Monell Chemical Senses Center

Entrance to the Monell Chemical Senses Center

Established| 1968
Director| Robert Margolskee
Location|

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.

Address| 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Website| {{{1}}}

The Monell Chemical Senses Center is a non-profit independent scientific institute located at the University City Science Center campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Monell conducts and publishes interdisciplinary basic research on taste, smell, and chemesthesis.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Research
* 2.1 Selected achievements
* 2.2 Social decisions and olfactory cues in children
* 2.3 Food
* 2.4 Publications
* 3 Notable members
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## History

Monell was founded in 1968. The center's mission is to advance knowledge of the mechanisms and functions of the chemical senses. Knowledge gained from Monell’s research is relevant to issues related to public health, national health policy, and quality of life, including studies of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, pediatric health, occupational safety, environmental interactions, and national defense.[1]

Monell has a staff of more than 50 scientists and provides research opportunities for local high school and undergraduate students. Situated in Philadelphia’s University City Science Center, the center occupies two buildings with a total of 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2). Monell is operated as a non-profit organization and receives funding from government grants, primarily from the National Institutes of Health through the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, as well as from private foundations and unrestricted corporate gifts.[1]

## Research

### Selected achievements

* Characterized the first sweet-tasting protein, “Monellin,” broadening the concept of sweet taste[2]
* Demonstrated that body odors can signal disease even before appearance of overt symptoms[3]
* Revealed critical role of perinatal experience in establishing flavor preferences of infants, children, and adults[4]
* Described role of liver chemosensors in control of appetite and satiety.[5]
* Established that genetically-determined odortypes provide signals of individual identity.[3]
* Developed the labeled magnitude scale to reliably measure human sensory perception.[6]
* Pioneered use of living human tissue to characterize human olfactory and taste cell function.[7]
* Identified the Sac locus coding for the TAS1R3 receptor, one of the receptors for the sweet taste.[8]
* Established use of chemosignals as effective nonlethal means of vertebrate pest control.[9]
* Demonstrated the role of diet in adult preference for salty taste.[10][11]
* Combined sensory and genetic approaches to document unique sensory worlds for every individual.[12][13]
* Used sensory properties of olive oil to identify oleocanthal, a novel anti-inflammatory compound.[14]

### Social decisions and olfactory cues in children

In 2016, Monell announced that it had completed research that found toddlers use sensory information to make social decisions. The study included 140 children between the ages of three and eleven years old. Each child was exposed for three seconds to odors from fish, rose, or a placebo. The children were then immediately shown pictures of the same person with a disgusted face and a happy face and asked to choose one.[15]

The children then were asked about how pleasant the odor was. Children five and under generally chose the happy face regardless of the odor they were presented with. Starting around age five, children generally selected faces based on the pleasantness of the odor. For example, being exposed to the fish odor boosted their likelihood of choosing the disgusted face.[15]

### Food

In 2019, Monell published a paper in the journal Physiology & Behavior that included an analysis of about 400,000 food reviews posted on Amazon. Monell scientists concluded that most common complaint about food items is that they were too sweet. They also found that saltiness was almost never mentioned. The researchers suggested that differences in the perception of food tastes were due to genetics. They used "big data" methods to conduct their analysis of the reviews.[16]

### Publications

Monell publishes a quarterly electronic newsletter dedicated to news about the center's activities and the latest information on relevant science.[1]

## Notable members

* Alexander Bachmanov
* Gary Beauchamp
* Paul Breslin
* Pamela Dalton
* Alan Gelperin
* Morley Kare[17]
* Robert Margolskee
* Julie Mennella
* George Preti
* Danielle Reed
* Michael Tordoff
* Henry G. Walter Jr.[18]
* Charles Wysocki
* Kunio Yamazaki

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Monell Chemical Senses Center". National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. 8 April 2019. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/directory/monell-chemical-senses-center. ""The Monell Chemical Senses Center (Monell) is the world’s only nonprofit basic research institute devoted to the study of taste, smell, and chemical irritation.""
2. ↑ Morris, James A.; Martenson, Russell; Deibler, Gladys; Cagan, Robert H. (1973-01-25). "Characterization of Monellin, a Protein That Tastes Sweet" (in en). Journal of Biological Chemistry 248 (2): 534–539. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)44407-4. PMID 4684691. http://www.jbc.org/content/248/2/534.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Yamazaki K., Beauchamp G. K., Singer A. G., Bard J., Boyse E. A. (1999). "Odortypes: Their origin and composition". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96 (4): 1522–1525. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1522. PMID 9990056. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...96.1522Y.
4. ↑ Mennella, J. A. (2007). The chemical senses and the development of flavor preferences in humans. In: Hartmann, P. E. and Hale, T., Textbook on Human Lactation. Hale Publishing, Texas, pp 403 - 414.
5. ↑ Friedman M. I. (1997). "An energy sensor for control of energy intake". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 56 (1A): 41–50. doi:10.1079/pns19970008. PMID 9168519.
6. ↑ Green B. G., Shaffer G. S., Gilmore M. M. (1993). "Derivation and evaluation of a semantic scale of oral sensation magnitude with apparent ratio properties". Chemical Senses 18 (6): 683–702. doi:10.1093/chemse/18.6.683.
7. ↑ Rawson N. E., Gomez G., Cowart B. J., Brand J., Lowry L. D., Pribitkin E. A., Restrepo D. (1997). "Selectivity and response characteristics of human olfactory neurons". Journal of Neurophysiology 77 (3): 1606–1613. doi:10.1152/jn.1997.77.3.1606. PMID 9084623.
8. ↑ Bachmanov A. A., Li X., Reed D. R., Ohmen J. D., Li S., Chen Z., Tordoff M. G., de Jong P. J., Wu C., West D. B., Chatterjee A., Ross D. A., Beauchamp G. K. (2001). "Positional cloning of the mouse saccharin preference (Sac) locus". Chemical Senses 26 (7): 925–933. doi:10.1093/chemse/26.7.925. PMID 11555487.
9. ↑ Clark L., Mason J. R. (1992). "Nonlethal repellents: The development of cost-effective, practical solutions to agricultural and industrial problems". Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference 15: 115–129.
10. ↑ Beauchamp G. K., Bertino M., Burke D., Engelman K. (1991). "Experimental sodium depletion and salt taste in normal human volunteers". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51 (5): 881–889. doi:10.1093/ajcn/51.5.881. PMID 2185626.
11. ↑ Bertino M., Beauchamp G. K., Engelman K. (1982). "Long-term reduction in dietary sodium alters the taste of salt". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36 (6): 1134–1144. doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.6.1134. PMID 7148734.
12. ↑ Breslin P. A. S., Spector A. C. (2009). "Mammalian taste perception". Current Biology 18 (4): R148–R155. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.017. PMID 18302913.
13. ↑ Chen Q. Y., Alarcon S., Tharp A., Ahmed O. M., Estrella N. L., Greene T. A., Rucker J., Breslin P. A. S. (2009). "Perceptual variation in umami taste and polymorphisms in TAS1R taste receptor genes". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90 (3): 770S–779S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462n. PMID 19587085.
14. ↑ Beauchamp G. K., Keast R. S. J., Morel D. Lin J., Pika J., Han Q., Lee C-H, Smith A. B., III , Breslin P. A. S. (2005). "Ibuprofen-like activity in extra-virgin olive oil". Nature 437 (7055): 45–46. doi:10.1038/437045a. PMID 16136122.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "With eyes or noses? How young children use sensory cues to make social decisions". PsyPost (United States). 19 December 2016. https://www.psypost.org/2016/12/eyes-noses-young-children-use-sensory-cues-make-social-decisions-46603.
16. ↑ Staff writer (24 June 2019). "Big data says food is too sweet". ScienceDaily.
17. ↑ "Morley R. Kare Fellowship" (in en-US). https://monell.org/morley-r-kare-fellowship/.
18. ↑ "IFF Contributes $500K to Monell Center". https://www.happi.com/contents/view_breaking-news/2005-11-22/iff-contributes-500k8200-to-monell-center/.

## External links

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