OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques

The Château de la Muette, the headquarters of the OECD in Paris, France

File:300px

Member states

Applicants

Abbreviation|

* OECD
* OCDE

Established|

* • 16 April 1948 (78 years ago) (1948-04-16) as OEEC
* • 30 September 1961 (64 years ago) (1961-09-30) as OECD

Type| Intergovernmental organisation
Headquarters| Château de la Muette
Paris, France

Membership

38 countries[1][2]

* Australia
* Austria
* Belgium
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Czechia
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Mexico
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Poland
* File:Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Sweden
* File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

Official languages

* English
* French

Secretary-General

| Mathias Cormann

Deputy Secretaries-General

* Yoshiki Takeuchi
* Fabrizia Lapecorella
* Mary Beth Goodman

Budget

| €903.02 million (US$FXConvert/Wordify error: cannot parse value "Undefined year """) (2023)[3]
Website| OECD.org
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Notable economists

* François Quesnay
* Adam Smith
* David Ricardo
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* John Stuart Mill
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Lists

* Economists
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Glossary

* Glossary of economics

*   *

* v
* t
* e

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries,[1][4] founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum whose member countries describe themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members.

The majority of OECD members are generally regarded as developed countries, with high-income economies, and a very high Human Development Index.

As of 2024[update] their collective population is 1.38 billion[5] people with an average life expectancy of 80 years and a median age of 40, against a global average of 30.[6] As of 2017[update], OECD Member countries collectively comprised 62.2% of global nominal GDP (USD 49.6 trillion)[7] and 42.8% of global GDP (Int$54.2 trillion) at purchasing power parity.[8] The OECD is an official United Nations observer.[9] OECD nations have strong social security systems; their average social welfare spending stood at roughly 21% of GDP.[10][11][12]

The OECD's headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris, France, which housed its predecessor organisation, the Organization for European Economic Co-operation.[13] The OECD is funded by contributions from member countries at varying rates and is recognised as a highly influential publisher of mostly economic data through publications as well as annual evaluations and rankings of member countries.[14]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Organisation for European Economic Co-operation
* 1.2 Founding
* 1.3 Enlargement to Central Europe
* 1.4 Reform and further enlargement
* 2 Objectives and issues
* 2.1 Taxation
* 2.2 Multinational corporations
* 3 Publications
* 3.1 Books
* 3.2 Magazine
* 3.3 OECD's multilateral surveillance
* 3.4 Statistics
* 3.5 Working papers
* 3.6 Reference works
* 3.7 SDG Pathfinder
* 4 Structure
* 4.1 Meetings
* 4.2 Secretariat
* 4.3 Secretary-General
* 4.4 OECD Chief Economist
* 4.5 Committees
* 4.6 Special bodies
* 5 Voting
* 6 Member countries
* 6.1 Current members
* 6.2 Dependent territories
* 6.3 Participating partners
* 6.4 Negotiating membership
* 6.5 Applicants
* 6.6 Expressed interest
* 6.7 Former members
* 6.8 Accession talks terminated
* 7 Budget
* 8 Permanent missions accredited to the OECD
* 9 See also
* 10 Notes
* 11 References
* 12 External links

## History

### Organisation for European Economic Co-operation

The OECD is the successor organisation to the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC),[15] established in April 1948 among the European recipients of Marshall Plan aid for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.[16][17][18] Only Western European states were members of the OEEC, whose primary function was the allocation of American aid. Its Secretaries-General[19] were the Frenchmen Robert Marjolin (1948–1955) and René Sergent (1955–1960). It was headquartered in the Château de la Muette in Paris.

Following the end of Marshall aid in 1952, the OEEC focused on economic issues.[15] Its coordinating role was challenged after the 1957 Rome Treaties establishing the European Economic Community and Euratom. The OEEC provided a framework for negotiations aimed at setting up a European Free Trade Area, to bring the EEC's Inner Six and other OEEC members together on a multilateral basis. In 1958, a European Nuclear Energy Agency was set up in response to Euratom.

By this time, some leading countries felt that the OEEC had outlived its purpose but could be adapted to fulfil a more global mission, which proved to be a cumbersome task. Following several (occasionally unruly) meetings at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, which began in January 1960, a resolution was reached to create a body that would not only solve European and Atlantic economic issues, but also devise policies that could assist less developed countries. This reconstituted organisation would bring the US and Canada, who were already OEEC observers, on board as full members, and the OEEC would set to work straight away on convincing Japan to join the organisation.[20][21][22]

### Founding

The Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was signed on 14 December 1960, and the OECD officially superseded the OEEC in September 1961, consisting of the European founder countries of the OEEC, with the additions of the United States and Canada. Three countries, (Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Italy)—all OEEC members—ratified the OECD Convention after September 1961, but are nevertheless considered founding members. The official founding members are the following:

* Austria
* Belgium
* Canada
* Denmark
* France
* West Germany
* Greece
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Portugal
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

Japan became a member in 1964, and over the following decade, Finland, Australia, and New Zealand also joined the organisation. Yugoslavia had observer status in the organisation, starting with the establishment of the OECD, until its dissolution as a country.[23] The OECD also created agencies such as the OECD Development Centre (1961), International Energy Agency (IEA, 1974), and Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF).

The aims of the OECD are stated in Article 1 of the Convention[24] as:

1. To achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability
2. To contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries
3. To contribute to the expansion of world trade

### Enlargement to Central Europe

Following the Revolutions of 1989, the OECD began assisting countries in Central Europe (especially the Visegrád Group) to prepare market economy reforms. In 1990, the Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition (now succeeded by the Centre for Cooperation with Non-Members) was established, and in 1991, the programme "Partners in Transition" was launched to offer a partnership to Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland,[25] including a membership option for these countries.[25] As a result of this, Poland,[26] Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as South Korea[27] and Mexico, became members of the OECD between 1996 and 2000.

### Reform and further enlargement

East Germany joined on 3 October 1990 through reunification with West Germany. In the 1990s, several European countries, now members of the European Union, expressed their willingness to join the Organisation. In 1995, Cyprus applied for membership, but according to the Cypriot government, it was vetoed by Turkey.[28] In 1996, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania signed a Joint Declaration expressing willingness to become members of the OECD,[29] and Slovenia also applied for membership that same year.[30] In 2005, Malta applied to join the Organisation.[31] The EU is lobbying for the admission of all EU member states.[32] Romania reaffirmed in 2012 its intention to become a member of the Organisation through the letter addressed by Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta to OECD Secretary-General José Ángel Gurría.[33] In September 2012, the government of Bulgaria confirmed it would apply for membership before the OECD Secretariat.[34]

The OECD established a working group headed by ambassador Seiichiro Noboru to work out a plan for the enlargement with non-members. The working group defined four criteria that must be fulfilled: "like-mindedness", "significant player", "mutual benefit" and "global considerations." The working group's recommendations were presented at the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on 13 May 2004, and on 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with Chile, Estonia, Israel, Russia, and Slovenia, and to strengthen cooperation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and South Africa through a process of enhanced engagement.[35] Chile, Slovenia, Israel, and Estonia all became members in 2010.[36] In March 2014, the OECD halted membership talks with Russia in response to its annexation of Crimea.[37][38]

In 2013, the OECD decided to open membership talks with Colombia and Latvia. In 2015, the Organisation opened talks with Costa Rica and Lithuania.[39] Latvia became a member on 1 July 2016, and Lithuania soon followed on 5 July 2018.[40][41] Colombia signed the accession agreement on 30 May 2018 and became a member on 28 April 2020.[42] On 15 May 2020, the OECD decided to extend a formal invitation for Costa Rica to join the OECD,[43] which joined as a member on 25 May 2021.[2]

Other countries that have expressed interest in OECD membership are Argentina, Brazil,[44] Croatia,[45] Malaysia[46] and Peru.[47]

In January 2022, the OECD reported that membership talks were underway with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania.[48]

In March 2022, the OECD suspended the participation of Russia and Belarus due to the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine.[49]

In June 2022, during the annual OECD Ministerial Council Meeting, the Roadmaps for the Accession to the OECD Convention for Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania were adopted.[50] In March 2024, the Roadmaps for the Accession to the OECD were adopted with Argentina[51] and Indonesia,[52] and in July 2024, also with Thailand.[53]

## Objectives and issues

### Taxation

The OECD sets the rules governing international taxation for multinationals through the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations, a Model Tax Convention and country-by-country reporting rules.

Payroll and income tax by OECD country

The OECD publishes and updates a model tax convention that serves as a template for allocating taxation rights between countries. This model is accompanied by a set of commentaries that reflect OECD-level interpretation of the content of the model convention provisions. In general, this model allocates the primary right to tax to the country from which capital investment originates (i.e., the home, or resident country) rather than the country in which the investment is made (the host, or source country). As a result, it is most effective between two countries with reciprocal investment flows (such as among the OECD member countries), but can be unbalanced when one of the signatory countries is economically weaker than the other (such as between OECD and non-OECD pairings). Additionally, the OECD has published and updated the Transfer Pricing Guidelines since 1995. The Transfer Pricing Guidelines serve as a template for the profit allocation of inter-company transactions to countries.

Pillar 1

An OECD proposal to allocate multinational profits (for taxing purposes) to countries where they do business, by a formula, including to markets which multinationals sell into without a physical presence. This is hoped to eliminate the need for Digital Services Tax implemented by several countries, including France. There are exclusions and minimum thresholds, including banking and extractive industries. The proposal involves allocating only residual profit (i.e., profits above what is established through transfer pricing, thus creating a hybrid mechanism). This is essentially no change to what is currently allowed (routine profits allocated using transfer pricing + residual profits allocated through profit split).

Pillar 2

On 1 July 2021, finance officials from 130 countries agreed on plans for a new international taxation policy known as the global minimum corporate tax (of 15%). If a country taxes a multinational at a lower rate, the multinational's HQ will receive the difference.

All the major economies agreed to pass national laws that would require corporations to pay at least 15% income tax in the countries they operate. This new policy would end the practice of locating world headquarters in small countries with very low taxation rates. Governments hope to recoup some of the lost revenue, estimated at $100 billion to $240 billion each year. The new system was promoted by the Biden Administration in the United States and the OECD. Secretary-General Mathias Cormann of the OECD said, "This historic package will ensure that large multinational companies pay their fair share of tax everywhere."[54]

### Multinational corporations

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are a set of legally non-binding guidelines attached as an annex to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. They are recommendations providing principles and standards for responsible business conduct for multinational corporations operating in or from countries adhering to the Declaration.[55]

## Publications

The OECD publishes books, reports, statistics, working papers, and reference materials. All titles and databases published since 1998 can be accessed via OECD iLibrary. The OECD Library & Archives collection dates from 1947, including records from the Committee for European Economic Co-operation (CEEC) and the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), predecessors of today's OECD. External researchers can consult OECD publications and archival material on the OECD premises by appointment.[56]

### Books

Reports on a wide range of topics for sale at the OECD's Conference Centre Bookshop in 2019

The OECD releases about 600 books and over 400 papers yearly on topics spanning public policy. The publications are updated to the OECD iLibrary. Most books are published in English and French. The OECD flagship titles include:

* The OECD Economic Outlook, published twice a year. It contains forecast and analysis of the economic situation of the OECD member countries. The OECD exceptionally published the 2020 Economic Outlook on 10 June 2020 to adjust economic forecasts greatly impacted by the Coronavirus since the March Interim Economic Outlook. The June Economic Outlook assesses the economic impact of COVID-19 and provides projections for economic impact if a second outbreak were to occur.[57]
* The Main Economic Indicators, published monthly. It contains a large selection of timely statistical indicators.
* The OECD Factbook is published yearly and available online, as an iPhone app, and in print. The Factbook contains more than 100 economic, environmental and social indicators, each presented with a clear definition, tables, and graphs. The Factbook mainly focuses on the statistics of its member countries and sometimes other major additional countries. It is freely accessible online and delivers all the data in Excel format via StatLinks.
* The OECD Communications Outlook and the OECD Internet Economy Outlook (formerly the Information Technology Outlook), which rotate every year. They contain forecasts and analysis of the communications and information technology industries in OECD member countries and non-member economies.
* In 2007 the OECD published Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life, the first book in the OECD Insights series. This series uses OECD analysis and data to introduce important social and economic issues to non-specialist readers. Other books in the series cover sustainable development, international trade and international migration. The series was discontinued in 2017.[58]

All OECD books are available on the OECD iLibrary, the online bookshop or OECD Library & Archives.[56]

### Magazine

OECD Observer, an award-winning magazine,[n 1] was launched in 1962.[59] The magazine appeared six times a year until 2010, and became quarterly in 2011 with the introduction of the OECD Yearbook, launched for the 50th anniversary of the organisation.[60] The online and mobile[61] editions contained news, analysis, reviews, commentaries and data on global economic, social and environmental challenges and listings of the latest OECD books.[62] An OECD Observer Crossword was introduced in Q2 2013.[63] The OECD Observer was last issued in the fourth quarter of 2019, with a double edition looking ahead at artificial intelligence, and a cover leading on why statistical offices should hire a comedian. The OECD Observer website closed in the first quarter of 2021; the archive can be consulted at www.oecd.org.

### OECD's multilateral surveillance

The OECD conducts multilateral surveillance as part of its economic monitoring and policy co-ordination activities among member countries. This function has developed through regular peer reviews, comparative analysis, and policy assessments carried out within the framework of the Organisation’s committees and its Economics Department.

The OECD's multilateral surveillance was systematically reviewed for the first time in Kumiharu Shigehara's "Multilateral Surveillance: What the OECD can offer?" (the 1996 Global Finance Lecture, the University of Birmingham, 1996; OECD publication, Paris, 1996) at a time when Shigehara was OECD Chief Economist and Head of Economics Department (1992–1997); he was subsequently OECD Deputy Secretary-General (1997–1999).

It was also discussed in:

* Kumiharu Shigehara, "Surveillance by International Institutions: Lessons from the Global Financial and Economic Crisis" (OECD Working Papers No.860, May 2011, co-authored with Paul Atkinson).[64]
* Kumiharu Shigehara, "Multilateral Surveillance: the IMF, the OECD and G20" (Ligue Européenne de Coopération Économique, Paris, 2011)[65]
* Kumiharu Shigehara, "The Limits of Surveillance and Financial Market Failure: Lessons from the Euro-Area Crisis" (Palgrave Macmillan 2014)[66]

The history of OECD multilateral surveillance from the 1960s to the end of the 1990s was also described by Kumiharu Shigehara in his memoir, The Bank of Japan and the OECD: Recollections and Reflections, written in Japanese and published in December 2019. In his letter of 5 February 2019, Donald Johnston, OECD Secretary-General from 1996 to 2006, noted that Shigehara's "book is very important for the OECD where there is little living institutional memory". The English edition of Shigehara's memoirs titled The Bank of Japan, the OECD, and Beyond was published by Palgrave Macmillan in September 2024.[67]

### Statistics

The OECD is known as a statistical agency, as it publishes comparable statistics on numerous subjects. In July 2014, the OECD publicly released its main statistical databases through the OECD Data Portal, an online platform that allows visitors to create custom charts based on official OECD indicators.[68][69]

OECD statistics are available in several forms:

* as interactive charts on the OECD Data Portal,
* as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables,
* as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,
* as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is a URL that links to the underlying data).

In July 2024, the OECD announced that it "has transitioned to [an] open-access information model" and that Creative Commons CC‑BY‑4.0 attribution licenses will be used on all data and publications. [70]

### Working papers

There are 15 working papers series published by the various directorates of the OECD Secretariat. They are available on iLibrary, as well as on many specialised portals.

### Reference works

The OECD is responsible for the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, a continuously updated document that is a de facto standard (i.e., soft law).[71]

It published the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 in March 2008, which argues that tackling key environmental problems—including climate change, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and the health impacts of pollution—is both achievable and affordable.[72]

### SDG Pathfinder

In 2020, the inaugural University Press Redux Sustainability Award was given to OECD by the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) and Cambridge University Press.[73] The award recognised the development of the SDG Pathfinder, an open-access digital discovery tool for finding content and data relating to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).[74][75]

## Structure

The OECD's structure consists of three main elements:[76]

* The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries act collectively through the council (and its standing committees) to provide direction and guidance to the work of the organisation.
* The OECD substantive committees, one for each work area of the OECD, plus their various subsidiary bodies. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member governments. The committees oversee all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). Committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.
* The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General (currently Mathias Cormann), provides support to standing and substantive committees. It is organised into directorates, which include about 2,500 staff.

### Meetings

The main entrance to the OECD Conference Centre in Paris

Delegates from the member countries attend committee and other meetings. Former Deputy Secretary-General Pierre Vinde [sv; sv] estimated in 1997 that the cost borne by the member countries, such as sending their officials to OECD meetings and maintaining permanent delegations, is equivalent to the cost of running the secretariat.[77]

The OECD regularly holds minister-level meetings and forums as platforms for a discussion on a broad spectrum of thematic issues relevant to the OECD charter, member countries, and non-member countries.[78] Noteworthy meetings include:

* The yearly Ministerial Council Meeting, with the Ministers of Economy of all member countries and the candidates for enhanced engagement among the countries.
* The annual OECD Forum, which brings together leaders from business, government, labour, civil society and international organisations. Held every year since June 2000, the OECD Forum takes the form of conferences and discussions, is open to public participation and is held in conjunction with the MCM.
* Thematic Ministerial Meetings, held among ministers of a given domain (i.e., all Ministers of Labour, all Ministers of Environment, etc.).
* The bi-annual World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policies, which does not usually take place in the OECD. This series of meetings has the ambition to measure and foster progress in societies.
* The Forum for Harmful Tax Practices
* OECD Eurasia Week, which includes several high-level policy dialogue discussions to share best practices and experiences in addressing common development and economic challenges in Eurasia.[79]

### Secretariat

The exterior of the Château de la Muette and the grounds of the OECD Conference Centre

Exchanges between OECD governments benefit from the information, analysis, and preparation of the OECD Secretariat. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. Under the direction and guidance of member governments, it also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, education, agriculture, technology, taxation and other areas.

The secretariat is organised in directorates:[80]

* Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities
* Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
* Development Co-operation Directorate
* Directorate for Education and Skills
* Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs
* Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
* Directorate for Science, Technology, and Innovation
* Economics Department
* Environment Directorate
* Public Governance Directorate
* Statistics Directorate
* Trade and Agriculture Directorate
* General Secretariat
* Executive Directorate
* Public Affairs and Communication Directorate

### Secretary-General

The head of the OECD Secretariat and chair of the OECD Council is the Secretary-General. Secretary-General selections are made by consensus, meaning all member states must agree on a candidate.[81]

Secretary-General of the OEEC  No. | Portrait  | Name
(born–died) | Term of office  | Country  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

Took office  | Left office  | Time in office
1  | File:Robert Marjolin (1964).jpg | Robert Marjolin
(1911–1986) | 1948  | 1955  | 6–7 years  |  France  |
2  |  | René Sergent
(1904-1984)[82] | 1955  | 1960  | 4–5 years  |  France  |
3  | File:Thorkil Kristensen (Kristensen cropped).jpg | Thorkil Kristensen
(1899–1989) | 1960  | 30 September 1961  | 0–1 years  |  Denmark  |
Secretary-General of the OECD[83] No. | Portrait  | Name
(born–died) | Term of office  | Country  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

Took office  | Left office  | Time in office
1  | File:Thorkil Kristensen (Kristensen cropped).jpg | Thorkil Kristensen
(1899–1989) | 30 September 1961  | 30 September 1969  | 8 years, 0 days  |  Denmark  |
2  | File:Emiel van Lennep (1979).jpg | Emiel van Lennep
(1915–1996) | 1 October 1969  | 30 September 1984  | 14 years, 365 days  |  Netherlands  |
3  | File:Jean-Claude Paye.jpg | Jean-Claude Paye
(born 1934) | 1 October 1984  | 30 September 1994  | 9 years, 364 days  |  France  |
—  |  | Staffan Sohlman (sv)
(1937–2017)
acting | 1 October 1994  | 30 November 1994  | 60 days  |  Sweden  | [84][85]
3  | File:Jean-Claude Paye.jpg | Jean-Claude Paye
(born 1934) | 30 November 1994  | 31 May 1996  | 1 year, 183 days  |  France  | [86][87]
4  | File:DonaldJohnston.jpg | Donald Johnston
(1936–2022) | 1 June 1996  | 31 May 2006  | 9 years, 364 days  |  Canada  | [86]
5  |  | José Ángel Gurría
(born 1950) | 1 June 2006  | 31 May 2021  | 14 years, 364 days  |  Mexico  | [88]
6  |  | Mathias Cormann
(born 1970) | 1 June 2021  | Incumbent | 4 years, 341 days  |  Australia  | [89]

### OECD Chief Economist

British economist Christopher Dow served as Chief Economist of the OECD from its establishment until 1973.[90] He was succeeded by two British economists, Frederick Atkinson (1973–75) and John Fay (1975–79).[91] In 1980, Canadian economist Sylvia Ostry became the first woman to be appointed OECD Chief Economist, holding the position until 1983. Her successor was British economist David Henderson (1984–92).

In 1992, Henderson was succeeded by 重原久美春 (ja), former Chief Economist of the Bank of Japan. Shigehara was the first individual from outside the English-speaking world to be appointed OECD Chief Economist Kumiharu Shigehara. At the time of his appointment, the Financial Times, in an article entitled “Japan’s Turn” (22 January 1992), described him as exemplifying a new generation of Japanese figures characterised by self-confidence, strong international awareness, and a willingness to express their views openly.

In 1997, following Shigehara’s appointment as Deputy Secretary-General of the OECD, Ignazio Visco, former Chief Economist of the Bank of Italy, was named Chief Economist.[92] He remained in the post until the appointment of French economist Jean-Philippe Cotis in August 2002.

### Committees

A meeting room in the Château de la Muette

Representatives of member and observer countries meet in specialised committees on specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education, development assistance or financial markets. There are about 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. Committees discuss policies and review progress in the given policy area.[93]

### Special bodies

The OECD has a number of specialised bodies:[94]

* Africa Partnership Forum
* Blue Dot Network
* Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC)
* Development Assistance Committee
* OECD Development Centre
* International Transport Forum (ITF) (formerly known as the European Conference of Ministers of Transport)
* International Energy Agency
* Nuclear Energy Agency
* Multilateral Organisation Performance Assessment Network (MOPAN)
* Partnership for Democratic Governance (PDG)
* Sahel and West Africa Club
* Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD (TUAC)

## Voting

OECD decisions are made through voting, which requires unanimity among all of those voting. Each member country has one vote.[24] However, dissenting members which do not wish to block a decision but merely to signal their disapproval can abstain from voting.[95] 22 of the OECD member countries are also EU member states.[96]

## Member countries

### Current members

As of June 2025[update] there are 38 members of the OECD:[1][2][97]

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Country | Application | Negotiations | Invitation | Membership[1] | Geographic location | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

Australia |  |  |  | 7 June 1971 | Oceania |
Austria |  |  |  | 29 September 1961 | Europe | OEEC member[15]
Belgium |  |  |  | 13 September 1961 | Europe | OEEC member[15]
Canada |  |  |  | 10 April 1961 | North America |
Chile | November 2003[98][99] | 16 May 2007[35] | 15 December 2009[100] | 7 May 2010 | South America |
Colombia | 24 January 2011[101] | 30 May 2013[39] | 25 May 2018[102] | 28 April 2020 | South America |
Costa Rica | 9 April 2015[2] |  | 15 May 2020[2] | 25 May 2021[2] | Central America |
Czech Republic | January 1994[103] | 8 June 1994[104] | 24 November 1995[103] | 21 December 1995 | Europe |
Denmark |  |  |  | 30 May 1961 | Europe | OEEC member[15]
Estonia |  | 16 May 2007[35] | 10 May 2010[105] | 9 December 2010 | Europe |
Finland |  |  |  | 28 January 1969 | Europe |
France |  |  |  | 7 August 1961 | Europe | OEEC member[15]
Germany |  |  |  | 27 September 1961 | Europe | Joined OECD and OEEC in 1949 as West Germany, previously represented by the Trizone[106][15]
Greece |  |  |  | 27 September 1961 | Europe | OEEC member[15]
Hungary | December 1993[107] | 8 June 1994[104] |  | 7 May 1996 | Europe |
Iceland |  |  |  | 5 June 1961 | Europe | OEEC member[15]
Ireland |  |  |  | 17 August 1961 | Europe | OEEC member[15]
Israel | 15 March 2004[108] | 16 May 2007[35] | 10 May 2010[105] | 7 September 2010 | Middle East |
Italy |  |  |  | 29 March 1962 | Europe | OEEC member[15]
Japan | November 1962[109] |  | July 1963[109] | 28 April 1964 | Asia |
Latvia |  | 29 May 2013[110] | 11 May 2016[111] | 1 July 2016[112] | Europe |
Lithuania |  | 9 April 2015[113] | 31 May 2018 | 5 July 2018[113] | Europe |
Luxembourg |  |  |  | 7 December 1961 | Europe | OEEC member[15]
Mexico |  |  | 14 April 1994[114] | 18 May 1994 | North America |
Netherlands |  |  |  | 13 November 1961 | Europe | OEEC member[15]
New Zealand |  |  |  | 29 May 1973 | Oceania |
Norway |  |  |  | 4 July 1961 | Europe | OEEC member[15]
Poland | 1 February 1994[115] | 8 June 1994[104] | 11 July 1996[116] | 22 November 1996 | Europe |
File:Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal |  |  |  | 4 August 1961 | Europe | OEEC member[15]
Slovakia | February 1994[117] | 8 June 1994[104] | July 2000[117] | 14 December 2000 | Europe |
Slovenia | March 1996[118] | 16 May 2007[35] | 10 May 2010[105] | 21 July 2010 | Europe |
South Korea | 29 March 1995[119] |  | 25 October 1996[27] | 12 December 1996 | Asia |
Spain |  |  |  | 3 August 1961 | Europe | Joined OEEC in 1958[120]
Sweden |  |  |  | 28 September 1961 | Europe | OEEC member[15]
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland |  |  |  | 28 September 1961 | Europe | OEEC member[15]
Turkey |  |  |  | 2 August 1961 | Eurasia | OEEC member[15]
United Kingdom |  |  |  | 2 May 1961 | Europe | OEEC member[15]
United States |  |  |  | 12 April 1961 | North America |

### Dependent territories

* Aruba
* Bermuda
* Curaçao
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Sint Maarten

Dependent territories of member states are not members in their own right, but may have membership as part of their sovereign state.[121] As of January 2021, the Dutch Caribbean and the British territories of Guernsey, Jersey, the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, and Bermuda are included as part of the OECD memberships of the Netherlands and the U.K., respectively.[122][123] Other dependent territories of OECD member states are not members of the OECD.

### Participating partners

* Brazil
* China
* European Union
* India
* Indonesia
* South Africa

The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU member states.[124] The OECD designates Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and South Africa as Key Partners, which participate in policy discussions in OECD bodies, and take part in regular OECD surveys.[125][126]

### Negotiating membership

* Argentina since 2022[127]
* Brazil since 2022[127]
* Bulgaria since 2022[127]
* Croatia since 2022[127]
* Indonesia since 2024[128]
* Peru since 2022[127]
* Romania since 2022[127]
* Thailand since 2024[129]

### Applicants

* Malta applied in 2007[130]
* Ukraine since 2022[131]

### Expressed interest

* Kazakhstan[132]
* Malaysia[133]
* Vietnam[134]
* Dominican Republic[135]

### Former members

* Free Territory of Trieste

The Free Territory of Trieste (Zone A) was a member of the OEEC until 1954, when it merged with Italy and ceased to exist as an independent territorial entity.[15]

### Accession talks terminated

* Belarus
* Russia

In May 2007, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Russia.[35] In March 2014, the OECD halted membership talks in response to Russia's role in that year's Crimean annexation and continuous human and civil rights abuses.[37][38] On 25 February 2022, the OECD terminated the accession process with Russia after it invaded Ukraine.[136] In March 2022, Belarus was suspended from any participation in the OECD.[137]

## Budget

The OECD operates on a two-year budget determined by member countries, with annual revenues over €900 million during the most recent reporting period (2023–2024).[138][3]

Totalling an estimated €229.9 million in 2024, assessed contributions to the "Part I Budget" are the largest single source of revenue for the OECD and these contributions are based on both the number of OECD members and the proportional size of their national economies.[139]

Page Template:Row hover highlight/styles.css has no content.

2024 Part I budget contribution shares  Member country  | % contribution

|

Australia  | 3.3
Austria  | 1.5
Belgium  | 1.7
Canada  | 3.8
Chile  | 1.2
Colombia  | 1.2
Costa Rica  | 0.9
Czech Republic  | 1.2
Denmark  | 1.4
Estonia  | 0.8
Finland  | 1.2
France  | 5.8
Germany  | 7.6
Greece  | 1.1
Hungary  | 1.0
Iceland  | 0.6
Ireland  | 1.4
Israel  | 1.5
Italy  | 3.9
Japan  | 8.5
South Korea  | 3.5
Latvia  | 0.8
Lithuania  | 0.9
Luxembourg  | 0.8
Mexico  | 2.7
Netherlands  | 2.4
New Zealand  | 1.2
Norway  | 1.6
Poland  | 1.7
File:Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal  | 1.2
Slovakia  | 1.0
Slovenia  | 0.9
Spain  | 2.9
Sweden  | 1.7
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland  | 2.1
Turkey  | 1.9
United Kingdom | 5.5
United States  | 18.3
Total  | 100.0

## Permanent missions accredited to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of Austria to the OECD

Permanent Mission of Austria to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of Canada to the OECD

Permanent Mission of Canada to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of Chile to the OECD

Permanent Mission of Chile to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of the Czech Republic to the OECD

Permanent Mission of the Czech Republic to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of Finland to the OECD

Permanent Mission of Finland to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of France to the OECD

Permanent Mission of France to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of Germany to the OECD

Permanent Mission of Germany to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of Italy to the OECD

Permanent Mission of Italy to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of Japan to the OECD

Permanent Mission of Japan to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of Mexico to the OECD

Permanent Mission of Mexico to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of Poland to the OECD

Permanent Mission of Poland to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of Portugal to the OECD

Permanent Mission of Portugal to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of Slovak Republic to the OECD

Permanent Mission of Slovak Republic to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of South Korea to the OECD

Permanent Mission of South Korea to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the OECD

Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of Turkey to the OECD

Permanent Mission of Turkey to the OECD

* Permanent Mission of the United States to the OECD

## See also

* Comecon
* Frascati Manual
* German Marshall Fund
* Good laboratory practice
* International organisations in Europe
* International Transport Forum
* List of country groupings
* List of multilateral free trade agreements
* Marshall Plan
* OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
* OECD Better Life Index
* OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
* OECD iLibrary (replaced SourceOECD in July 2010)[140]
* OECD Working Party on SMEs and Entrepreneurship
* Official development assistance
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
* Transfer pricing

## Notes

1. ↑ Highly Commended certificate in the annual ALPSP/Charlesworth awards from the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers 2002; see article [1].

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "List of OECD Member countries – Ratification of the Convention on the OECD". OECD. https://www.oecd.org/about/document/ratification-oecd-convention.htm.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "OECD welcomes Costa Rica as its 38th Member" (Press release). OECD. 2021-05-25. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 OECD. "Financial Statements of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as at 31 December 2024". p. 9/64. https://one.oecd.org/document/BC(2024)23/en/pdf.
4. ↑ Shields, Bevan (13 January 2021). "Mathias Cormann confirmed as a frontrunner for OECD post following candidate cull" (in en). The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/mathias-cormann-confirmed-as-frontrunner-for-oecd-post-following-candidate-cull-20210113-p56tx5.html. "OECD's 38 member countries."
5. ↑ "Population, total – OECD members". https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=OE.
6. ↑ "OECD Economic Data | Data". https://www.worldeconomics.com/Regions/OECD/default.aspx.
7. ↑ "World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund. 17 April 2018. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLS/world-economic-outlook-databases.
8. ↑ "Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects (PPP valuation of country GDP)". IMF. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=43&pr.y=19&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,672,914,946,612,137,614,546,311,962,213,674,911,676,193,548,122,556,912,678,313,181,419,867,513,682,316,684,913,273,124,868,339,921,638,948,514,943,218,686,963,688,616,518,223,728,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,359,960,453,423,968,935,922,128,714,611,862,321,135,243,716,248,456,469,722,253,942,642,718,643,724,939,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,199,646,733,648,184,915,524,134,361,652,362,174,364,328,732,258,366,656,734,654,144,336,146,263,463,268,528,532,923,944,738,176,578,534,537,536,742,429,866,433,369,178,744,436,186,136,925,343,869,158,746,439,926,916,466,664,112,826,111,542,298,967,927,443,846,917,299,544,582,941,474,446,754,666,698,668&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=.
9. ↑ "Intergovernmental Organizations". https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/intergovernmental-organizations/index.html.
10. ↑ Kenworthy, Lane (1999). "Do Social-Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty? A Cross-National Assessment". Social Forces 77 (3): 1119–1139. doi:10.2307/3005973. http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wps/liswps/188.pdf.
11. ↑ Moller, Stephanie; Huber, Evelyne; Stephens, John D.; Bradley, David; Nielsen, François (2003). "Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies". American Sociological Review 68 (1): 22–51. doi:10.2307/3088901.
12. ↑ "Social Expenditure – Aggregated data". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd.org/social/expenditure.htm.
13. ↑ "Getting to the OECD". OECD. http://www.oecd.org/site/conferencecentre/gettingtotheoecd.htm.
14. ↑ "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Organisation-for-Economic-Co-operation-and-Development.
15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 "Organisation for European Economic Co-operation". OECD. http://www.oecd.org/general/organisationforeuropeaneconomicco-operation.htm.
16. ↑ "The Economic Cooperation Authority". Marshallfoundation.org. http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/doc_eca.html.
17. ↑ Christopher, Warren (1998). In the stream of history: shaping foreign policy for a new era. Stanford University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-8047-3468-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=YipOlJqr6msC&pg=PA165.
18. ↑ Lintott, H. J. B. (1949). "Machinery for Rebuilding the European Economy: II. The Organization for European Economic Cooperation" (in en). International Organization 3 (2): 269–277. doi:10.1017/S0020818300020609. ISSN 1531-5088. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/machinery-for-rebuilding-the-european-economy-ii-the-organization-for-european-economic-cooperation/3E2D3AC9252A52D6E504D309687EE1E5.
19. ↑ "Definition of SECRETARY-GENERAL" (in en). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/secretary-general.
20. ↑ OECD. "OECD 60th anniversary". http://p00f5244272.eu.racontr.com/index.html.
21. ↑ "What is the OECD? Definition and Meaning". http://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/oecd-definition-meaning/.
22. ↑ "A majestic start: How the OECD was won, in OECD Yearbook 2011". OECD Observer. http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/3492/.
23. ↑ Marković, Andrej; Obadić, Ivan (2017). "A Socialist Developing Country in a Western Capitalist Club: Yugoslavia and the OEEC/OECD, 1955–1980". The OECD and the International Political Economy Since 1948. Springer Nature. pp. 89–111. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60243-1_4. ISBN 978-3-319-60243-1. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-60243-1_4.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Convention on the OECD". OECD. https://www.oecd.org/about/document/oecd-convention.htm.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "The Czech Republic in the OECD". Permanent Delegation of the Czech Republic to the OECD. http://www.mzv.cz/oecd.paris/en/the_czech_republic_in_the_oecd.
26. ↑ "A vision for Poland: Joining the world's most advanced". OECD. 23 November 2006. http://www.oecd.org/general/avisionforpolandjoiningtheworldsmostadvanced.htm.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "South Korea joins OECD". Chicago Tribune. 25 October 1996. http://chicagotribune.com/1996/10/25/south-korea-joins-oecd-south-korea-was/.
28. ↑ "International Organisations – Turkey's attempts to exclude Cyprus' membership". Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs. September 2010. http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/All/826CB014C0CDE8DEC22571B100229450?OpenDocument.
29. ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia: Co-operation between the OECD and Latvia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia. 19 December 2006. http://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/policy/economic/oecd/Cooperation/.
30. ↑ "Slovenia and the OECD". OECD. http://www.oecd.org/document/5/0,3746,en_33873108_38910029_45692357_1_1_1_1,00.html.
31. ↑ "Malta applies to join OECD as full member". Maltamedia. 24 September 2005. http://www.maltamedia.com/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi?archive=6&num=7485.
32. ↑ Beatty, Andrew. "EU gives ground in OECD membership battle". European Voice. http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/eu-gives-ground-in-oecd-membership-battle/57146.aspx.
33. ↑ "Romania's candidacy for OECD membership" (Press release). Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
34. ↑ "Bulgarian Govt to Confirm OECD Membership Bid". Novinite. 25 September 2012. http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=143565.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 "OECD Council Resolution on Enlargement and Enhanced Engagement". OECD. 16 May 2007. http://www.oecd.org/brazil/oecdcouncilresolutiononenlargementandenhancedengagement.htm.
36. ↑ "Chile's accession to the OECD". OECD. 7 May 2010. http://www.oecd.org/document/11/0,3343,en_33873108_39418658_45115147_1_1_1_1,00.html.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Statement by the OECD regarding the status of the accession process with Russia & co-operation with Ukraine" (Press release). OECD. 13 March 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "OECD halts membership talks with Russia". Ledger-Enquirer. 13 March 2014. http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/2014/03/13/2999969/oecd-halts-membership-talks-with.html.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Global OECD boosted by decision to open membership talks with Colombia and Latvia with more to follow" (Press release). OECD. 30 May 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
40. ↑ "Latvia becomes full-fledged OECD member". LETA. 1 July 2016. http://www.leta.lv/eng/home/important/133A0BDE-1CFF-C571-B077-54B3F50A45E6/.
41. ↑ "Lietuva tapo 36-ąja EBPO nare". Verslo Žinios. 5 July 2018. https://www.vz.lt/verslo-aplinka/2018/07/05/lietuva-tapo-36-aja-ebpo-nare.
42. ↑ "Global OECD welcomes Colombia as its 37th Member" (Press release). OECD. 28 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
43. ↑ "OECD countries invite Costa Rica to join as 38th member" (Press release). OECD. 15 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
44. ↑ "Brazil Is Seeking to Join the OECD Despite Its Political Crisis". 31 May 2017. http://fortune.com/2017/05/30/brazil-oecd-membership-temer/.
45. ↑ "PLENKOVIĆ U DAVOSU Sastao se s Federicom Mogherini, gruzijskim premijerom, švicarskom predsjednicom i šefom OECD-a -Jutarnji List". Jutarnji.hr. 19 January 2017. http://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/plenkovic-u-davosu-sastao-se-s-federicom-mogherini-gruzijskim-premijerom-svicarskom-predsjednicom-i-sefom-oecd-a/5528875/.
46. ↑ "Malaysia has applied to become a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development". 24 April 2011. http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=77776.
47. ↑ "Peru eager to become an OECD member". Andina.com.pe. 15 November 2012. http://www.andina.com.pe/Ingles/noticia-peru-eager-to-become-an-oecd-member-436050.aspx.
48. ↑ Ayres, Marcela; Paraguassu, Lisandra (25 January 2022). "UPDATE 2-OECD begins membership talks with Brazil, Argentina, Peru and more". https://www.reuters.com/article/brazil-oecd-process/update-2-oecd-begins-membership-talks-with-brazil-argentina-peru-and-more-idINL1N2U51TB.
49. ↑ OECD suspends Russia, Belarus from any participation.
50. ↑ [Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania on track to join OECD].
51. ↑ "Ministers welcome adoption of Roadmap for accession discussions with Argentina" (in en). 2024-05-02. https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2024/05/ministers-welcome-adoption-of-roadmap-for-accession-discussions-with-argentina-.html.
52. ↑ "Ministers welcome Roadmap for accession discussions with Indonesia" (in en). 2024-05-02. https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2024/05/ministers-welcome-roadmap-for-accession-discussions-with-indonesia.html.
53. ↑ "OECD kicks off accession process with Thailand" (in en). 2024-10-30. https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2024/10/oecd-kicks-off-accession-process-with-thailand.html.
54. ↑ Paul Hannon and Kate Davidson, "U.S. Wins International Backing for Global Minimum Tax." Wall Street Journal July 1, 2021
55. ↑ "Guidelines for multinational enterprises – OECD". https://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/mne/.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "OECD Archives – OECD". https://www.oecd.org/general/oecdarchives.htm.
57. ↑ "OECD Economic Outlook, June 2020" (in en). http://www.oecd.org/economic-outlook/june-2020.
58. ↑ "OECD Insights" (in en). https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-insights_19936753.
59. ↑ "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development". OECD. 28 November 1962. http://www.oecd.org/general/happybirthdayoecdobserver.htm.
60. ↑ "OECD Yearbook 2011". OECD Observer. OECD. http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/3498/OECD_Yearbook_2011.html.
61. ↑ "OECD Observer". M.oecdobserver.org. http://m.oecdobserver.org.
62. ↑ "OECD Observer". https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-observer_15615529.html.
63. ↑ "Crossword No.2 2013". OECD Observer. http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/4144/OECD_Observer_Crossword.html.
64. ↑ Shigehara, Kumiharu; Atkinson, Paul (17 May 2011). "Surveillance by International Institutions". OECD. doi:10.1787/5kgchzchkvd2-en. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/surveillance-by-international-institutions_5kgchzchkvd2-en.
65. ↑ "Dailymotion". https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xh5xan.
66. ↑ The Limits of Surveillance and Financial Market Failure. 2014. doi:10.1057/9781137471475. ISBN 978-1-349-50097-0. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137471475.
67. ↑ Shigehara, Kumiharu (2024). The Bank of Japan, the OECD, and Beyond. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-5307-9. ISBN 978-981-97-5306-2. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-97-5307-9.
68. ↑ "Find, compare and share OECD data" (in en-US). OECD Insights Blog. 2015-01-26. http://oecdinsights.org/2015/01/26/over-500-free-databases-from-the-oecd/.
69. ↑ "New data visualization project: OECD Data Portal · molily" (in en). https://molily.de/oecd-data-portal/.
70. ↑ OECD (4 July 2024). "OECD data, publications and analysis become freely accessible — Press release". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Paris, France. https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2024/07/oecd-data-publications-and-analysis-become-freely-accessible.html.
71. ↑ "OECD Test Guidelines for Chemicals – OECD". https://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testing/oecdguidelinesforthetestingofchemicals.htm.
72. ↑ OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030. OECD. 5 March 2008. doi:10.1787/9789264040519-en. ISBN 978-92-64-04048-9. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264040519-en. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
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75. ↑ "SDG Pathfinder". https://sdg-pathfinder.org/#/.
76. ↑ "Organisational structure" (in en). https://www.oecd.org/about/structure/.
77. ↑ "The Power of Peer-Learning, chapter 3: OECD's Basic Rules of Conduct – A Sociology of its Institutional Culture". IRDC. 2007. http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-114358-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html.
78. ↑ "OECD Global Forums". OECD. https://www.oecd.org/globalrelations/globalforums/.
79. ↑ "OECD Eurasia Week". OECD. https://www.oecd.org/eurasia-week/.
80. ↑ "List of departments and special bodies". https://www.oecd.org/about/document/list-of-departments-and-special-bodies.htm.
81. ↑ "Selection of the Secretary-General of the OECD". http://www.oecd.org/about/secretary-general/selection-process/.
82. ↑ Leimgruber, Matthieu; Schmelzer, Matthias (December 2017). The OECD and the International Political Economy Since 1948. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 33. ISBN 978-3-319-60242-4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321727553_Introduction_Writing_Histories_of_the_OECD. Retrieved 31 January 2026.
83. ↑ "List of OECD Secretaries-General and Deputies since 1961". https://www.oecd.org/about/secretary-general/listofoecdsecretaries-generalanddeputiessince1961.htm.
84. ↑ Patel, Tara (Oct 2, 1994). "After A Battle, Oecd Settles On Swede To Be Interim Leader". Journal of Commerce. http://www.joc.com/after-battle-oecd-settles-swede-be-interim-leader_19941002.html.
85. ↑ Friedman, Alan (29 October 1994). "U.S. Rejects Extending Paye's Term : Rift Over OECD Leader". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/29/business/worldbusiness/29iht-oecd_1.html.
86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 "OECD Council Names Secretary-general". 29 November 1994. https://one.oecd.org/document/SG/PRESS(94)78/en/pdf.
87. ↑ Friedman, Alan (November 26, 1994). "U.S. Gives Up on Forcing Out OECD Chief". https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/26/news/26iht-oecd_0.html.
88. ↑ "Members renew Angel Gurría's mandate at the helm of the OECD". May 26, 2015. http://www.oecd.org/newsroom/members-renew-angel-gurrias-mandate-at-the-helm-of-the-oecd.htm.
89. ↑ "Mathias Cormann elected next secretary-general of OECD". 13 March 2021. https://www.news.com.au/world/europe/mathias-cormann-elected-next-secretarygeneral-of-oecd/news-story/80db764f7c49055ea6de2f8688776d0a.
90. ↑ McMahon, Kit (4 December 1998). "Obituary: Christopher Dow". https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-christopher-dow-1189026.html.
91. ↑ "Chief Economist". 1 October 2024. https://www.oecd.org/en/about/directorates/economics-department/chief-economist.html.
92. ↑ "Ignazio Visco" (in en). https://www.bancaditalia.it/chi-siamo/storia/governatori-direttori-generali/governatori/ignazio-visco/index.html?com.dotmarketing.htmlpage.language=1&dotcache=refresh.
93. ↑ "On-Line Guide to OECD Intergovernmental Activity". OECD. http://www2.oecd.org/OECDGROUPS2/Bodies/ListByNameView.aspx?book=true.
94. ↑ "List of departments and special bodies". OECD. http://www.oecd.org/about/list-of-departments-and-special-bodies.htm.
95. ↑ Peter Carroll; Aynsley Kellow (1 January 2011). The OECD: A Study of Organisational Adaptation. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 78–. ISBN 978-0-85793-989-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=WSaeDo9FvkAC&pg=PA78.
96. ↑ "Relations with the EU: Relations with OECD and UNESCO". EU. 7 September 2021. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/paris-oecd-unesco/relations-oecd-and-unesco_en.
97. ↑ "Members and partners" (in en). https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html.
98. ↑ "Países industrializados alaban avances económicos de Chile" (in es). El Mercurio. 18 June 2004. http://diario.elmercurio.com/detalle/index.asp?id={e52a0c43-c837-4e8d-846d-7e01f0791009}.
99. ↑ "Chile está entre los mejores aspirantes para entrar a la OCDE" (in es). El Mercurio. 16 June 2004. http://diario.elmercurio.com/detalle/index.asp?id={1588a4bc-9022-40b7-8449-46d8f6a2d725}.
100. ↑ "Chile invited to become a member of the OECD". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 15 December 2009. http://www.oecd.org/general/chileinvitedtobecomeamemberoftheoecd.htm.
101. ↑ Aronowitz, Hannah (2011-01-24). "Colombia applies for OECD membership". Colombia Reports. https://colombiareports.com/colombia-seeks-membership-to-oecd/.
102. ↑ "OECD countries agree to invite Colombia as 37th member" (Press release). OECD. 25 May 2018. Archived from the original on Jun 28, 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 Vicari, Jaromir; Snyder, Andrea (December 1, 1995). "Czech Republic to be 26th OECD Member". CAROLINA. Faculty of Social Science of Charles University. http://carolina.cuni.cz/archive-en/Carolina-E-No-181.txt.
104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 104.3 "Christopher pitches for new role for former communist countries with PM-France-OECD". Associated Press News. 8 June 1994. https://apnews.com/5480338d652a397f6cb0ce2f73d96549.
105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 105.2 "Accession : Estonia, Israel and Slovenia invited to join OECD". OECD. 10 May 2010. http://www.oecd.org/general/accessionestoniaisraelandsloveniainvitedtojoinoecd.htm.
106. ↑ Adenauer und die Hohen Kommissare, Munich 1989, p. 465. Available here.
107. ↑ Zsófia Árvai (November 2005). "Capital Account Liberalization, Capital Flow Patterns, and Policy Responses in the EU's New Member States". IMF Working Paper. International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2005/wp05213.pdf.
108. ↑ "Israel: Ready for the OECD". Israel Ministry of Finance. March 2006. http://www.moital.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/12E6283F-5E9E-48E3-B0B3-5803EB2BAD70/0/IsraelReadyfortheOECDMarkLuban.pdf.
109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 F. C. Langdon (1 November 2011). Japan's Foreign Policy. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-4354-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=9qqdRRfwj-EC&pg=PA88.
110. ↑ Gurría, Angel (2 June 2016). "Remarks at the signing of the Accession Agreement with the Republic of Latvia". OECD. http://www.oecd.org/latvia/remarks-at-signing-of-accession-agreement-with-latvia.htm.
111. ↑ "Accession: Latvia invited to join OECD". 11 May 2016. http://www.oecd.org/latvia/accession-latvia-invited-to-join-oecd.htm.
112. ↑ "Latvia's accession to the OECD". OECD. 1 July 2016. http://www.oecd.org/countries/latvia/latvia-accession-to-the-oecd.htm.
113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 "Lithuania's accession to the OECD". OECD. 5 July 2018. http://www.oecd.org/countries/lithuania/lithuania-accession-to-the-oecd.htm.
114. ↑ "Mexico formally invited to join OECD as 25th member". Associated Press News. 14 April 1994. https://apnews.com/5c32c538b21ed50047612bcd16725a5c.
115. ↑ "Organizacja współpracy gospodarczej i rozwoju" (in pl). http://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/53b47207-6fec-4c28-891d-baa5a912a154.
116. ↑ "Poland joins think tank of richest nations". Associated Press News. 11 July 1996. https://apnews.com/6b4dd9e85b08d4d60db62478cb3a494a.
117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 "Slovakia politics: Slovakia officially joins OECD". Economist Intelligence Unit. 18 December 2000. http://www.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=VWArticleVW3&article_id=1764802376&country_id=940000294&channel_id=210004021&category_id=500004050&refm=vwCat&page_title=Article.
118. ↑ "Accession Process". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. http://www.mzz.gov.si/en/economic_diplomacy/slovenia_member_of_the_oecd/accession_process/.
119. ↑ Woong Shik Shin. "Liberalization of Legal Services Market in Korea". http://www2.law.columbia.edu/course_00S_L9436_001/2004/legal market.pdf.
120. ↑ Julio Crespo MacLennan: Spain and the process of European integration, 1957–85, Basingstoke 2000, p. 31. Available here.
121. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". OECD. https://www.oecd.org/general/frequentlyaskedquestionsfaq.htm.
122. ↑ "Declarations by certain Member Countries relating to the Convention on the OECD". OECD. https://www.oecd.org/general/declarationsbycertainmembercountriesrelatingtotheconventionontheoecd.htm.
123. ↑ "Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories of the United Kingdom". OECD. https://www.oecd.org/legal/ukdependenciesterritories.htm.
124. ↑ "Member Countries". OECD. 1 January 1970. http://www.oecd.org/countrieslist/0,3351,en_33873108_33844430_1_1_1_1_1,00.html.
125. ↑ "Our global reach". OECD. https://www.oecd.org/legal/ukdependenciesterritories.htm.
126. ↑ "Key Partners". OECD. https://www.oecd.org/global-relations/keypartners/#d.en.194387.
127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 127.2 127.3 127.4 127.5 "OECD takes first step in accession discussions with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania". OECD (Press release). 25 January 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
128. ↑ "Resolution of the council on the opening of accession discussions with Indonesia". OECD. https://one.oecd.org/document/C(2023)176/FINAL/en/pdf.
129. ↑ "OECD increases engagement with Southeast Asia further - Opens accession discussions with Thailand". OECD. 18 June 2024. https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2024/06/oecd-increases-engagement-with-southeast-asia-further-opens-accession-discussions-with-thailand.html.
130. ↑ "Malta applies to join OECD" (in en-gb). 21 September 2005. https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/malta-applies-to-join-oecd.77667.
131. ↑ "ОЕСР відкриє регіональний офіс в Україні - Шмигаль" (in uk). 2022-12-12. https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-economy/3632645-oesr-vidkrie-regionalnij-ofis-v-ukraini-smigal.html.
132. ↑ "Kazakhstan is getting closer to OECD membership". 19 October 2017. https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-asia/opinion/kazakhstan-is-getting-closer-to-oecd-membership/.
133. ↑ BERNAMA (2024-07-22). "MALAYSIA CONSIDERS JOINING OECD -- TENGKU ZAFRUL" (in en). https://www.bernama.com/tv/news.php?id=2320473.
134. ↑ Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) (2025-01-22). "PM meets with OECD Secretary-General in Davos". Vietnam News Agency. https://en.vietnamplus.vn/pm-meets-with-oecd-secretary-general-in-davos-post308786.vnp. "PM Chinh suggested that the OECD consider Vietnam’s early accession to the organisation and facilitate the inclusion of Vietnamese professionals within its Secretariat."
135. ↑ "The DR advances in its OECD accession process with the creation of a Presidential commission". Deloitte. https://www.deloitte.com/latam/es/services/tax/perspectives/rd-18ago25-avance-adhesion-ocde.html.
136. ↑ "Statement from OECD Secretary-General on initial measures taken in response to Russia's large scale aggression against Ukraine". OECD. 25 February 2022. https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/speech-statements/2022/02/statement-from-oecd-secretary-general-on-initial-measures-taken-in-response-to-russia-s-large-scale-aggression-against-ukraine-.html.
137. ↑ Burns, Tobias (2022-03-08). "OECD suspends Russia, Belarus from any participation" (in en-US). The Hill. https://thehill.com/policy/finance/597443-oecd-suspends-russia-belarus-from-any-participation/.
138. ↑ OECD (2024). "OECD - About - Budget". https://www.oecd.org/en/about/budget.html.
139. ↑ OECD (2024). "Member countries' budget contributions". https://www.oecd.org/en/about/budget/member-countries-budget-contributions.html.
140. ↑ "OECD iLibrary (formerly: Source OECD)". 28 November 2011. http://oculd.scholarsportal.info/dbs/view.php?dbid=162. "OECD iLibrary is OECD's Online Library for Books, Papers and Statistics and the gateway to OECD's analysis and data. It has replaced SourceOECD in July 2010."

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Power in international relations

| Types|

* Economic
* Energy
* Food
* Hard
* National
* Power politics
* Realpolitik
* Smart
* Soft
* Sharp

|

Status|

* Small
* Middle
* Regional
* Emerging
* Great
* Potential
* Super
* Hyper

Geopolitics|

* American (Pax)
* Asian
* British
* Chinese
* Indian
* Pacific

History|

* List of ancient great powers
* List of medieval great powers
* List of modern great powers
* International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

Theory|

* Balance of power
* European
* Center of power
* Hegemonic stability theory
* Philosophy of power
* Polarity
* Power projection
* Power transition theory
* Second Superpower
* Sphere of influence
* Superpower collapse
* Superpower disengagement

Studies|

* Composite Index of National Capability
* Comprehensive National Power

Organizations and groups by region

| Africa|

* African Union
* Union for the Mediterranean

|

Africa–Asia|

* Arab League
* Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
* Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

Americas|

* Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
* Mercosur
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
* Organization of American States (OAS)
* Union of South American Nations (Unasur)

Asia|

* Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
* Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
* Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
* China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summits
* Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
* South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

Europe|

* Council of Europe (CE)
* European Union (EU)
* Nordic Council
* Visegrád Group

Eurasia|

* Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
* Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
* Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
* Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)
* Turkic Council

North America–Europe|

* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
* Arctic Council

Africa–Asia–Europe|

* Union for the Mediterranean

Africa–South America|

* South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone

Oceania–Pacific|

* Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
* Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
* Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)
* Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
* Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)

Non–regional|

* Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
* Commonwealth of Nations
* Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
* Colombia–Indonesia–Vietnam–Egypt–Turkey–South Africa (CIVETS)
* E7
* E9
* G4
* G7
* G8
* G8+5
* G20
* G24
* G77
* India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
* Mexico–Indonesia–Nigeria–Turkey (MINT)
* Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
* Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
* Uniting for Consensus

Global|

* United Nations (UN)

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