Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

Short description: Pakistani governmental agency

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commissionماموریہ جوہری توانائی پاکستان

Agency overview
Formed| 1956; 68 years ago (1956)
Superseding agency|

* National Command Authority (Pakistan) (NCA)

Jurisdiction| Government of Pakistan
Headquarters| Islamabad, Pakistan
Employees| 120,000–130,000[1]
Annual budget| Classified
Agency executive|

* Raja Ali Raza Anwar muhammad

Website| http://www.paec.gov.pk/

Since its establishment in 1956, the PAEC has overseen the extensive development of nuclear infrastructure to support the economical uplift of Pakistan by founding institutions that focus on development on food irradiation and on nuclear medicine radiation therapy for cancer treatment.[2][3] The PAEC organizes conferences and directs research at the country's leading universities.[4] Since the 1960s, the PAEC is also a scientific research partner and sponsor of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), where Pakistani scientists have contributed to developing particle accelerators and research on high-energy physics.[5] PAEC scientists regularly pay visits to CERN while taking part in projects led by CERN.[6]

Until 2001, the PAEC was the civilian federal oversight agency that manifested the control of atomic radiation, development of nuclear weapons, and their testing. These functions were eventually taken over by the Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NRA), and the National Command Authority under the Prime Minister of Pakistan.[7]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 1.1 Early history
* 1.2 Research and education
* 1.3 Studies on expansion of nuclear power
* 2 Constituent institutions
* 3 PAEC partnership with CERN
* 3.1 PAEC contribution to Compact Muon Solenoid
* 3.2 PAEC support to Large Hadron Collider
* 3.3 World's largest particle accelerator at CERN
* 4 PAEC chairs
* 5 Awards
* 6 Corporate management
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Overview

### Early history

Chaghi Monument at Faizabad in Islamabad

Following the partition of the British Indian Empire by the United Kingdom in 1947, Pakistan emerged as a Muslim-dominated state.[8] The turbulent nature of its emergence critically influenced the scientific development of Pakistan.[8]

The establishment of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) in 1951 began Pakistan's research on physical sciences.[9] In 1953, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower announced the Atoms for Peace program, of which Pakistan became its earliest partner.[10] Research at PAEC initially followed a strict non-weapon policy issued by then-Foreign Minister Sir Zafarullah Khan.[10] In 1955, the Government of Pakistan established a committee of scientists to prepare nuclear energy plans and build an industrial nuclear infrastructure throughout the country.[11] As the Energy Council Act went into full effect, Prime Minister Huseyn Suhrawardy established the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) in March 1956.[10] Its first chair was Nazir Ahmad – an experimental physicist.[10] Other members of the PAEC included Technical member Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, an organic chemist at the University of Karachi, and Raziuddin Siddiqui, a mathematical physicist at the same university.[10] Together, they both took charge of the research and development directorates of the commission.[11] In 1958, Abdus Salam of the University of the Punjab also joined the commission, along with Munir Ahmad Khan who initially lobbied for acquiring an open pool reactor from the United States.[11]

In 1958, PAEC Chairman Nazir Ahmad proposed to the Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation the building of a heavy water production facility with the capacity to produce 50 kg of heavy water per day at Multan, but this proposal was not acted on.[10] In 1960, I. H. Usmani was elevated as PAEC's second chair with the transfer of Nazir Ahmad at the Federal Bureau of Statistics.[10] The Multan Heavy Water Production Facility reactor was built in 1962, financed by local fertilizer companies.[12] In 1964, PAEC established its first research institute, the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), at Nilore, and began negotiation for Pakistan's first commercial nuclear power plant to be built in Karachi.[10] In 1965, the PAEC reached an agreement with Canadian General Electric to build a CANDU reactor in Karachi.[10] Financial investment for the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant was provided by the Economic Coordination Committee, and Edward Durell Stone was commissioned to oversee the architectural design of PINSTECH.[10] From 1965–71, the PAEC sent 600 scientists abroad for training in nuclear sciences.[10] in 1969, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, agreed to supply a small scale nuclear reprocessing plant, with the capacity to extract 360 grams of plutonium per year.[10] In 1973, the PAEC announced the discovery of large uranium deposits in Punjab.[10]

After India's decisive victory in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Pakistan retracted its non-weapon policy and the research and development of nuclear weapons began in 1972.[10] PAEC's senior nuclear engineer Munir Ahmad Khan, was named as PAEC's third chair by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.[13] Work began on development of the nuclear fuel cycle infrastructure, and nuclear weapons research in the 1970s.[14] Key research took place at PINSTECH, where scientists worked on weapon designs and eventual nuclear weapons testing.[15] The PAEC expanded the crash program with various laboratories, facilities, and directorates researching on developing and testing materials and components for bomb designs, whilst it engineered plants and funded facilities for production of highly enriched uranium (HEU) and plutonium.[15] In 1976, possible test sites were decided by the PAEC and construction on the sites was completed in 1979.[15] In 1983, PAEC's efforts reached a milestone when it conducted its first subcritical test on a weapon design; such testing continued until the early 1990s under codename: Kirana-I.[15]

Following nuclear tests by India earlier in the month, on 28 May 1998, PAEC led the final preparations and conducted Pakistan's first nuclear tests (Codename: Chagai-I), which was followed by Chagai-II in Kharan Desert on 30 May 1998. In 2001, the PAEC's research was focused back onto civilian and peaceful research with the establishment of the National Command Authority and the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority.[16]

### Research and education

Main pages: Organization:Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Organization:Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, and Organization:Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy

Since its establishment in 1956, the PAEC has provided a conspicuous example of the benefits of atomic age technologies for the advancement of agriculture, engineering, biology, and medicine.[17][18] In 1960, the PAEC established its first nuclear medicine centre for cancer treatment at the Jinnah Medical College of the University of Karachi; the second Medical Isotope Institute was established at the Mayo Hospital of the King Edward Medical University, Lahore.[19] Physicians and medical researchers were provided with facilities for cancer diagnosis and treatment by the PAEC's funding.[19]

In 1960, the PAEC established its regional atomic research centre in Lahore, and a metallurgy centre in Karachi in 1963.[20] Another energy centre was located in Dhaka where many scientists were educated.[20] In 1967, the PAEC founded the Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences which became one of the primary technical universities of the country. Many of the PAEC's scientists and engineers served in its faculty.[20] The PAEC supports its university-level physics program at the Government College University, Lahore where it awards fellowships to the students. The PAEC continues to promotes its program as "peaceful uses of atomic energy commenced for the benefit the scientific community as well as public."[21]

About its promotion of education, senior scientist, Ishfaq Ahmad quoted: "the PAEC was responsible to send more than 600 scientists to the abroad.[10] As of present, PAEC maintains its prestigious image, and is now noted as one of the largest science and technology institution of the country.[22] The PAEC supports research activities and learning programs at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), of which PAEC is also its organizer.[23] Since 1974, the PAEC has been a key organizer and sponsor of the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs conference each year where scientists from all over the world are delegated to the country.[24] The Summer College disseminates the knowledge of advancements in physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, mathematics, computer science, logic, and philosophy.[24]

As the emphasis shifted towards concerns for national security interests, the PAEC's important projects were also initiated in this area.[16] Many notable scientists with international prestige have worked and affiliated with the PAEC.[16]

### Studies on expansion of nuclear power

PAEC is held responsible for design preparation and proper operational function of Pakistan's commercial nuclear power plants. The PAEC provides lobbying at the governmental level for the safe usage of nuclear power sources; though the nuclear safety regulations, Protection of the nuclear power facilities is managed by the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA). Providing policy guidance to the government, PAEC's studies envision setting up power plants with a capacity of approximately 8800 Megawatts by 2030.[25]

Under this policy, the KANUPP power plants and CHASHNUPP power plants are expanding and under construction as of 2013.[26]

## Constituent institutions

* Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture
* Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology
* National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
* National Agricultural Research Centre
* Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy
* National Centre for Physics
* National Institute of Lasers and Optronics (NILOP)
* Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS)
* Center for Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (CENAR)
* Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute (NORI)

## PAEC partnership with CERN

Pakistan has a long history of participating in experiments and research undertakings with CERN, and has a long tradition of physicists who are working around the world.[27] Since the 1960s, Pakistan has been contributing and regularly participating in CERN's projects, theoretical and nuclear experiments.[27] A prime example would be Abdus Salam; Salam was the first man to be accredited with all the collaboration with CERN which when he convinced them to give Pakistan stacks of nuclear emulsions exposed for further study of pions, kaons and antiprotons in the 1960s.[28] Some theoretical physicists from Pakistan had the opportunity to work at CERN through short visits.[27] During the 1980s, some of the experimental physicists from Pakistan, specialising in the technique of Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTD), also benefited from CERN by exposing the stacks in the beam at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS).[27]

In 2005, CERN awarded PAEC with the ATLAS Supplier Award in 2005, in connection with manufacturing and fabrication of various equipment for CERN.[29]

On 27 June 2011, PAEC and CERN reached an agreement for extending the technical cooperation with CERN's upcoming programmes.[29] CERN's Director-General Rolf-Dieter Heuer personally paid a visit to Pakistan where he spoke of the importance of science in Pakistan, and the importance of Germany's strategic alliance with Pakistan.[citation needed] The agreement was signed in order to extend an earlier agreement, which came into operation in 2003 between CERN and Pakistan for the supply of manufactured equipment for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, along with placement of scientists and engineers from Pakistan to assist in the scientific programme at CERN.[29]

With the efforts led by the PAEC, CERN made Pakistan an associate member, on 22 June 2014— the first Asian country and the second Muslim country after Turkey.[30]

### PAEC contribution to Compact Muon Solenoid

In 1997 PAEC chairman Ishfaq Ahmad reached out to CERN to sign a contract between them after elaborate discussions an in-kind contribution worth one million Swiss francs for the construction of eight magnet supports for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector.[28]

For the CMS, the PAEC built magnetic feet and installed 320 Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC), as well as contributing to CMS computing. Several other mechanical components for ATLAS and for the LHC were also built by the PAEC.[31] It was PAEC's efforts that led the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) with CERN's direct cooperation in the area of radioprotection.[31]

### PAEC support to Large Hadron Collider

PAEC took participation in the development of Large Hadron Collider.

In 2000, CERN signed another agreement which doubled the Pakistani contribution from one to two million Swiss francs. And with this new agreement Pakistan started construction of the resistive plate chambers required for the CMS muon system. While more recently, a protocol has been signed enhancing Pakistan's total contribution to the LHC programme to $10 million. Pakistan with all these efforts is already hoping to become an observer state at CERN.[27][28] In 2006 PAEC and CERN agreed on expanded cooperation, including contributions by PAEC valued at 5 million Swiss francs.[32]

### World's largest particle accelerator at CERN

The PAEC, partnered with Pakistan's leading universities, sent a large team of scientists and engineers to CERN to participate in the Large Hadron Collider on 10 September 2008.[33] According to the news sources, the team of Pakistani scientists were keenly involved in the development of the Large Hadron Collider— the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator.[33]

The data of the experiment was available for the Pakistani scientists who would examine the data and results would be accumulated afterwards by them.[34]

## PAEC chairs

Chairmen of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)  Order | Individual authority | Term start | Termination | Alma mater

|
|
|
|

1  | Nazir Ahmed  | 11 March 1956  | 21 May 1960  | University of Cambridge
Aligarh Muslim University
2  | Ishrat Hussain Usmani  | 15 July 1960  | 10 January 1972  | Imperial College London
Aligarh Muslim University
3  | Munir Ahmad Khan | 20 January 1972  | 19 March 1991  | North Carolina State University
University of the Punjab
4  | Ishfaq Ahmad Khan | 7 April 1991  | 6 April 2001  | Université de Montréal
University of the Punjab
5  | Parvez Butt  | 29 December 2001  | 5 April 2006  | University of Toronto
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
6  | Anwar Ali  | 1 May 2006  | 31 March 2009  | University of Manchester
Government College University, Lahore
7  | Ansar Pervaiz  | 7 April 2009  | 5 April 2015  | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Quaid-i-Azam University
8  | Muhammad Naeem  | 6 April 2015  | 5 April 2022  | Government College University, Lahore
9  | Raja Ali Raza Anwer  | 6 April 2022  | Present  | University of Manchester

## Awards

On June 26, 2021, 4 scientists of the PAEC were awarded the Team Achievement Award and another scientist was awarded the Young Scientist Award for work in plant mutation breeding and related technologies.[35] These awards were bestowed in recognition of Pakistan's advancements in the application of nuclear technology for achieving the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals.[36] The awards were jointly awarded by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization.[37]

## Corporate management

The PAEC is chaired by the person appointed by the Government of Pakistan as the governmental notification is released.[38] The PAEC's corporate management is organized by the Government of Pakistan who awarded contracts to the potential candidates.[38] Its full-time members consist of the appointed Chair; a finance member; and two technical members.[38] Its part-time members are composed of the senior scientists and a chief scientific adviser to the government.[38]

* Full Time Ex-officios
* Chairman— Chair (or CEO) of the PAEC.[38]
* Finance Member— A civil servant from the Ministry of Finance (MoF).[38]
* Technical members— one from Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) and one from Pakistan Administrative Service.[38]
* Disaster Recovery members— one from PMS and one from Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences.[38]
* Part-Time Ex-officios
* Senior scientist— A scientist in the services of the Ministry of Science (MoST).[38]
* Senior Engineer—An engineer in the services of the Government of Pakistan.[38]
* Science Adviser to the Government of Pakistan.[38]

The PAEC's corporate team are constitutionally bound to meet not less than four times every year for the execution of development projects involving nuclear power stations and the generation of electric power.[38] Muhammad Naeem is the current chairman of the PAEC, appointed to the office since 2015.[39] The PAEC retains its autonomous corporate management and comes under the structure of the National Command Authority.[40] The amendments carried out in 2010, the National Command Authority is now placed again under the Prime Minister of Pakistan.[40] The Chairman directly reports to the Prime Minister's Secretariat for its policy making and confirmation issues.[40]

Corporate management  Individual figures and authority | Official designation | Term mandate

|
|

Dr. Raja Ali Raza Anwer  | Chairman, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission  | Chairman
Mr. Muhammad Arshad  | Member, PAEC  | Member (Technical)
Mr. Arshad Ali Farooqi  | Member, PAEC  | Member (Fuel Cycle)
Mr. Saeed Ur Rehman  | Member, PAEC  | Member (Power)
Mr. Khalid Bin Sagheer  | Member, PAEC  | Member (System)
Mr. Muhammad Nasir Ali  | Finance Secretary, Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)  | Member (Finance)
Dr. Masood Iqbal  | Member, PAEC  | Member (Science)
Mr. Aslam Umer  | Member, PAEC  | Member (Engineering)
Mr. Mushtaq Ahmed Faisal  | Member, PAEC  | Member (Administration)
Mr. Syed Farman Hussain  | Member, PAEC  | Member (Material)

## See also

* Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
* Science and technology in Pakistan
* Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH)
* Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)

## References

1. ↑ Rodriguez, Alex (29 November 2010). "Cables reveal doubts about Pakistani nuclear security". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/nov/29/world/la-fg-wikileaks-pakistan-20101130.
2. ↑ "Biomedical engineering at PAEC". PAEC Medical Division. http://www.paec.gov.pk/Medical/.
3. ↑ "Agriculture and Biotechnology". PAEC BIO Division. http://www.paec.gov.pk/Agriculture/.
4. ↑ "PAEC and Summer College on Physics". International Nathiagali Summer College. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. http://www.paec.gov.pk/INSC/.
5. ↑ Ahmad, DSc, Ishfaq (5 October 2003). "CERN and Pakistan: a personal perspective". Switzerland: CERN Courier. http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28934.
6. ↑ Editorial (30 September 2014). "Pakistan and CERN". Express Tribune. Express Tribune, 2014. http://tribune.com.pk/story/769312/pakistan-and-cern-2/.
7. ↑ ISPR release (5 September 2013). "National Command Authority". Director-General of the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR). https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?o=t-nca_press_release_archive.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Chakma, Bhumitra (2009). "Phase I: 1954-71". Pakistan's nuclear weapons. New York, [u.s.a]: Routledge Publications Co.. ISBN 978-1134132546. https://books.google.com/books?id=XTbOO0gVgR0C&pg=PA11. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
9. ↑ Kapur, Ashok (1987). Pakistan's nuclear development. London: Croom Helm. pp. 258. ISBN 0709931018. https://books.google.com/books?id=xtMNAAAAQAAJ&q=Pakistan's+Nuclear+Development+ashol. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 "NTI archives: 1953-71" (PDF). United States.: Nuclear Threat Initiatives (NTI). pp. 234. http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/pakistan_nuclear.pdf?_=1316466791.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Khan, Aqeel (7 June 2001). "Development of Nuclear Industry in Pakistan". Professor Aqeel Khan, professor of Political Science at the Ryerson University. Dr. Aqeel Khan of the Ryerson University and the Ryerson University Press. https://www.scribd.com/doc/9124256/A-short-research-paper-on-the-development-of-Pakistans-nuclear-program.
12. ↑ FAS. "Multan heavy water reactor". Federation of Atomic Scientists. https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/facility/multan.htm.
13. ↑ Fox, Liam (2013). Rising Tides: Facing the Challenges of a New Era. London [u.k]: Quercus Co.. pp. 2000. ISBN 978-1782067412. https://books.google.com/books?id=NU2wAAAAQBAJ&q=Munir+Ahmad+Khan&pg=PA1967. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
14. ↑ Nanda, Prakash (2003). Rediscovering Asia : evolution of India's look-east policy (1st ed. in India ed.). New Delhi: Lancer Publ.. ISBN 8170622972.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 [Shahid-ur-Rehman] (1999). Long road to Chagai. Islamabad: Printwise publications. ISBN 9789698500009.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Khan, Feroz Hassan (2012). Eating grass the making of the Pakistani bomb. Palo Alto California [u.s.a0: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804784801. https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=eating+grass+pakistan+ISBN. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
17. ↑ UNESCO (2010). UNESCO science report 2010. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. ISBN 978-9231041327. https://archive.org/details/unescosciencerep0000unse.
18. ↑ Sasikumar, Karthika (2012). Organizational cultures and the management of nuclear technology political and military sociology. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1412848947. https://www.google.com/search?q=pakistan+atomic+energy+commission+education&psj=1. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Khurshid, S.J. (15 July 2005). "Nuclear Medical Centers of PAEC". The Nucleus (Islamabad, Pakistan) 42 (1–2): 93–96. ISSN 0029-5698. http://www.thenucleuspak.org.pk/nucleus/pdf Special Issue Nucleus 42(1-4)/Nuclear Medical Centers(ms607).pdf. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Tim, Turpin; Krishna, Venni V. (2007). Science, Technology policy, and Diffusion of Knowledge: Understanding the Dynamic System of Asia-Pacific. Massachusetts: Edward Elger Publication Co.. ISBN 978-1-84376-780-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=PxfSSRK9V-AC&q=pakistan+atomic+energy+commission+science&pg=PA288. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
21. ↑ Acton, Q. Ashton (2013). Isotopes—Advances in Research and Applications. Atlanta, GA, [u.s.a]: ScholarlyEditions. ISBN 978-1481676984. https://books.google.com/books?id=DMndGfA9xYwC&q=pakistan+atomic+energy+commission+science&pg=PA260. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
22. ↑ "Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission". SCIENCE, Pakistan. http://www.pakchem.net/2011/09/pakistan-atomic-energy-commission.html#.VFyFdWcubKc.
23. ↑ Khan, Shahid Riaz (May 2013). "Investment in Research". PakAtom. http://www.sidnlps.org.pk/pictures/Pak Atom.pdf. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 INSC. "International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics & Contemporary Needs, Nathiagali, Pakistan". International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics & Contemporary Needs, Nathiagali, Pakistan. http://www.paec.gov.pk/INSC/.
25. ↑ PakistanToday. "PAEC to generate 8800MW electricity by 2030 | Pakistan Today" (in en-GB). https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/08/02/paec-to-generate-8800mw-electricity-by-2030/.
26. ↑ PAEC Nuclear Power. "Nuclear Power". PAEC Nuclear Power. http://paec.gov.pk/NuclearPower/.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 Ahmad, Ishfaq (6 October 2003). "CERN Courier: CERN and Pakistan: a personal perspective" (HTTP). CERN Courier. cerncourier.com. http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28934.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 "paki.in". http://www77.paki.in/.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "Pakistan and CERN signed agreement for Technical Cooperation" (HTTP). PAEC Public Relations and International Press Directorate. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission's International Relations Directorate.. 27 June 2011. http://www.paec.gov.pk/paec-news.htm#p-mj11-news7.
30. ↑ From the Newspaper, AFP (22 June 2014). "Pakistan granted Cern's associate membership". Dawn Newspapers. Dawn Newspapers, 2014. http://www.dawn.com/news/1114339.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Pakistan and CERN". Pakistan and CERN. http://international-relations.web.cern.ch/international-relations/nms/pakistan.html.
32. ↑ "2006 Protocol on CERN-PAEC cooperation". http://google.com/clic-meeting.web.cern.ch/clic-meeting/CTF3_Coordination_Mtg/MoU_Addenda/Protocole_CERN_Pakistan.pdf.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "27 Pakistani Scientists working on CERN's LHC "Big Bang" Experiments". LahoreTech News. 16 September 2008. http://www.techlahore.com/2008/09/16/27-pakistani-scientists-working-on-cerns-lhc-big-bang-experiments/.
34. ↑ APP (16 September 2008). "27 Pakistani scientists took part in 'Big Bang' experiment". Associate Press of Pakistan. Associate Press of Pakistan, 16 September 2008. http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=52897&Itemid=1.
35. ↑ Dawn.com (2021-06-24). "IAEA awards Pakistani nuclear institution, scientists" (in en). https://www.dawn.com/news/1631226.
36. ↑ "Pakistani nuclear scientists win international awards" (in en). https://www.geo.tv/latest/356693-pakistani-nuclear-scientists-win-international-awards.
37. ↑ "Pakistani nuclear scientists, institution bag int'l awards" (in en). 2021-06-23. http://tribune.com.pk/story/2306863/pakistani-nuclear-scientists-institution-bag-intl-awards.
38. ↑ 38.00 38.01 38.02 38.03 38.04 38.05 38.06 38.07 38.08 38.09 38.10 38.11 PD (29 May 1965). "The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Ordinance, 1965". Govt. of Pakistan, 1965. http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pakistan_atomic_energy_commission_ordinance_1965.pdf.
39. ↑ DAWN (24 April 2015). "Mohammad Naeem appointed PAEC chairman". http://www.dawn.com/news/1177846/mohammad-naeem-appointed-paec-chairman.
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 PD, Public Domain. "National Command Authority ACT 2010". Gazette of Pakistan, PD. http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1300934560_193.pdf.

## External links

* Official website
* Pakistan's contribution to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

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