List of language regulators

Short description: Bodies that are official authorities on standard varieties of a language

This is a list of bodies that consider themselves to be authorities on standard languages, often called language academies. Language academies are motivated by, or closely associated with, linguistic purism and prestige, and typically publish prescriptive dictionaries,[1] which purport to officiate and prescribe the meaning of words and pronunciations. A language regulator may also have a more descriptive approach, however, while maintaining and promoting (but not imposing) a standard spelling. Many language academies are private institutions, although some are governmental bodies in different states, or enjoy some form of government-sanctioned status in one or more countries. There may also be multiple language academies attempting to regulate and codify the same language, sometimes based in different countries and sometimes influenced by political factors.

Many world languages have one or more language academies or official language bodies. However, the degree of control that the academies exert over these languages does not render the latter controlled natural languages in the sense that the various kinds of "simple English" (e.g. Basic English, Simplified Technical English) or George Orwell's fictional Newspeak are. They instead remain natural languages to a considerable extent and are thus not formal languages such as Attempto Controlled English. They have a degree of standardization that allows them to function as standard languages (e.g. standard French). The English language has never had a formal regulator anywhere, outside of private productions such as the Oxford Dictionary.

## Contents

* 1 Natural languages
* 2 Auxiliary languages
* 2.1 Esperanto
* 2.1.1 Other constructed languages
* 2.2 Interlingua
* 3 Other bodies
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Natural languages

Language  | Territory  | Regulator(s)  | Founded

|
|
|

Amis  |  Republic of China  | Council of Indigenous Peoples
Afrikaans |  South Africa
Namibia  | Die Taalkommissie (The Language Commission)  | 1909
Akan  |  Ghana  | Akan Orthography Committee (AOC)
Albanian |  Albania
Kosovo  | Academy of Sciences of Albania, Tirana
Arabic |  Arab League  | Academy of the Arabic Language (مجمع اللغة العربية)
Algeria  | Supreme Council of the Arabic language in Algeria (المجلس الأعلى للغة العربية بالجزائر‎)
Egypt  | Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo (مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة)
Iraq  | Iraqi Academy of Sciences (المجمع العلمي العراقي)
Jordan  | Jordan Academy of Arabic (مجمع اللغة العربية الأردني)
Libya  | Academy of the Arabic Language in Jamahiriya
Morocco  | Academy of the Arabic Language in Morocco  | 1960
Saudi Arabia  | Academy of the Arabic Language in Riyadh (المجمع للغة العربية بالرياض)
Somalia  | Academy of the Arabic Language in Mogadishu
Sudan  | Academy of the Arabic Language in Khartum
Syria  | Academy of the Arabic Language in Damascus (مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق)
Tunisia  | Beit Al-Hikma Foundation (مؤسسة بيت الحكمة)
Israel
Palestine  | Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel (مجمع اللغة العربية)
Aragonese | Template:Country data Aragon | Academia de l'Aragonés (Academy of the Aragonese)  | 2013
Armenian |  Armenia  | Armenian National Academy of Sciences (Հայաստան)
Assamese |  India | Asam Sahitya Sabha (অসম সাহিত্য সভা)
Asturian  | Template:Country data Asturias | Academy of the Asturian Language (Academia de la Llingua Asturiana)  | 1980
Azerbaijani |  Azerbaijan
Iran  | Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyası)
Basque |  Basque Country
Template:Country data Navarre Navarre
French Basque Country  | Euskaltzaindia, often translated as Royal Academy of the Basque language | 1918
Belarusian |  Belarus  | The Jakub Kolas and Janka Kupala Institute of Language and Literature[2] at the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus  | 1929
Bengali (Bangla) |  Bangladesh  | Bangla Academy (বাংলা একাডেমি)
India  | Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi (পশ্চিমবঙ্গ বাংলা আকাদেমি)
Berber  |  Morocco  | Royal Institute of Amazight Culture
Algeria  | Haut-Conseil à l'amazighité
Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language
Bhojpuri  |  India  | Bihar (Bhojpuri Academy)

Delhi (Maithili - Bhojpuri Academy, Delhi) Madhya Pradesh (Bhojpuri Sahitya Academy)

Central Bikol  |  Philippines  | Academia Bicolana defunct
Bosnian  |  Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sandžak  | University of Sarajevo
Breton | Template:Country data Brittany | Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg  | 2010
Bulgarian |  Bulgaria  | Institute for Bulgarian Language at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Burmese |  Myanmar  | Myanmar Language Commission
Catalan |  Catalonia  | Institute for Catalan Studies (Institut d'Estudis Catalans)  | 1907
Template:Country data Valencian Community | Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (Valencian Language Academy)  | 2001
Cebuano |  Philippines  | Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters (Akademyang Bisaya)
Cherokee | Template:Country data Cherokee Nation | Council of the Cherokee Nation (ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ)[3]
Standard Chinese |  China  | State Language Work Committee (国家语言文字工作委员会)
Republic of China  | National Languages Committee (國語推行委員會)
Singapore  | Promote Mandarin Council (讲华语运动理事会)
Malaysia  | Chinese Language Standardisation Council of Malaysia (马来西亚华语规范理事会)
Cornish |  Cornwall  | Cornish Language Partnership (Keskowethyans an Taves Kernewek)  | 2005
Croatian  |  Croatia  | Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics (Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje)  | 1948
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Czech |  Czech Republic  | Institute of the Czech Language (of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) (Ústav pro jazyk český (Akademie věd České republiky))  | 1946
Danish |  Denmark  | Dansk Sprognævn (Danish Language Council)  | 1955
Dalecarlian  |  Dalarna County  | Ulum Dalska
Divehi  |  Maldives  | Dhivehi Academy
Dutch |  Netherlands
Belgium
Suriname  | Nederlandse Taalunie (Dutch Language Union)  | 1980
Dzongkha  |  Bhutan  | Dzongkha Development Commission (རྫོང་ཁ་གོང་འཕེལ་ལྷན་ཚོགས)
English | None  | None official, but the Oxford English Dictionary is the principal historical dictionary of the English language.
Estonian |  Estonia  | Emakeele Seltsi keeletoimkond (Language Board at the Mother Tongue Society) sets rules and standards, authoritative advice is given by the Institute of the Estonian Language (Eesti Keele Instituut)  | 1993
Faroese |  Faroe Islands  | Faroese Language Council (Málráðið)
Filipino |  Philippines  | Commission on the Filipino Language (Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino)
Finnish |  Finland  | Institute for the Languages of Finland
French |  France  | Académie française
Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France  | 1635
Belgium  | Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique (Royal Academy of French Language and Literature of Belgium)
Quebec  | Office québécois de la langue française (Québec Office of the French Language)  | 1961
Galician  |  Galicia  | Royal Galician Academy (Real Academia Galega)  | 1906
Georgian |  Georgia (country)  | Cabinet of Georgia
German |  Germany
Austria
Switzerland
Template:Country data South Tyrol
Belgium
Template:Country data Alsace
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Namibia
Template:Country data Syddanmark
Template:Country data Opole Voivodeship
Template:Country data Silesian Voivodeship | Council for German Orthography (Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung)  | 2004
Greenlandic |  Greenland  | The Greenland Language Secretariat (Oqaasileriffik)
Greek |  Greece
Cyprus  | Center for the Greek Language (Κέντρον Ελληνικής Γλώσσας)  | 1994
Guarani |  Paraguay  | Guarani Language Academy (Guarani Ñe’ ẽ Rerekuapavẽ)
Gujarati |  India  | Gujarat Sahitya Akademi (ગુજરાત સાહિત્ય અકાદમી)
Hakka  |  Republic of China  | Hakka Affairs Council (客家委員會)
Haitian Creole |  Haiti  | Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen (Haitian Creole Academy)
Hebrew |  Israel  | Academy of the Hebrew Language (האקדמיה ללשון העברית)  | 1890
Hindi  |  India  | Central Hindi Directorate (केन्द्रीय हिन्दी निदेशालय)
Hmar  |  India  | Hmar Literature Society[citation needed]
Hungarian |  Hungary
Slovakia
Template:Country data Transylvania
Template:Country data Zakarpattia Oblast
Template:Country data Vojvodina
Template:Country data Burgenland | Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics (Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont)  | 1949
Icelandic |  Iceland  | Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies  | 1962
Igbo |  Nigeria  | Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture
Indonesian |  Indonesia  | Language Development and Fostering Agency (Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa)
Inuktitut |  Canada  | Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
Irish |  Ireland
Northern Ireland  | Foras na Gaeilge (Irish Institute)  | 1999
Italian |  Italy
Template:RSM
Switzerland
Vatican City
Monaco
Corsica
Template:Country data Istria County
Eritrea
Libya  | Accademia della Crusca (Academy of the bran)  | 1583
Japanese |  Japan  | National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (国立国語研究所)  | 1948
Kabiye  |  Togo  | Kabɩyɛ Akademii (Académie kabiyè)
Kannada |  Karnataka  | Various academies and Government of Karnataka
Kashubian  |  Poland  | Commission of the Kashubian Language [1]
Kazakh |  Kazakhstan  | Ministry of Culture of Kazakhstan
Khmer |  Cambodia  | Royal Academy of Cambodia (រាជបណ្ឌិត្យសភាកម្ពុជា)
Korean |  South Korea  | National Institute of the Korean Language (국립국어원/國立國語院)  | 1991
North Korea  | The Language Research Institute, Academy of Social Science (사회과학원 어학연구소)
China  | China Korean Language Regulatory Commission (중국조선어규범위원회/中国朝鲜语规范委员会)
Kven  |  Norway  | Kainun institutti – kvensk institutt
Kurdish  |  Kurdistan  | Kurdish Academy (ئەکادیمیای کوردی)  | 1971
Kyrgyz |  Kyrgyzstan  | National Committee for State Language under the President of the Kyrgyz Republic (Кыргыз Республикасынын Президентине караштуу Мамлекеттик тил боюнча улуттук комиссия)
Lao |  Laos  | Educational Science Research Institute, Ministry of Education and Sports (ສະຖາບັນຄົ້ນຄວ້າວິທະຍາສາດການສືກສາ ກະຊວງສຶກສາທິການ ແລະ ກີລາ)
Institute of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, National University of Laos (ສະຖາບັນວິທະຍາສາດສັງຄົມ ຄະນະອັກສອນສາດ ມະຫາວິທະຍາໄລແຫ່ງຊາດລາວ)
Latin |  Holy See  | Pontifical Academy for Latin (Pontificia Academia Latinitatis) (ecclesiastical Latin)[4]
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy: botanical Latin)
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: zoological Latin)
Latvian |  Latvia  | Latvian State Language Center (Valsts Valodas Centrs)  | 1992
Lithuanian |  Lithuania  | Commission of the Lithuanian Language (Valstybinė lietuvių kalbos komisija)  | 1990
Lusoga  |  Uganda  | Lusoga Language Authority (LULA)
Luxembourgish  |  Luxembourg  | Council for the Luxembourgish Language (Conseil fir d'Letzebuerger Sprooch)
Macedonian |  North Macedonia  | Linguistics and Literary Science Department at the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Malagasy  |  Madagascar  | Foibe momba ny teny at the Akademia Malagasy (http://www.tenymalagasy.gov.mg/)
Malay |  Malaysia  | Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (The Institute of Language and Literature)
Brunei  | Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei (Language and Literature Bureau)
Singapore  | Majlis Bahasa Melayu Singapura (Malay Language Council, Singapore)
Malayalam |  India  | Kerala Sahitya Akademi (കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി)
Maltese |  Malta  | National Council for the Maltese Language (www.kunsilltalmalti.gov.mt)
Manx |  Isle of Man  | Coonceil ny Gaelgey | 1985
Māori  |  New Zealand  | Māori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori)
Marathi |  India  | Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad (महाराष्ट्र साहित्य परिषद)
Meitei (officially called Manipuri)  |  India  | Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation (ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛꯇꯣꯔꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯂꯦꯡꯒ꯭ꯋꯦꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯅꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯟ꯭ꯗ ꯏꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯁꯟ)
Manipuri Sahitya Parishad (ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ꯭ꯌ ꯄꯔꯤꯁꯗ)
Mirandese  |  Portugal  | Anstituto de la Lhéngua Mirandesa (Institute of the Mirandese Language)  | 2000
Mixtec |  Mexico  | Academy of the Mixtec Language (Ve'e Tu'un Sávi)
Khalkha Mongolian |  Mongolia  | Council of the official state language (Төрийн хэлний зөвлөл). Decisions have to be confirmed by the Mongolian government.[5]
Chakhar Mongolian |  China  | Council for Language and Literature Work
Nepali |  Nepal  | Nepal Academy (नेपाल प्रज्ञा–प्रतिष्ठान)
Northern Frisian  |  North Frisia  | Nordfriisk Instituut
Norwegian (Riksmål/Bokmål) |  Norway  | Norwegian Academy | 1953
Norwegian Bokmål
Norwegian Nynorsk | Norwegian Language Council
Occitan  | Template:Country data Occitania
France
Spain
Monaco
Italy  | Conselh de la Lenga Occitana (Occitan Language Council),[6]
Congrès Permanent de la lenga occitana (the permanent congress of occitan language),[7]
Institut d'Estudis Aranesi (Aranese)[8] | 1996
Odia |  India  | Odisha Sahitya Akademi (ଓଡ଼ିଶା ସାହିତ୍ୟ ଏକାଡେମୀ)
Pashto  |  Afghanistan  | Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
Pakistan  | Pashto Academy
Persian |  Iran  | Academy of Persian Language and Literature (فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی)  | 1935
Afghanistan  | Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan  | Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature
Paiwan  |  Republic of China  | Council of Indigenous Peoples
Polish |  Poland  | Polish Language Council (Rada Języka Polskiego), of the Polish Academy of Sciences  | 1996
Portuguese |  Portugal  | Lisbon Science Academy, Class of Letters
Brazil  | Brazilian Academy of Letters
Galicia  | Galician Academy of the Portuguese Language
Quechua  |  Peru  | High Academy of the Quechua Language (Qheswa simi hamut'ana kuraq suntur)  | 1954
Rohingya |  Arakan (Rakhine State)  | Rohingya Language Academy (𐴌𐴟𐴇𐴥𐴝𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝 𐴎𐴟𐴁𐴝𐴕 𐴀𐴠𐴑𐴝𐴋𐴠𐴔𐴞)
Romanian |  Romania  | Institutul de Lingvistică al Academiei Române (Institute for Linguistics of the Romanian Academy)
Moldova  | Academy of Sciences of Moldova (Академия де Штийнце а Молдовей)
Romansh  |  Switzerland  | Lia Rumantscha
Russian |  Russia
Belarus
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Moldova
Tajikistan  | Russian Language Institute (Институт русского языка)  | 1944
Scots |  Scotland  | Scots Language Centre (Center for the Scots Leid)
Northern Ireland  | Ulster-Scots Agency (for the Ulster Scots dialect)
Scottish Gaelic |  Scotland  | Bòrd na Gàidhlig (The Gaelic Board)  | 2006
Secwepemctsín  |  Canada  | Secwepemc Cultural Education Society
Serbian and Montenegrin |  Serbia
Montenegro  | Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language
Sindhi |  Pakistan  | Sindhi Language Authority [2]
Sinhala |  Sri Lanka  | Hela Havula (හෙළ හවුල)
Slovak |  Slovakia  | Ľudovít Štúr Institute of Linguistics (Jazykovedný ústav Ľudovíta Štúra) at Slovak Academy of Sciences (Slovenská akadémia vied)
Slovene  |  Slovenia  | Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Somali  |  Djibouti
Ethiopia
Somalia  | Regional Somali Language Academy
Sorbian  |  Germany
Czech Republic
Poland  | Serbski institut [3]
Spanish |  Spain
Colombia
Ecuador
Mexico
El Salvador
Venezuela
Chile
Peru
Guatemala
Costa Rica
Philippines
Panama
Cuba
Paraguay
Bolivia
Dominican Republic
Nicaragua
Argentina
Uruguay
Honduras
Puerto Rico
United States
Equatorial Guinea
Israel  | Association of Spanish Language Academies (constituted by the Royal Spanish Academy plus 23 other separate national academies in the Spanish-speaking world and an Israel-based committee for Judaeo-Spanish.)  | 1713
Swahili |  Tanzania  | Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa
Kenya  | Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa
Swedish |  Sweden  | Swedish Language Council
Swedish Academy  | 1941
Finland  | Swedish Language Department of the Research Institute for the Languages of Finland (Svenska språkbyrån)
Tamil |  India  | Thanjavur Tamil University and Official Language Commission of Government of Tamil Nadu
Sri Lanka  | Department of Official Languages, Sri Lanka
Singapore  | Tamil Language Council, Singapore
Malaysia  | Malaysia Tamil Language Standardisation Council (மலேசியத் தமிழ் மொழியின் காப்பகம்)
Tatar |  Tatarstan  | Institute of Language, Literature and Arts of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan [4]
Telugu |  India  | Telugu Academy and Official Language Commission of Government of Andhra Pradesh
Tetum |  East Timor  | National Institute of Linguistics at the National University of East Timor
Thai |  Thailand  | Royal Society of Thailand (ราชบัณฑิตยสภา)
Tibetan |  Tibet Autonomous Region  | Committee for Tibetan Language Affairs [5]
India  | Committee for the Standardisation of the Tibetan Language
Tulu |  India  | Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy
Turkish |  Turkey
Cyprus
Template:TRNC | Türk Dil Kurumu (Turkish Language Association)  | 1932
Ukrainian |  Ukraine  | NASU Institute of Ukrainian Language | 1991
Urdu |  Pakistan  | National Language Promotion Department (اِدارۀ فروغِ قومی زُبان)
India  | National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language (قومی کونسل برائے فروغ اردو زبان)
Urhobo  |  Nigeria  | Urhobo Studies Association
Vietnamese |  Vietnam  | Institute of Linguistics of Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences
Võro |  Estonia  | Võro Institute
Waray  |  Philippines  | Sanghiran san Binisaya ha Samar ug Leyte (Academy of the Visayan Language of Samar and Leyte) defunct |
Welsh |  Wales  | Welsh Language Commissioner (Aled Roberts)  | 2012
West Frisian  | Template:Country data Friesland | Fryske Akademy (Frisian Academy)  | 1938
Wolof  |  Senegal  | Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar (Center of Applied Linguistics of Dakar at the Cheikh Anta Diop University)  |
Yiddish  |  United States
Sweden
Russia  | YIVO[9] (YIVO does not regulate or hold any sway over the Yiddish used in Ultra-Orthodox circles where the Yiddish language is most used in current times. The orthography and pronunciation of Yiddish in the Ultra-Orthodox communities is dramatically different from the standardized version of Yiddish devised by YIVO. A prime example of this is the spelling of the name for the Yiddish language in Yiddish itself. YIVO promotes the spelling "ייִדיש", while the spelling "אידיש" is more commonly used in most Ultra-Orthodox contexts.)  | 1925
Yoruba |  Nigeria  | Yoruba Academy | October 2007

## Auxiliary languages

### Esperanto

Apart from the Akademio de Esperanto, most auxiliary languages, also known as constructed languages (Conlangs) have no true linguistic regulators, language academies.[10]

Esperanto and Ido have been constructed (or planned) by a person or small group, before being adopted and further developed by communities of users through natural language evolution.

Bodies such as the Akademio de Esperanto look at questions of usage in the light of the original goals and principles of the language.

Language  | Regulator(s)

|

Esperanto | Akademio de Esperanto
Ido | Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido
Lingua Franca Nova | Asosia per Lingua Franca Nova
Lojban | Logical Language Group
Volapük | Kadäm Volapüka

#### Other constructed languages

Language  | Regulator(s)

|

Klingon | Marc Okrand
Talossan  | Comità per l'Útzil del Glheþ

### Interlingua

The auxiliary language Interlingua has no regulating body, as its vocabulary, grammar, and orthography are viewed as a product of ongoing social forces. In theory, Interlingua therefore evolves independent from any human regulator. Interlingua's vocabulary is verified and recorded by dynamically applying certain general principles to an existing set of natural languages and their etymologies. The International Auxiliary Language Association ceased to exist in 1954, and according to the secretary of Union Mundial de Interlingua "Interlingua doesn't need its Academy".[10]

## Other bodies

These bodies do not attempt to regulate any language in a prescriptive manner and are primarily concerned with aiding and advising the government on policies regarding language usage.

* Hong Kong: Official Language Division Civil Service Bureau Government of Hong Kong – concerned with matters concerning government language policy
* Macau: Departamento dos Assuntos Linguísticos of the Public Administration and Civil Service Bureau of the Government of Macau –concerned with matters concerning government language policy

## See also

* Proposals for an English Academy
* Language policy
* Language revival
* Language planning
* Linguistic purism
* Languages in censuses

## References

1. ↑ Thomas, George (1991) Linguistic purism p.108, quotation:

> Whereas a number of the puristically motivated language societies have assumed de facto responsibility for language cultivation, the decisions of the academies have often had the force of law. ... Since academies are so closely associated with the notion of purism, a brief word on their history may not be out of place. The first academy to deal expressly and exclusively with language matters was the Accademia della Crusca ... Its orientation was essentially conservative, favouring a return to the Tuscan language as cultivated in the fourteenth century over the innovations of contemporary renaissance poets such as Torquato Tasso. ... One of its first tasks \-- as with so many academies to follow \-- was to produce a large-scale prescriptive dictionary of Italian

2. ↑ "Organizations Attached to the Department of Humanitarian Sciences and Arts". National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. http://nasb.gov.by/eng/organizations/institutes/inogum.php#off5728. "Field of Activities: ... compilation of the Belarusian language dictionaries including Belarusian – the other Slavonic languages and the other Slavonic languages – Belarusian dictionaries; ..."
3. ↑ Council of the Cherokee Nation
4. ↑ "Pontificia Academia Latinitatis" (in la). Vatican.va. 10 November 2012. https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_academies/latinitatis/index.htm.
5. ↑ "Хуулийн нэгдсэн портал сайт" (in mn). Legalinfo.mn. http://legalinfo.mn/law/details/486.
6. ↑ "CLO". https://clo-occitan.com.
7. ↑ "Lo Congrès". http://www.locongres.org.
8. ↑ "Reconeishença der Institut d'Estudis Aranesi coma academia e autoritat lingüistica der occitan, aranés en Aran - Conselh Generau d'Aran". http://www.conselharan.org/reconeishenca-der-institut-destudis-aranesi-coma-academia-e-autoritat-linguistica-der-occitan-aranes-en-aran/.
9. ↑ "YIVO Institute". http://www.yivoinstitute.org.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Johan Derks, Prilingvaj institutoj de 18 naciaj lingvoj (Language Institutes of eighteen states), Interlingvistikaj Studoj, UAM, 2014/17, Esperanta Interlingvistiko 1

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