National Nanotechnology Initiative

Short description: U.S. government cross-agency coordinating program

NNI's 2014 enacted budget by agency.[1]

NIH – $441.5M (28.7%)

NSF – $410.6M (26.7%)

Energy – $303.3M (19.7%)

Defense – $175.9M (11.4%)

NIST — $97.8M (6.4%)

Homeland Security – $24.0M (1.6%)

Agriculture – $19.1M (1.2%)

NASA – $17.9M (1.2%)

FDA – $17.0M (1.1%)

EPA – $15.5M (1.0%)

Other (0.99999999999999%)

The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is a research and development initiative which provides a framework to coordinate nanoscale research and resources among United States federal government agencies and departments.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Goals
* 3 Initiatives
* 3.1 Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives
* 3.2 Nanotechnology-Inspired Grand Challenges
* 4 Participating Federal Agencies and Departments
* 5 Results and Effects
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## History

Mihail C. Roco proposed the initiative in a 1999 presentation to the White House under the Clinton administration.[2][3][4][5][6][7] The NNI was officially launched in 2000 and received funding for the first time in FY2001.[8]

President Bill Clinton advocated nanotechnology development. In a 21 January 2000 speech [1] at the California Institute of Technology, Clinton stated that "Some of our research goals may take twenty or more years to achieve, but that is precisely why there is an important role for the federal government."

President George W. Bush further increased funding for nanotechnology. On 3 December 2003 Bush signed into law the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (Pub.L. 108–153), which authorizes expenditures for five of the participating agencies totaling $3.63 billion over four years.[2]. This law is an authorization, not an appropriation, and subsequent appropriations for these five agencies have not met the goals set out in the 2003 Act. However, there are many agencies involved in the Initiative that are not covered by the Act, and requested budgets under the Initiative for all participating agencies in Fiscal Years 2006 – 2015 totaled over $1 billion each.

In February 2014, the National Nanotechnology Initiative released a Strategic Plan outlining updated goals and "program component areas" [3]," as required under the terms of the Act. This document supersedes the NNI Strategic Plans released in 2004 and 2007.

The NNI's budget supplement proposed by the Obama administration for Fiscal Year 2015 provides $1.5 billion in requested funding. The cumulative NNI investment since fiscal year 2001, including the 2015 request, totals almost $21 billion. Cumulative investments in nanotechnology-related environmental, health, and safety research since 2005 to 2015 total nearly $900 million. The Federal agencies with the largest investments are the National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, Department of Defense, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.[9]

The NNI received increased support for emerging technologies during the Trump administration and a special focus on clean energy and mitigating climate change during the Biden administration. NNI cumulative investment by 2023 inclusive reached $40 billion, and nanotechnology has become pervasive in material, energy and biosystem related discoveries and applications [7] (https://www.tvworldwide.net/NNI-Retrospective/VideoId/2111/nni-retrospective-video-creating-a-national-initiative-trailer-3-min).

## Goals

The four primary goals of NNI are:[10]

1. Advance a world-class nanotechnology research and development program;
2. Foster the transfer of new technologies into products for commercial and public benefits;
3. Develop and sustain educational resources, a skilled workforce, and a dynamic infrastructure and toolset to advance nanotechnology;
4. Support responsible development of nanotechnology.

## Initiatives

### Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives

Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives (NSIs) spotlight areas of nanotechnology where significant advances in nanoscale science and technology can be made with the focus and cooperation of participating agencies. NSIs accelerate research, development, and application of nanotechnology in these critical areas.[11]

As of December 2020, the current NSIs are:[11]

* NSI: Water Sustainability through Nanotechnology – Nanoscale Solutions for a Global-Scale Challenge,
* NSI: Nanotechnology for Sensors and Sensors for Nanotechnology – Improving and Protecting Health, Safety, and the Environment,
* NSI: Sustainable Nanomanufacturing - Creating the Industries of the Future,
* NSI: Nanoelectronics for 2020 and Beyond.

NSIs are dynamic and are retired as they achieve their specified goals or develop an established community they no longer require the spotlight provided as a NSI. Retired NSIs are:[11]

* NSI: Nanoelectronics for 2020 and Beyond,
* NSI: Nanotechnology for Solar Energy Collection and Conversion - Contributing to Energy Solutions for the Future,
* NSI: Nanotechnology Knowledge Infrastructure - Enabling National Leadership in Sustainable Design.

### Nanotechnology-Inspired Grand Challenges

A nanotechnology-inspired grand challenge (GC) is an ambitious goal that utilizes nanotechnology and nanoscience to solve national and global issues. The first and current GC was announced in October 2015 after receiving input and suggestions from the public. As of December 2020, the grand challenge is:[12]

* A Nanotechnology-Inspired Grand Challenge for Future Computing: Create a new type of computer that can proactively interpret and learn from data, solve unfamiliar problems using what it has learned, and operate with the energy efficiency of the human brain.

## Participating Federal Agencies and Departments

Departments and agencies with nanotechnology R&D budgets:

Other participating departments and agencies:

## Results and Effects

Only a very small number of studies attempted to evaluate the effects of the NNI objectively. A multi-nationation study between the US and the Netherlands published in 2023, looked at the result of patent filing, issuance and mainteance since the NNI was launched in 2010 until 2023, when there last data were available.[13]

US-invented nanopatents with US assignees, were somewhat more apt to renew at least once (14.5% vs. 11.7%) compared to the US -assignees on average, but somewhat less inclined to pay for full maintenance of 20 years from filing (40.5% vs. 52.5%). The lower propensity to renew could be attributed to a quickly changing technology-landcape.[13]

## See also

* National Science and Technology Council
* President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
* Translational research

## References

1. ↑ "National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI): Supplement to the President's FY 2015 Budget". Office of Science and Technology Policy. March 2014. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/NNI_FY15_Final.pdf.
2. ↑ Dr. Mihail C. Roco: Senior Advisor for Nanotechnology, National Science Foundation at NSF Directorate of Engineering website
3. ↑ M.C. Roco, R.S. Williams, and P. Alivisatos. Nanotechnology Research Directions: Vision for Nanotechnology R&D in the Next Decade. National Science and Technology Council, White House 1999, reprinted Springer 2000, http://www.nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/research_directions_1999.pdf
4. ↑ Roco, M.C. The long view of nanotechnology development: the National Nanotechnology Initiative at 10 years. J Nanopart Res 13, 427–445 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-010-0192-z
5. ↑ M.C. Roco, C.A. Mirkin, and M.C. Hersam. Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020: Retrospective and Outlook, Springer 2011, https://www.nano.gov/node/948
6. ↑ M.C. Roco, W.S. Bainbridge, B. Tonn, and G. Whitesides. Convergence of Knowledge, Technology, and Society: Beyond Convergence of NANO-BIO-INFO-COGNITIVE Technologies, Springer, 2013, http://www.wtec.org/NBIC2-Report/
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 M.C. Roco, National Nanotechnology Initiative at 20 years: enabling new horizons. J Nanopart Res 25, 197 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-023-05829-9
8. ↑ "Nanotechnology Timeline | nano.gov". https://www.nano.gov/timeline.
9. ↑ NNI Supplement to the President's Budget for Fiscal Year 2015
10. ↑ "NNI Vision, Goals, and PCAs | nano.gov". https://www.nano.gov/about-nni/what/vision-goals.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives (NSIs) | nano.gov". https://www.nano.gov/signatureinitiatives.
12. ↑ "Nanotechnology-Inspired Grand Challenges | nano.gov". https://www.nano.gov/grandchallenges.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Twenty years of US nanopatenting: Maintenance renewal scoring as an indicator of patent value. 2023. World Pat Inf. 73/13. A.L. Porter, M. Markley, R. Snead, N.C. Newman. doi: 10.1016/j.wpi.2023.102178

## External links

* McCray, W. Patrick (2005). "Will Small Be Beautiful? Making Policies for Our Nanotech Future". History and Technology 21 (2): 177–203. doi:10.1080/07341510500103735. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0vd0v7dx.

* v
* t
* e

Research and development agencies of the federal government of the United States

Independent agencies|

* National Science Foundation (NSF)
* National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
* Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development
* Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA)
* Smithsonian Institution research centers and programs

Agriculture|

* Agricultural Research Service (ARS)
* National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)
* Economic Research Service (ERS)
* United States Forest Service Research and Development (R&D)

Commerce|

* National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
* National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Defense|

| Air Force|

* Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC)
* Air Armament Center (AAC)
* Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)
* Air Force Life Cycle Management Center (AFLCMC)
* Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center (NWC)
* Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT)

|

Army|

* Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDCOM)
* Army Research Laboratory (ARL)
* United States Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center (NSRDEC)
* United States Army CCDC Armaments Center (CCDCAC)
* Picatinny Arsenal
* Benét Laboratories
* Watervliet Arsenal
* U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC)
* Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC)
* Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC)

Navy|

* Office of Naval Research (ONR)
* Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)
* Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC)
* Naval Warfare Centers
* Air (NAWC)
* Surface (NSWC)
* Undersea (NUWC)
* Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance (NCCOSC)
* Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake (NAWS)
* Naval Postgraduate School (NPS)
* Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC)
* Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory (MCWL)

Other|

* Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
* Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU)

Education|

* Institute of Education Sciences (IES)
* National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR)

Energy|

* Office of Science (DOE SC)
* Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E)
* National Laboratories

Health and Human Services|

* National Institutes of Health (NIH)
* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
* Food and Drug Administration science and research programs
* Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
* Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA)
* Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI)

Homeland Security|

* Directorate for Science and Technology (S&T)
* Coast Guard Research & Development Center (CG RDC)

Interior|

* United States Geological Survey (USGS)

Justice|

* National Institute of Justice (NIJ)
* FBI Science and Technology Branch

Transportation|

* Research and Innovative Technology Administration
* Federal Aviation Administration Research, Engineering, and Development
* Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology

Treasury|

* Office of Financial Research (OFR)

Veterans Affairs|

* Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development (ORD)

Executive Office of the President|

* Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)
* U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP)
* Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program (NITRD)
* National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)

Legislative branch|

* House Committee on Science, Space and Technology
* Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
* Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) (defunct)

Judicial branch|

* Federal Judicial Center

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