public Relation): this committee was founded in 1977 by Jan Jelínek, and provides training for museum professionals in marketing and communications, through annual conferences and a regular online newsletter.[16] The most recent conference was held in Armenia in 2015, with the theme of "Emerging Trends".[17] Previous conferences have been held in Taiwan, Rio de Janeiro, Palermo, Brno, Shanghai, Moscow and Yasnaya Polyana, and Paraty and Rio de Janeiro.[18] The MPR board consists of marketing and communication museum professionals from several countries. Each member is elected for a 3-year term at ICOM General Conferences.[19]
* UMAC – University Museums

ICOM comprises also 118 national committees that ensure that the interests of the organisation are managed in their respective countries. The national committees represent their members within ICOM and they contribute to the implementation of the organisation's programmes.

## General Conference

The ICOM General Conference is held every three years and gathers museum professionals from several countries. The first meeting was held in Paris in 1948. In recent years, General Conferences have been held in Seoul in 2004 (the first meeting in Asia), in Vienna in 2007, and in Shanghai in 2010. This 22nd General Conference in Shanghai followed the World Expo where the ICOM's Pavilion was inaugurated and named "Museums, Heart of the City".[20] The General Conference was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2013, in Milan in 2016, in Kyoto in 2019, in Prague in 2022. Dubai is to welcome the 27th ICOM General Conference dedicated to "The Future of Museums in Rapidly Changing Communities" on 11-17 November 2025.[citation needed][21]

## Governance

The current ICOM President is Emma Nardi. She succeeded Alberto Garlandini.[22] The current Director General is Medea Ekner, who replaced Peter Keller.[23] Previous Directors General were Anne-Catherine Robert-Hauglustaine (2014–2016) and Hanna Pennock (2013–2014).

### Presidents

No.  | Period  | Name  | Country

|
|
|

1 | 1946–1953 | Chauncey Hamlin |  United States
2 | 1953–1959 | Georges Salles |  France
3 | 1959–1965 | Philip Hendy |  United Kingdom
4 | 1965–1971 | Arthur van Schendel |  Netherlands
5 | 1971–1977 | Jan Jelínek | Template:TCH
6 | 1977–1983 | Hubert Landais |  France
7 | 1983–1989 | Geoffrey Lewis |  United Kingdom
8 | 1989–1992 | Alpha Oumar Konaré |  Mali
9 | 1992–1998 | Saroj Ghose |  India
10 | 1998–2004 | Jacques Perot |  France
11 | 2004–2010 | Alissandra Cummins |  Barbados
12 | 2010–2016 | Hans-Martin Hinz |  Germany
13 | 2016–2020 | Suay Aksoy |  Turkey
14 | 2020–2022 | Alberto Garlandini |  Italy
15 | 2022– | Emma Nardi |  Italy

## CIDOC conceptual reference model

Main article: CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model

CIDOC, ICOM's International Committee for Documentation, provides the museum community with standards and advice on museum documentation.[24]

The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM), formalised as the official international standard ISO 21127, is used to map cultural heritage information to a common and extensible semantic framework. This "semantic glue" can be used to connect between different sources of cultural heritage information published by museums, libraries and archives.[25]

The committee was founded by Ivan Illich in 1961 in Cuernavaca, Mexico.[26]

## Online museums

ICOM was the first international organisation to participate in the Virtual Library museums pages (VLmp) online museums directory in the 1990s.[27] It was also instrumental in the creation of the ".museum" top-level domain (TLD) for museums online[28] through the Museum Domain Management Association (MuseDoma).[29]

## Member organisations

The International Association of Transport and Communication Museums (IATM) is a world-wide membership organisation of museums which collect, interpret and make public material and information about transport and/or communication.[citation needed]

## See also

* Museum of Engines and Mechanisms

## References

1. ↑ Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. "UNESCO/ICOM Museum Studies Training Programme". http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/movable-heritage-and-museums/museums/unescoicom-museum-studies-training-package/.
2. ↑ Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. "ICOM among UNESCO's Partners". http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/movable-heritage-and-museums/illicit-traffic-of-cultural-property/partnerships/.
3. ↑ WIPO Site: WIPO and ICOM to Collaborate in Cultural Heritage and Museum Areas. Published on May 3, 2011
4. ↑ Archive: ICOM-WIPO Mediation Rules
5. ↑ Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. "Partnership between ICOM and INTERPOL". http://www.interpol.int/fr/Criminalité/Œuvres-d'art/ICOM-Red-Lists.
6. ↑ "Benefits" (in en). http://network.icom.museum/cimuset/members/benefits/.
7. ↑ "International Museums Office (IMO) – UNESCO Archives AtoM catalogue". https://atom.archives.unesco.org/international-museums-office-imo.
8. ↑ Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. "ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums". http://archives.icom.museum/ethics.html#intro.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Code of Ethics" (in en-US). https://icom.museum/en/resources/standards-guidelines/code-of-ethics/.
10. ↑ Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. "ICOM's actions in Fighting Illicit Traffic". http://icom.museum/programmes/fighting-illicit-traffic/.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. "Red Lists". https://icom.museum/en/our-actions/heritage-protection/red-lists/.
12. ↑ Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. "Julien Anfruns, ICOM Director General, at the International Conference of ICBS, December 2011". 5 January 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_5vqfWYRCM.
13. ↑ Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. "International Museum Day in Greece". 2012. http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite4_1_16/05/2012_442466.
14. ↑ "Committees' directory" (in en-US). https://icom.museum/en/network/committees-directory/.
15. ↑ "ICOM Costume". http://network.icom.museum/costume/.
16. ↑ "What is MPR?". ICOM MPR. http://network.icom.museum/mpr/about-mpr/what-is-mpr/.
17. ↑ "Home". Sergei Paradjanov Museum. http://www.museumarm.am/en.
18. ↑ "Previous Conferences". ICOM MPR. http://network.icom.museum/mpr/conferences/previous-conferences/.
19. ↑ "Board Members". ICOM MPR. http://network.icom.museum/mpr/about-mpr/board-members/.
20. ↑ Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. "Inauguration of ICOM's Pavilion at the Expo". 2010. http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xdf50h_icom-pavilion_news.
21. ↑ "ICOM Dubai 2025". https://dubai2025.icom.museum/.
22. ↑ "Alberto Garlandini appointed new ICOM President" (in en-US). https://icom.museum/en/news/alberto-garlandini-appointed-new-icom-president/.
23. ↑ Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. "Peter Keller appointed Director General of ICOM". http://icom.museum/news/news/article/peter-keller-appointed-director-general-of-icom/.
24. ↑ "CIDOC – Supporting Museum Documentation". International Council of Museums. http://network.icom.museum/cidoc/.
25. ↑ "CIDOC CRM Home page". CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group. http://www.cidoc-crm.org/.
26. ↑ "Bienvenido a una lectura con Iván Illich". http://www.ivanillich.org.mx/.
27. ↑ Bowen, Jonathan P. (2010). "A Brief History of Early Museums Online". The Rutherford Journal 3. http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article030103.html.
28. ↑ ".museum Naming Conventions". ICOM. http://archives.icom.museum/musedoma/naming.html.
29. ↑ "About MuseDoma". ICOM. http://archives.icom.museum/musedoma/about.html.

## External links

* ICOM website
* ICOM Dubai 2025 website
* UNESCO's Website
* ICOM-CC
* ICAMT
* The Metropolitan Museum of Art records regarding International Council of Museums, 1951–1965 from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Archives, New York.

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