University of Bristol

Short description: Research university located in Bristol, England

University of Bristol

Latin: Universitas Bristolliensis
Motto| Latin: Vim promovet insitam

Motto in English

| [Learning] promotes one's innate power (from Horace, Ode 4.4)[1]
Type| Public red brick research university
Established| 1595 – Merchant Venturers School
1876 – University College, Bristol
1909 – received royal charter
Endowment| £86.1 million (2023)[2]
Budget| £902.2 million (2022/23)[2]
Chancellor| Sir Paul Nurse[3]
Vice-Chancellor| Professor Evelyn Welch
Visitor| Rt Hon. Penny Mordaunt MP
(as Lord President of the Council ex officio) [4]

Academic staff

| 3,595 (2021/22)[5]

Administrative staff

| 4,690 (2021/22)[5]
Students| 31,485 (2021/22)[6]
Undergraduates| 23,055 (2021/22)[6]
Postgraduates| 8,425 (2021/22)[6]
Location|

Bristol

England

[ ⚑ ] : 51°27′23″N 02°36′16″W﻿ / ﻿51.45639°N 2.60444°W﻿ / 51.45639; -2.60444
Campus| Urban
Students' Union| University of Bristol Union
Pantone 187[7]|u}}rs|  Pantone 187[7]
Affiliations|

* ACU
* Coimbra Group
* EUA
* GW4
* PEGASUS
* Russell Group
* SETsquared
* Sutton 13
* Universities UK
* WUN

Website| bristol.ac.uk

The University of Bristol is a red brick Russell Group research university in Bristol, England.[8] It received its royal charter in 1909,[9] although it can trace its roots to a Merchant Venturers' school founded in 1595 and University College, Bristol, which had been in existence since 1876.[10]

Bristol is organised into six academic faculties composed of multiple schools and departments running over 200 undergraduate courses, largely in the Tyndalls Park area of the city.[11] The university had a total income of £902.2 million in 2022–23, of which £203.3 million was from research grants and contracts.[2] It is the largest independent employer in Bristol.[12] Current academics include 23 fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences, 13 fellows of the British Academy, 43 fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences,[13] 13 fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 48 fellows of the Royal Society.[14] The University of Bristol's alumni and faculty include 13 Nobel laureates.[15]

Bristol is a member of the Russell Group of research-intensive British universities,[16] the European-wide Coimbra Group[17] and the Worldwide Universities Network, of which the university's previous vice-chancellor, Eric Thomas, was chairman from 2005 to 2007.[18] In addition, the university holds an Erasmus Charter, sending more than 500 students per year to partner institutions in Europe.[19] It has an average of 6.4 (Sciences faculty) to 13.1 (Medicine & Dentistry Faculty) applicants for each undergraduate place.[20]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Foundation
* 1.2 Historical development
* 1.2.1 Early years
* 1.2.2 Post-war development
* 1.3 21st century
* 2 Campus
* 2.1 Buildings and sites
* 2.2 Planned expansion
* 3 Organisation and governance
* 3.1 Faculty of Arts
* 3.2 Faculty of Engineering
* 3.3 Faculty of Life Sciences
* 3.4 Faculty of Science
* 3.5 Faculty of Health Sciences
* 3.6 Faculty of Social Sciences and Law
* 3.7 Academic dress
* 3.8 Logo and arms
* 4 Academics
* 4.1 Admissions
* 4.2 Rankings and reputation
* 4.3 Degrees
* 5 Publishing and commercial activities
* 5.1 Bristol University Press
* 5.2 Bristol is Open
* 6 Student life
* 6.1 Students' Union
* 6.2 Halls of residence
* 6.3 Sport
* 7 Controversy
* 7.1 2003 admissions controversy
* 7.2 Simon Hall and Bristol Innocence Project
* 7.3 Student mental health crisis
* 7.4 The Forced Swim Test
* 8 Notable people
* 8.1 Academics
* 8.2 Alumni
* 9 Gallery
* 10 See also
* 11 Notes
* 12 References
* 13 Further reading
* 14 External links

## History

### Foundation

The earliest antecedent of the university was the engineering department of the Merchant Venturers' Technical College (founded as a school as early as 1595) which became the engineering faculty of Bristol University.[21] The university was also preceded by Bristol Medical School (1833) and University College, Bristol, founded in 1876,[10] where its first lecture was attended by only 99 students.[22] The university was able to apply for a royal charter due to the financial support of the Wills, Fry and Colston families, who made their fortunes in tobacco plantations, chocolate, and (via Edward Colston) the transatlantic slave trade, respectively. A 2018 study commissioned by the university estimated 85% of the philanthropic funds used for the institution's foundation was directly connected with the transatlantic slave trade.[23]

The royal charter was gained in May 1909, with 288 undergraduates and 400 other students entering the university in October 1909. Henry Overton Wills III became its first chancellor.[10] The University College was the first such institution in the country to admit women on the same basis as men.[10] However, women were forbidden to take examinations in medicine until 1906.[24]

### Historical development

There shall be from henceforth for ever in Our said City of Bristol a University...

King Edward VII, Charter of Incorporation of the University of Bristol, 4 December 1909[25]

Since the founding of the university itself in 1909, it has grown considerably and is now one of the largest employers in the local area, although it is smaller by student numbers than the nearby University of the West of England.[26] It is a member of the Russell Group of research-led UK universities, the Coimbra Group of leading European universities and the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN).

#### Early years

Wills Memorial Building (Schools of Law and Earth Sciences) on Park Street, Bristol. The tower was cleaned in 2006–2007.[27]

After the founding of the university college in 1876, government support began in 1889. Funding from mergers with the Bristol Medical School in 1893 and the Merchant Venturers' Technical College in 1909,[28] allowed the opening of a new medical school and an engineering school — two subjects that remain among the university's greatest strengths. In 1908, gifts from the Fry and Wills families, particularly £100,000 from Henry Overton Wills III (£6m in today's money), were provided to endow a University for Bristol and the West of England, provided that a royal charter could be obtained within two years. In December 1909, the king granted such a charter and erected the University of Bristol.[25] Henry Wills became its first chancellor and Conwy Lloyd Morgan the first vice-chancellor.[29] Wills died in 1911 and in tribute his sons George and Harry built the Wills Memorial Building, starting in 1913 and finally finishing in 1925.[30] Today, it houses parts of the academic provision for earth sciences and law, and graduation ceremonies are held in its Great Hall. The Wills Memorial Building is a Grade II* listed building.[31]

In 1920, George Wills bought the Victoria Rooms and endowed them to the university as a students' union.[10] The building now houses the Department of Music and is a Grade II* listed building.[32]

Evacuated King's College London students at the University of Bristol in 1940

At the point of foundation, the university was required to provide for the local community. This mission was behind the creation of the Department of Extra-Mural Adult Education in 1924 to provide courses to the local community. This mission continues today; a new admissions policy specifically caters to the 'BS' postcode area of Bristol.[33]

Among the famous names associated with Bristol in this early period is Paul Dirac, who graduated in 1921 with a degree in engineering, before obtaining a second degree in mathematics in 1923 from Cambridge. For his subsequent pioneering work on quantum mechanics, he was awarded the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics.[34] Later in the 1920s, the H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory was opened by Ernest Rutherford.[35] It has since housed several Nobel Prize winners: Cecil Frank Powell (1950);[36] Hans Albrecht Bethe (1967);[37] and Sir Nevill Francis Mott (1977).[38] The laboratory stands on the same site today, close to the Bristol Grammar School and the city museum.

Sir Winston Churchill became the university's third chancellor in 1929, serving the university in that capacity until 1965.[10] He succeeded Richard Haldane who had held the office from 1912 following the death of Henry Wills.[24][29]

During World War II, the Wills Memorial was bombed, destroying the Great Hall and the organ it housed,[10] along with 7,000 books removed from King's College London for safe keeping. It has since been restored, complete with oak panelled walls and a new organ.

#### Post-war development

In 1946, the university established the first drama department in the country.[10] In the same year, Bristol began offering special entrance exams and grants to aid the resettlement of servicemen returning home. Student numbers continued to increase, and the Faculty of Engineering eventually needed the new premises that were to become Queen's Building in 1955. This substantial building housed all of the university's engineers until 1996, when the electrical engineering and computer science departments moved over the road into the new Merchant Venturers' Building to make space for these rapidly expanding fields. Today, Queen's Building caters for most of the teaching needs of the faculty and provides academic space for the "heavy" engineering subjects (civil, mechanical, and aerospace).

With unprecedented growth in the 1960s, particularly in undergraduate numbers, the Students' Union eventually acquired larger premises in a new building in the Clifton area of the city, in 1965. This building was more spacious than the Victoria Rooms, which were now given over to the Department of Music. The University of Bristol Union provides many practice and performance rooms, some specialist rooms, as well as three bars: Bar 100, the Mandela (also known as AR2) and the Avon Gorge. Whilst spacious, the Union building is thought by many to be ugly[39] and out of character compared to the architecture of the rest of the Clifton area, having been mentioned in a BBC poll to find the worst architectural eyesores in Britain.[40] The university has proposed relocating the Union to a more central location as part of its development 'masterplan'.[41] More recently, plans for redevelopment of the current building have been proposed.[42]

The 1960s were a time of considerable student activism in the United Kingdom, and Bristol was no exception. In 1968, many students marched in support of the Anderson Report, which called for higher student grants. This discontent culminated in an 11-day sit-in at the Senate House (the administrative headquarters of the university).[10] A series of chancellors and vice-chancellors led the university through these decades, with Henry Somerset, 10th Duke of Beaufort taking over from Churchill as chancellor in 1965 before being succeeded by Dorothy Hodgkin in 1970 who spent the next 18 years in the office.[29]

As the age of mass higher education dawned, Bristol continued to build its student numbers. The various undergraduate residences were repeatedly expanded and, more recently, some postgraduate residences have been constructed. These more recent ventures have been funded (and are run) by external companies in agreement with the university.

The Victoria Rooms, housing the School of Music

One of the few centres for deaf studies in the United Kingdom was established in Bristol in 1981, followed in 1988 by the Norah Fry Centre for research into learning difficulties. Also in 1988, and again in 2004,[43] the Students' Union AGM voted to disaffiliate from the National Union of Students (NUS). On both occasions, however, the subsequent referendum of all students reversed that decision and Bristol remains affiliated to the NUS.

In 1988, Sir Jeremy Morse, then chairman of Lloyds Bank, became chancellor.

### 21st century

As the number of postgraduate students has grown (particularly the numbers pursuing taught master's degrees), there eventually became a need for separate representation on university bodies and the Postgraduate Union (PGU) was established in 2000.[44] Universities are increasingly expected to exploit the intellectual property generated by their research activities and, in 2000, Bristol established the Research and Enterprise Division (RED) to further this cause (particularly for technology-based businesses). In 2001, the university signed a 25-year research funding deal with IP2IPO, an intellectual property commercialisation company.[45] In 2007, research activities were expanded further with the opening of the Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS) and The Bristol Institute for Public Affairs (BIPA).

In 2002, the university was involved in an argument over press intrusion after details of then-prime minister Tony Blair's son's application to university were published in national newspapers. In the same year, the university opened the new Centre for Sports, Exercise and Health in the heart of the university precinct.[46] At a cost, local residents are also able to use the facilities.[47]

Most of the buildings here are used by the university. The Wills Memorial Building is left of centre. Viewed from the Cabot Tower on Brandon Hill

Brenda Hale, the first female Law Lord, became chancellor of the university in 2003.[24][29] Sir Paul Nurse succeeded Lady Hale as chancellor on 1 January 2017.

Expansion of teaching and research activities continues. In 2004, the Faculty of Engineering completed work on the Bristol Laboratory for Advanced Dynamics Engineering (BLADE). This £18.5m project[48] is intended to further the study of dynamics and is the most advanced such facility in Europe.[49] It was built as an extension to the Queen's Building and was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in March 2005.

In January 2005, the School of Chemistry was awarded £4.5m by the Higher Education Funding Council for England to create Bristol ChemLabS: a Centre for Excellence in Teaching & Learning (CETL),[50] with an additional £350k announced for the capital part of the project in February 2006. Bristol ChemLabS stands for Bristol Chemical Laboratory Sciences; it is the only chemistry CETL in the UK.

September 2009 saw the opening of the university's Centre for Nanoscience and Quantum Information. This £11 million building is known as the quietest building in the world[clarification needed] and has other technologically sophisticated features such as self-cleaning glass. Advanced research into quantum computing, nanotechnology, materials and other disciplines are being undertaken in the building.[51]

There is also a plan to significantly redevelop the centre of the University Precinct in the coming years.[52] The first step began in September 2011, with the start of construction of a state-of-the-art Life Sciences building.[53]

In 2018 while building work was underway in the Fry Building,[54][55] the building caught fire.[56][57]

In 2018 the University of Bristol Students' Union (Bristol SU) adopted a motion that banned trans-exclusionary radical feminists (TERFs) from appearing as speakers at Bristol SU events and that called upon the university to adopt the same policy. The motion said the TERF ban was necessary because TERF activity on the university campus "put[s] trans students' safety at risk ... in direct violation of the aims outlined in the Code of Conduct".[58][59][60][61]

In February 2021, University of Bristol professor David Miller called for the "end of Zionism", said that Israel is "trying to exert its will all over the world" and called members of the University of Bristol Jewish Society "political pawns by a violent, racist foreign regime", comments that the All-Party Parliamentary Group Against Anti-Semitism deemed to "incit[e] hatred against Jewish students".[62][63][64][65][66] On 17 March, the university announced that it had begun an investigation of Miller, and observed that it did not endorse his remarks.[63] The Avon and Somerset Police announced about a week later that they had opened a hate crime investigation.[67] Miller's employment at the university was terminated "with immediate effect" at the beginning of October 2021.[68][69] Miller is pursuing an employment tribunal claim against the university, which is due to be heard in October 2023.[70]

In 2021, Raquel Rosario-Sánchez, a Dominican graduate student at Bristol who had attended meetings of feminist groups that opposed allowing trans women into female-only spaces, filed a civil action against Bristol University;[71] Rosario-Sánchez alleges that she was the victim of a campaign of bullying and abuse against her by other members of the university, and that the university failed to protect her because it was afraid of upsetting trans-rights activists.[72][71][73] The case went to trial in February 2022.[74][75] The judgment was delivered in April 2022. The judge acknowledged that she had been subject to threats of violence, but dismissed all her claims, saying that there had been no actionable breach of duty by the university. He said that his ruling focused on how the university managed her complaints rather than any judgment about gender rights.[76][77] In February 2023, following its previous disciplinary action against Rosario-Sánchez and the Women Talk Back group, it emerged that the Bristol Students Union has agreed out-of-court that "affiliated clubs and societies may lawfully offer single-sex services and be constituted as single-sex associations".[78]

## Campus

The Great Hall of the Wills Memorial Building, here used for an award ceremony for the Queen Elizabeth's Hospital

### Buildings and sites

The university does not have a main campus but is spread over a considerable geographic area. Most of its activities, however, are concentrated in the area of the city centre, referred to as the "University Precinct".

Some of the University of Bristol's buildings date to its pre-charter days when it was University College Bristol. These buildings were designed by Charles Hansom, and suffered being built in stages due to financial pressure. The first large scale building project the University of Bristol undertook on gaining a charter was the Wills Memorial Building. The armorials on the Founder's Window represent all of the interests present at the founding of the University of Bristol including the Wills and Fry families. Other notable buildings and sites include Royal Fort House, the University of Bristol Botanic Garden, many large Victorian houses which were converted for teaching in the Faculty of Arts,[79] and the Victoria Rooms which house the Music Department and were designed by Charles Dyer. The tympanum of the building depicts a scene from The Advent of Morning designed by Jabez Tyley.[80]

Goldney gardens entered the property of the University of Bristol through George Wills who had hoped to build an all-male hall of residence there. This was prevented due to the moral objection of the then warden of Clifton Hill House who objected to the idea of male and female residences being in such close proximity. University records show that Miss Starvey was prepared to resign over the issue and that she had the support of the then Chancellor Conwy Lloyd Morgan.[81] Eventually land was purchased in Stoke Bishop, allowing the building of what has been described as a "quasi-Oxbridge" hall, Wills Hall, to which was added the Dame Monica Wills Chapel by George Wills' widow after his death. When Goldney did become student accommodation in 1956, the flats were designed by Michael Grice who received an award from the Civic Trust for their design.[82]

The Gardens of Goldney Hall were acquired by the Wills family

Burwalls, a mansion house on the other side of the Avon Gorge, was used as a halls of residence in the past and was a home of Sir George Oatley. The building is now used to house the Centre for Continuing Education.[83]

Many of the more modern buildings, including Senate House and the newer parts of the HH Wills Physics Laboratory, were designed by Ralph Brentnall using funds from the University Grants Committee. He is also responsible for the extension to the Wills Memorial Building library which was completed to such standard that few now realise that is an extension to the original building.[84]

In May 2022, the university announced the opening of the Gambling Harms and Research Centre (GHRC). The centre worth £4 million aims to increase awareness and understanding of the dangers of gambling. The project was funded by the GambleAware charity, which chose the university for its history in researching gambling issues, and will integrate research from six facilities.[85]

### Planned expansion

In November 2016, the university announced that it plans to build a £300 million Temple Quarter Campus for c. 5,000 students, next to Bristol Temple Meads railway station within Bristol Temple Quarter Enterprise Zone. The new campus, which will include a business school, digital research facilities and a student village, is expected to open in 2021.[86] For the existing campus, there are plans to remodel Tyndall Avenue, pedestrianise the surrounding area and build a new library and resource hub.[87]

## Organisation and governance

In common with most UK universities, Bristol is headed formally by the chancellor, currently Sir Paul Nurse and led on a day-to-day basis by the vice-chancellor, currently Professor Evelyn Welch, who is the academic leader and chief executive. There are four pro vice-chancellors and three ceremonial pro-chancellors.[88] The chancellor may hold office for up to ten years and the pro-chancellors for up to three, unless the University Court determines otherwise,[89][90] but the vice-chancellor and pro-vice-chancellors have no term limits.[91][92] The vice-chancellor is supported by a deputy vice-chancellor.

Responsibility for running the university is held at an executive level by the vice-chancellor, but the council is the only body that can recommend changes to the university's statutes and charter,[93] with the exception of academic ordinances. These can only be made with the consent of the senate, the chief academic body in the university which also holds responsibility for teaching and learning, examinations and research and enterprise.[93][94] The chancellor and pro chancellors are nominated by council and appointed formally by court, whose additional powers are now limited to these appointments and a few others, including some lay members of council.[95] Finally, Convocation, the body of all staff, ceremonial officers and graduates of the university, returns 100 members to court and one member to council,[88] but is otherwise principally a forum for discussion and to ensure graduates stay in touch with the university.

The university is made up of a number of schools and departments organised into six faculties:[96]

The Wills Memorial Library of Law and Earth Sciences

### Faculty of Arts

* School of Arts
* Anthropology and Archaeology
* Film and Television
* Music
* Philosophy
* Theatre (see also the University of Bristol Theatre Collection)
* School of Humanities
* Classics and Ancient History
* English
* History
* History of Art
* Religion and Theology
* School of Modern Languages
* French
* German
* Hispanic, Portuguese and Latin American Studies
* Italian
* Russian
* Centre for English Language and Foundation Studies
* Centre for Innovation

### Faculty of Engineering

* School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Mathematics
* Computer Science
* Electrical & Electronic Engineering
* Engineering Mathematics
* School of Civil, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
* Aerospace Engineering
* Civil Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering
* Engineering Design
* Engineering with Management

Faculty of Engineering Queen's Building

### Faculty of Life Sciences

* School of Biological Sciences
* School of Biochemistry
* School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
* School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience
* School of Psychological Science

School of Chemistry

### Faculty of Science

* School of Chemistry
* School of Earth Sciences
* School of Geographical Sciences
* School of Mathematics
* School of Physics
* Centre for Device Thermography and Reliability
* Centre for Nanoscience & Quantum Information
* Interface Analysis Centre

### Faculty of Health Sciences

* Bristol Dental School
* Bristol Medical School
* Population Health Sciences
* Translational Health Sciences
* Bristol Veterinary School
* Centre for Health Sciences Education
* Centre for Applied Anatomy
* Master's in Teaching and Learning for Health Professionals

### Faculty of Social Sciences and Law

* School of Education
* School for Policy Studies
* School of Economics
* Centre for Market and Public Organisation
* School of Sociology, Politics and International Studies
* University of Bristol Business School
* University of Bristol Law School

### Academic dress

Master's hood at the University of Bristol

The university specifies a mix of Cambridge and Oxford academic dress. For the most part, it uses Oxford-style gowns and Cambridge-style hoods, which are required to be 'university red'[97] (see the logo at the top of the page).

### Logo and arms

Coat of Arms

In 2004, the university unveiled its new logo. The icons in the logo are the sun for the Wills family, the dolphin for Colston, the horse for Fry and the ship-and-castle from the medieval seal of the City of Bristol, as also used in the coat of arms. The shape of the whole logo represents the open book of learning.[7] This logo has replaced the university arms shown, but the arms continue to be used where there is a specific historical or ceremonial requirement. The arms comprise:

argent on a cross quadrate gules the arms of the City of Bristol between in pale and a sun in splendour (for Wills) and an open book proper, leaved and clasped or, and inscribed with the words Nisi quia Dominus, and in fesse to the sinister a dolphin embowed (for Colston), and to the dexter a horse courant (for Fry), both of the third.

The inscription on the book is the Latin opening of the 124th Psalm, "If the Lord Himself had not (been on our side...)".[1] The latin motto granted with the Arms below the shields is Vim promovet insitam, from the fourth Ode of Horace's fourth book meaning '[Learning] promotes one's innate power'.[98]

## Academics

### Admissions

UCAS Admission Statistics  |  | 2022  | 2021  | 2020  | 2019  | 2018

|
|
|
|
|

Applications[lower-greek 1][99] | 60,075  | 58,185  | 52,385  | 52,525  | 49,245
Accepted[lower-greek 1][99] | 6,145  | 7,650  | 7,070  | 6,815  | 6,120
Applications/Accepted Ratio[lower-greek 1] | 9.8  | 7.6  | 7.4  | 7.7  | 8.0
Offer Rate (%)[lower-greek 2][100] | 52.2  | 64.6  | 71.8  | 69.8  | 68.4
Average Entry Tariff[101] | N/A  | 174  | 167  | 164  | 170

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Main scheme applications, International and UK
2. ↑ UK domiciled applicants

HESA Student Body Composition  Domicile[102] and Ethnicity[103] | Total

|

British White  | 57%  | 57

British Ethnic Minorities[lower-alpha 1] | 14%  | 14

International EU | 4%  | 4

International Non-EU  | 25%  | 25

Undergraduate Widening Participation Indicators[104][105]
Female  | 54%  | 54

Private School  | 27%  | 27

Low Participation Areas[lower-alpha 2] | 7%  | 7

Bristol had the 8th highest average entry qualification for undergraduates of any UK university in 2015, with new students averaging 485 UCAS points,[106] equivalent to just above AAAaa in A-level grades. Competition for places is high with an average 7.7 applications per place according to the 2014 Sunday Times League Tables, making it the joint 11th most competitive university in the UK.[107] The university gives offers of admission to 67.3% of its applicants, the 8th lowest amongst the Russell Group.[108]

According to the 2017 Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide, approximately 40% of Bristol's undergraduates come from independent schools.[109] In the 2016–17 academic year, the university had a domicile breakdown of 78:5:17 of UK:EU:non-EU students respectively with a female to male ratio of 55:45.[110]

### Rankings and reputation

RankingsNational rankings

Complete (2021)[111]| 16
Guardian (2021)[112]| 17
Times / Sunday Times (2021)[113]| 16
Global rankings
ARWU (2020)[114]| 88
CWTS Leiden (2020)[115]| 54
QS (2021)[116]
| 55
THE (2021)[117]| 81
British Government assessment
Teaching Excellence Framework[118]| Silver
University of Bristol's national league table performance over the past ten years

The University of Bristol ranks number 5 in the UK for research quality according to the most recent Research Excellence Framework assessment.[119] Chemistry (1st), Physics (5th), Engineering (6th), Mathematical sciences (4th), Computer science and informatics (7th), Earth systems and environmental sciences (2nd), Biological sciences (8th), Geography and environmental studies (1st), Law (3rd), Economics and econometrics (7th), and Modern languages and linguistics (4th) are among the highly rated subjects.[120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130] The Complete University Guide 2024 ranks Bristol 4th for the quality of its research.[131] Bristol also ranks 5th for number of spin outs created and has the best business incubator in the world according to UBI Global.[132][133]

The University of Bristol was the fourth most targeted university by the UK's top 100 employers, according to the Graduate Market in 2023 report produced by High Fliers.[134] It was ranked joint 7th in the U.K. for graduate employability.[135]

Internationally, the 2024 QS World University Rankings placed Bristol at 55th overall in the world and 9th in the UK.[136] The Times Higher Education World University Ranking placed Bristol at 76th globally and 9th in the U.K. in 2023.[137] Another international ranking, the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Academic Ranking of World Universities, placed Bristol 88th globally and 8th in the UK in 2023.[138]

School of Geographical Sciences Royal Fort and the Physics department

### Degrees

Bristol awards a range of academic degrees spanning bachelor's and master's degrees as well as junior doctorates and higher doctorates. The postnominals awarded are the degree abbreviations used commonly among British universities. The university is part of the Engineering Doctorate scheme,[139] and awards the Eng. D. in systems engineering, engineering management, aerospace engineering and non-destructive evaluation.[140]

Bristol notably does not award by title any bachelor's degrees in music, which is available for study but awarded BA (although it does award MMus and DMus), nor any degree in divinity, since divinity is not available for study (students of theology are awarded a BA). Similarly, the university does not award BLitt (Bachelor of Letters), although it does award both MLitt and DLitt. In regulations, the university does not name MD or DDS as higher doctorates, although they are in many universities[141] as these degrees are normally accredited professional doctorates.

The degrees of DLitt, DSc, DEng, LLD and DMus, whilst having regulations specifying the grounds for award,[142] are most often conferred as honorary degrees (in honoris causa).[143] Those used most commonly are the DLitt, DSc and LLD, with the MA (and occasionally the MLitt) also sometimes conferred honorarily for distinction in the local area or within the university.

## Publishing and commercial activities

University of Bristol has various activities including publication, joint ventures, and catering and accommodation services.

### Bristol University Press

Bristol University Press is scholarly press based at University of Bristol.[144] In 1996, the University of Bristol established Policy Press, an academic publisher based in the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law at the University of Bristol and specialising in the social sciences. In October 2016, Policy Press became an imprint of newly founded Bristol University Press.[145][146]

It is not-for-profit university press which publishes 15 journals and 200 books a year in subjects including: Ageing and Gerontology, Business and Management, Criminology, Economics and Society, Environment and Sustainability, International Development, Law, Politics and International Relations, Science, Technology and Society, and Sociology. It achieved journal citation metrics with gains in Journal Impact Factors and improved results in Journal Citation Indicator, Scopus CiteScore and SJR.[147]

### Bristol is Open

Bristol is Open, abbreviated as BiO, is a joint venture project between Bristol City Council and University of Bristol. It is for delivering research contributing to the development of a Smart City and deploying a city-scale open and programmable testbed for experimentation and digital innovation.[148] The collaboration of two organisations started in April 2015 and ended in December 2019 with Bristol City Council taking full control of BiO's operations.[149] It has completed many technical trials and experiments including open access to Wi-Fi as a reduction of the digital divide and development for Smart City technology.

## Student life

### Students' Union

University of Bristol Union building

The University of Bristol Students' Union (Bristol SU) located on Queen's Road in the Richmond Building is a founding member of the National Union of Students and is amongst the oldest students' unions in England. The union oversees three media outlets: UBTV, the Bristol University Radio Station (BURST) and the student newspaper Epigram. There is also a local branch of The Tab.[150] The Union is responsible for representing students' academic interests through elections of student representatives and democratic events. The Union is also responsible for the organisation of the annual Welcome Fair, the co-ordination of Bristol Student Community Action, which organises volunteering projects in the local community, and the organisation of entertainment events and over 400[151] student groups, societies and clubs. Previous presidents have included Sue Lawley and former Liberal Democrat MP Lembit Öpik. There is a separate union for postgraduate students, as well as an athletic union, which is a member of the British Universities & Colleges Sport.[152] In distinction to the "blues" awarded for sporting excellence at Oxford and Cambridge, Bristol's most successful athletes are awarded "reds".[153]

### Halls of residence

Wills Hall

Accommodation for students is primarily in the central precinct of the university and two areas of Bristol: Clifton and Stoke Bishop, known respectively as the West and North Villages.[154]

In Stoke Bishop, Wills Hall on the edge of the Clifton Downs was the first to be opened, in 1929, by the then chancellor, Winston Churchill. Its original quadrangle layout has been expanded twice, in 1962 and 1990.[154] Churchill Hall, named for the chancellor, followed in 1956, then Badock Hall in 1964.[154][155] At the time of Badock Hall's establishment, some of the buildings were called Hiatt Baker Hall, but two years later, Hiatt Baker moved to its own site and is now the largest hall in the university.[154][156] The first self-catering hall in Stoke Bishop was University Hall, established in 1971 with expansion in 1992.[154]

Goldney Hall

In Clifton, Goldney Hall was built first in the early 18th century by the wealthy merchant Goldney family and eventually became part of the university in 1956.[157] It is a popular location for filming, with The Chronicles of Narnia, The House of Eliott and Truly, Madly, Deeply, as well as episodes of Only Fools and Horses and Casualty, being filmed there.[158] The Grotto in the grounds is a Grade I listed building.[159] Clifton Hill House is another Grade I listed building now used as student accommodation in Clifton. The original building was constructed between 1745 and 1750 by Isaac Ware, and has been used by the university since its earliest days in 1909.[154][160] Manor Hall comprises five separate buildings, the principal of which was erected from 1927 to 1932 to the design of George Oatley following a donation from Henry Herbert Wills. Manor Hall houses the largest and most dated rooms, some dating back to the early 20th century.[161] One of its annexes, Manor House, has recently been refurbished and officially 'reopened' in 1999.[154][162]

Clifton Hill House Manor Hall

On the central precinct sits The Hawthorns, a student house accommodating 115 undergraduate students.[163] The house started life as a collection of villas built somewhere between 1888 and 1924[164] that were later converted, bit by bit, into a hotel by John Dingle.[165] The Hawthorns also houses conferencing facilities, the staff refectory and bar, the Accommodation Office and the Student Houses Office. 33 Colston Street was opened in the city centre in October 2011 after the university acquired the property in 2009.[154] Several of the residences in the central precinct are more recent and have been built and are managed by third-party organisations under exclusivity arrangements with the university. These include New Bridewell House, opened in 2016, which is in the former police HQ, it includes en-suite bedrooms and studios and is operated by Fresh Student Housing, Unite House and Chantry Court, opened in 2000 and 2003 respectively by the UNITE Group,[166][167][168] as well as Dean's Court (2001, postgraduates only) and Woodland Court (2005), both run by the Dominion Housing Group.[169][170]

All of the main halls elect groups of students to the Junior Common Room to organise the halls social calendar for the next year. Residents of student houses, private accommodation and students living at home become members of Orbital – a society organising social events for students throughout the year.[154]

### Sport

Sports membership at Bristol University totals up to 4,000 students across a wide range of unique team and individual pursuits. Its network of over 70 sports clubs and four sites are run by the university's Student Union and its Sport,Exercise and Health Department.[171] Competing with other universities in the British Universities and Colleges Sport league (BUCS), Bristol university is placed 8th in the country.

The university caters to its students with sporting facilities split across four primary complexes:

Bristol University Indoor Sports Centre\- The Indoor Sports Centre is located at the heart of the university campus and is home to a fully equipped two-storey gym, fitness studios, sports hall and Sports Medicine Clinic. [172]

Coombe Dingle Sports Complex\- This 38-acre site in the heart of Stoke Bishop, features the only indoor tennis centre in Bristol and is where the university's more traditional outdoor sports reside. Coombe Dingle is typically used for training and competition. Throughout the year Coombe Dingle hosts a variety of competitive fixtures, including inter-university BUCS matches, plus local and national league matches.:[173]

Facilities available at Coombe Dingle Sports Complex: • 3G pitch • Artificial pitches (sand dressed and floodlit) • Grass pitches (football and rugby) • Cricket squares and nets (including grass) • Tennis courts, indoor and outdoor (floodlit) • Lacrosse pitch • Netball courts (outdoor) • Olympic weight lifting gym • Softball and rounders facilities • Pavilion, lounge bar and meeting rooms • Sports Medicine Clinic

Richmond Building\- The university swimming pool is located inside the student union (Richmond Building). This six-lane swimming pool has a moveable bulkhead, creating a competition-length main pool, alongside a comfortable teaching pool for lessons. The pool is available to students, staff and the community for lane and casual swimming, or lessons, on a membership or pay-as-you-go basis. [174]

Saltford Boathouse\- The University Boathouse is based at Saltford, halfway to Bath on the River Avon. Used for term-time training/competition and out-of-term recreational water sport, the Boathouse moors up the universities rowing and sailing boats.

## Controversy

### 2003 admissions controversy

Main article: Organization:University of Bristol admissions controversy

The university has been regarded as being elitist by some commentators,[175] taking 41% of its undergraduate students from non-state schools, according to the most recent 2009/2010 figures, despite the fact that such pupils make up just 7% of the population[176] and 18% of 16+ year old pupils across the UK.[177] The intake of state school pupils at Bristol is lower than many Oxbridge colleges.[178] The high ratio of undergraduates from non-state school has led to some tension at the university.[179] In late February and early March 2003, Bristol became embroiled in a row about admissions policies, with some private schools threatening a boycott[180] based on their claims that, in an effort to improve equality of access, the university was discriminating against their students. These claims were hotly denied by the university.[181] In August 2005, following a large-scale survey, the Independent Schools Council publicly acknowledged that there was no evidence of bias against applicants from the schools it represented.[182] In 2016, the 93% Club was established at Bristol University after students from a working-class state-school were criticised for their background and upbringing.[183]

The university has a new admissions policy,[33] which lays out in considerable detail the basis on which any greater or lesser weight may be given to particular parts of an applicant's backgrounds – in particular, what account may be taken of which school the applicant hails from. This new policy also encourages greater participation from locally resident applicants.

### Simon Hall and Bristol Innocence Project

In the late 2000s, Bristol law students in the University of Bristol Innocence Project (UoBIP) wrongly campaigned for a convicted murderer, who later went on to formally confess to the murder he was convicted of and prove he was rightly convicted.[184][185] The students helped produce a Rough Justice programme promoting his false claims of innocence, and continued to assert he had been wrongly convicted even after his appeal was rejected in 2011.[186][185] In 2013, Hall confessed to the crime to police and dropped his appeals, and one year later was found dead in an act of suicide.[184][187] His case was described as an embarrassment for such 'miscarriage of justice' activists and greatly undermined the claims of many prisoners who claim their innocence.[188][187]

### Student mental health crisis

In November 2016, three first-year students died within a few weeks of joining the university. All three deaths were suspected suicides.[189] The Guardian attributed the deaths to a mental health crisis caused by academic and social pressure.[189] Between October 2016 and January 2018, seven students died by suicide.[190] In May 2018, three students died suddenly during exam season.[191] The university has received increasing criticism for its handling of these deaths and confirmed suicides.[191] In March 2017, it was reported that five students committed suicide in the 2016/2017 academic year.[192] Between August 2017 to 2019, a reported 11 university students committed suicide.[193] A further student suicide was reported in August 2019.[194]

In September 2017, the university spent £1 million on well-being advisers following a string of students suicides.[195]

In April 2018, a suicidal student, Natasha Abrahart, also died by suicide after not having her anti-depressants for a month.[196][197] The student in question was found dead on the day she was due to take a "terrifying" oral exam.[198] The coroner criticised the Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust whilst her parents blamed the university for lack of measures for her during the six-month period she was struggling.[198][199][200][201][202] In 2019, her parents were due to sue the university after the suicide.[203][204] The case was heard at Bristol County Court in March 2022.[205] Judgment was given in May 2022. The judge found that the university had breached its duties under the Equality Act to make reasonable adjustments for disability in the way it had assessed Natasha Abrahart, and had treated her unfavourably. He awarded her parents £50,000 in damages.[206]

Another death by suicide, James Murray, occurred in May 2018. He had been dismissed from his course in February 2018 due to lack of attendance.[207][208][200][209][210]

Around late 2018, the university launched a new opt-in emergency contact system for students' parents, friends and guardians.[209][193][211] The system, which was pressurised by the parents of Murray, alerts those concerned if the student if there were severe concerns about their wellbeing.[193][212] The system, in which 94% of students opted in, was used 36 times in its first year.[212][193] The former vice-chancellor Hugh Brady, in February 2018, blamed social media and "the cult of perfectionism" for the mental health crisis among young people following a string of student suicides.[213]

In 2019, students who attended a course based around the "science of happiness" by the university was found to have "significantly higher mental wellbeing than a control group".[214] The course has both academic and practical elements and give academic credits with no exams.[214] However, those who took the course online during the COVID-19 pandemic did not feel happier but were more resilient than a control group.[214] In addition there were certain caveats as most participants were white women.[214]

### The Forced Swim Test

The University of Bristol has been subject to criticism for its use of the controversial 'forced swim test', an experiment popularised in the 1970s which has involved scientists at the University placing rodents in inescapable containers of cold water for 15 minutes to observe their responses to what the scientists call a "life-threatening situation".[215] Once they are removed from the water they are killed via decapitation.[216] The research can be dated as far back as 1998 by scientists from the University of Bristol and they have released at least 11 research papers using the test have been released in this time.[217][218][219][220][221][222][223][224][225][226][227]

The University of Bristol was one of only two universities known to have used the forced swim test in 2022, the other being University College London.[228] In October 2022 the University of Bristol renewed its license to carry out this experiment until 2027.[229] More than half of the UK's Russell Group universities have shunned the test with Newcastle University's animal welfare ethics review body describing the test as "outdated and ethically unacceptable" adding that it "cannot foresee any research where this test would be proposed or could be scientifically or ethically justified".[230]

The University faced particular opposition from animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. The campaign of opposition has seen several University events disrupted by activists, including the Vice Chancellor, Evelyn Welch being confronted on two occasions, once on 16 May 2023 at an alumni event in New York[231] and again on 13 July at a panel event which included Labour MP Matt Western, and University of Birmingham Vice Chancellor Adam Tickell.[232]

## Notable people

### Academics

Current academics at the University of Bristol include 23 fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences, 13 fellows of the British Academy, 13 fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering, 43 fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences[13] and 48 fellows of the Royal Society.[233] These include, Sir Michael Berry, one of the discoverers of quantum mechanics' "geometric phase",[234] John Rarity international expert on quantum optics, quantum cryptography and quantum communication, David May, computer scientist and lead architect for the transputer,[235] Mark Horton, a British maritime and historical archaeologist and Bruce Hood, a world-leading experimental psychologist.

Academics in computer science include, David Cliff, inventor of the seminal "ZIP" trading algorithm, Peter Flach, Mike Fraser, professor of human-computer interaction, Julian Gough and Nigel Smart. Academics in engineering include the materials scientist Stephen Eichhorn.

Past academics of the university include, Patricia Broadfoot, vice-chancellor of the University of Gloucestershire, Nigel Thrift, vice-chancellor of the University of Warwick, and Wendy Larner, provost of Victoria University of Wellington.[236][237] Anthony Epstein, co-discoverer of the Epstein-Barr virus, was Professor of Pathology at the university from 1968 to 1982,[238] Sir John Lennard-Jones, discoverer of the Lennard-Jones potential in physics[239][240] and Alfred Marshall, one of the University College's principals and influential economist in the latter part of the 19th century.[241] Mathematicians and philosophers Rohit Parikh and Brian Rotman lectured in the mathematics department, and philosophers of science Paul Feyerabend and Alexander Bird taught in the department of philosophy. Another notable current academic in the department of philosophy includes Havi Carel. Notable mathematicians who have worked in the department of mathematics include Hannes Leitgeb, Philip Welch, Ben Green, Andrew Booker, Julia Wolf, Jens Marklof, John McNamara, Howell Peregrine, Christopher Budd John Hogan, Jeremy Rickard, Richard Jozsa, Corinna Ulcigrai, David Evans and the statistician Harvey Goldstein.

The University of Bristol is associated with three Ig Nobel Prizes, an award for unusual or trivial achievements in scientific research. Sir Michael Berry shared the award (with Andre Geim, a Nobel Laureate) for using magnets to levitate a frog.[242] Gareth Jones also shared an Ig Nobel prize for scientifically documenting fellatio in fruit bats.[243] Dr. Len Fisher was awarded the 1999 prize for physics for calculating the optimal way to dunk a biscuit.[244]

### Alumni

* Jonathan Evans, former head of MI5

* Alastair Stewart, TV journalist

* Derren Brown, illusionist

* Simon Pegg, actor and writer

* David Walliams, comedian

* Paul Dirac, physicist

Bristol alumnus Paul Dirac went on to win the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933 for his contribution to the formulation of quantum mechanics and is considered one of the most significant physicists of the 20th century.[245] Other notable scientists include Dani Rabaiotti, an environmental scientist and science communicator,[246] and Eliahu Nissim, a professor of aeronautical engineering, and the president of the Open University of Israel.

Writers to have studied at Bristol include Dick King-Smith; Sarah Kane; Angela Carter; Dorothy Simpson; David Gibbins; Julia Donaldson; Olivier award-winning playwright Laura Wade; Maddie Mortimer; and David Nicholls, author of the novel Starter for Ten, turned into a screenplay set in the University of Bristol.[247]

In government and politics, notable alumni include Albert II, Prince of Monaco; Prime Minister Hun Manet of Cambodia; former Liberal Democrat MP Lembit Öpik, who was president of Bristol University Students' Union; Sir Jonathan Evans, former head of MI5; Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, Chairperson of the African Union Commission from October 2012 to January 2017; and Paul Boateng, the UK's first Black Cabinet Minister.

In current affairs, former students include journalist and McMafia author Misha Glenny; BBC News Chief Political Correspondent James Landale (who founded the university independent newspaper Epigram); author and journalist Julie Myerson; editor-in-chief of the Telegraph Media Group William Lewis; editor-in-chief of The Observer Will Hutton; Radio 4 presenter Sue Lawley; newsreader Alastair Stewart; and Sky News US Correspondent Dominic Waghorn. BBC Breakfast and Good Morning Britain anchor Susanna Reid was an editor of Epigram.[248]

In entertainment, former students include rapper Shygirl; singer James Blunt; illusionist Derren Brown; comedians Jon Richardson, Marcus Brigstocke (who did not graduate), Matt Lucas and David Walliams;[249] actors Simon Pegg, Chris Langham and Pearl Mackie; anime YouTuber Gigguk; Brass Eye creator Chris Morris; and Stath Lets Flats creator Jamie Demetriou.

Notable alumni from the Film and Television Production department include film directors Mick Jackson; Michael Winterbottom; Marc Evans; Christopher Smith; Alex Cox; Peter Webber; and Maddie Moate.

Other alumni include Anne McClain, member of the 2013 NASA Astronaut Class;[250] mathematician Iain Gordon; long jumper Jazmin Sawyers; Luke Bond, an organist at Windsor Castle; and baker Kim-Joy Hewlett.[251]

## Gallery

* Wills Memorial Building

* H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory

* Victoria Rooms

* Student's Union Building

* Chemistry Department

* Library, Tyndall Avenue

* Museum Lecture Theatre

* The Fry Building

* Clifton Hill House

* Goldney House

* Hampton House

* Royal Fort House

* Senate House

* Waverley House

## See also

* Armorial of UK universities
* CHOMBEC
* Education in Bristol
* List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)
* List of universities in the United Kingdom
* University of Bristol Theatre Collection

## Notes

1. ↑ Includes those who indicate that they identify as Asian, Black, Mixed Heritage, Arab or any other ethnicity except White.
2. ↑ Calculated from the Polar4 measure, using Quintile1, in England and Wales. Calculated from the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) measure, using SIMD20, in Scotland.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "The University Arms". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/visualidentity/arms.html.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2023". University of Bristol. p. 89. https://www.bristol.ac.uk/media-library/sites/finance/documents/UoB AR FS 2023 WEB.pdf.
3. ↑ "Bristol University". Chancellor's biography. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/chancellor.html.
4. ↑ "Institutions for which the President of the Council acts as Visitor". Privy Council Office. http://www.privy-council.org.uk/output/Page49.asp.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Who's working in HE?". https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/staff/working-in-he.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Where do HE students study? | HESA". https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-study#provider.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "University of Bristol logo". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/visualidentity/logo.html.
8. ↑ "Maps and Guides". The University precinct map. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/maps/precinct.html.
9. ↑ "The University of Bristol Acts". The University of Bristol Act 1909. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/cms/go/statutes/regs/acts.html.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 "Bristol University History". History of the University. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/history/.
11. ↑ Bristol, University of. "About our courses - Study at Bristol - University of Bristol". http://www.bristol.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/study-at-bristol/our-degrees/.
12. ↑ "Key Facts and Figures". University of Bristol. 2014. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/facts/.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Academy of Social Sciences – The National Academy of Academics, Learned Societies and Practitioners in the Social Sciences" (in en-GB). 2023-10-18. https://acss.org.uk/.
14. ↑ "Nobel Prizes and Fellowships". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/distinctions.
15. ↑ Bristol, University of. "Nobel Prizes and Fellowships" (in en-GB). https://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/distinctions/#nobel.
16. ↑ "Russell Group Our Universities". http://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/our-universities/.
17. ↑ "The Coimbra Group". List of Coimbra Group Members. http://www.coimbra-group.eu/index.php?page=members.
18. ↑ "The Worldwide Universities Network". List of WUN Group Members. http://www.wun.ac.uk/.
19. ↑ Bristol, University of. "Our research impact - Research - University of Bristol". http://www.bristol.ac.uk/global/partnerships/.
20. ↑ Bristol, University of. "Facts and figures - About the University - University of Bristol". http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/facts/.
21. ↑ United Kingdom. "Education – The Society of Merchant Venturers, Bristol UK". Merchantventurers.com. http://www.merchantventurers.com/charitable-activities/education.html.
22. ↑ "University of Bristol". The Guardian (London). 1 May 2007. http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/universityguide/profile/story/0,,478329,00.html.
23. ↑ "Past Matters: the University of Bristol and transatlantic slavery". University of Bristol. http://www.bris.ac.uk/university/history/past-matters/.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Papers of the University of Bristol". Archives Hub. http://www.archiveshub.ac.uk/news/03121903.html.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Charter of Incorporation". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/cms/go/statutes/regs/charter.html.
26. ↑ "Table 0a – All students by institution, mode of study, level of study, gender and domicile 2006/07" (Microsoft Excel spreadsheet). Higher Education Statistics Agency. http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0607.xls.
27. ↑ "Wills Tower set for new glory". Bristol University. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2006/875.html.
28. ↑ "Bristol". http://www.history-ontheweb.co.uk/uni/bristol.htm.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 "Bristol University – Former Officers". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/cms/go/statutes/records/formerofficers.html.
30. ↑ "Wills Memorial Building". Bristol Link. http://www.bristol-link.co.uk/history/wills-memorial-building.htm.
31. ↑ Historic England. "University Tower and Wills Memorial Building and attached front walls and lamps (1218203)". National Heritage List for England. https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1218203.
32. ↑ Historic England. "Victoria Rooms and attached railings and gates (1202480)". National Heritage List for England. https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202480.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Undergraduate admissions principles and procedures (Home/EU students)". Bristol University. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/governance/policies/admissions/home-overseas.html.
34. ↑ "Notable alumni – Faculty of Engineering". University of Bristol. http://www.alumni.bristol.ac.uk/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?&pid=280&srcid=190.
35. ↑ "History of the Department". Department of Physics, University of Bristol. http://www.phy.bristol.ac.uk/history.html.
36. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950". The Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1950/.
37. ↑ "Hans Bethe – Biography". The Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1967/bethe-bio.html.
38. ↑ "Sir Nevill F. Mott". The Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1977/mott-bio.html.
39. ↑ "The Students' Union". University of Bristol Union. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/union/altprospectus/unilife/union.
40. ↑ "What is the worst eyesore in the UK?". BBC News. 21 November 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/3266673.stm.
41. ↑ "University of Bristol Strategic Masterplan". University of Bristol. July 2006. p. 64. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/Bursar/masterplan06/1masterplan.pdf.
42. ↑ "Building Project – A Better Building for the Students' Union". Ubu.org.uk. http://ubu.org.uk/build.
43. ↑ "Students' union breaks from NUS". BBC News. 5 February 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bristol/3463995.stm.
44. ↑ "General introduction of the PGU". University of Bristol Postgraduate Union. http://www.pgu.org.uk/yourpgu/.
45. ↑ Donald MacLeod (5 December 2005). "Bristol signs commercial research funding deal". The Guardian (London). http://education.guardian.co.uk/businessofresearch/story/0,,1658169,00.html.
46. ↑ "Bristol University – Centre for Sport, Exercise & Health – About us". University of Bristol. 2 October 2007. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/sport/about/.
47. ↑ "Bristol University – Centre for Sport, Exercise & Health – community programmes". University of Bristol. 28 September 2007. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/sport/community.
48. ↑ "Places – BLADE". University of Bristol. 20 December 2007. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/gallery/places/blade.html.
49. ↑ Saouma, Victor; Sivaselvan, Mettupalayam (2014). Hybrid Simulation: Theory, Implementation and Applications. CRC Press. p. 217. ISBN 9781482288612. https://books.google.com/books?id=HUtZDwAAQBAJ&q=Bristol+Laboratory+for+Advanced+Dynamics+Engineering+(BLADE)+advanced+Europe&pg=PA217.
50. ↑ "CETL – A£14M Boost for Teaching and Learning in Bristol Chemistry – 27/01/05". University of Bristol. 14 December 2007. http://www.chm.bristol.ac.uk/whatsnew/cetl.htm.
51. ↑ "'Quietest' building in the world opens today". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2009/6531.html.
52. ↑ Bowden, Chris (10 September 2007). "University of Bristol Masterplan". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/Bursar/masterplan.html.
53. ↑ "New £50 million University building to transform a key area of Bristol". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2011/7931.html.
54. ↑ "University of Bristol: Fry Building". WilkinsonEyre. http://www.wilkinsoneyre.com/projects/university-of-bristol-fry-building.
55. ↑ "Work to create £33 million mathematics building gets underway". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2016/march/fry-building.html.
56. ↑ "Bristol University fire: Live updates as Fry building undergoing major refurb goes up in flames with smoke seen across city". Bristol Post. 6 January 2018. http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/park-street-fire-live-updates-1021777.
57. ↑ "Bristol University fire: Crews tackle campus blaze". BBC News. 6 January 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-42591375.
58. ↑ "University of Bristol students vote to ban 'transphobic feminist speakers'". 2 March 2018. https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/03/02/university-of-bristol-students-vote-to-ban-transphobic-feminist-speakers/.
59. ↑ Turner, Camilla (1 March 2018). "Bristol University students seek to ban 'Terf' speakers who question transgender status of women". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2018/03/01/bristol-university-students-seek-ban-terf-speakers-question/.
60. ↑ Parker, Charlie. "Bristol University students vote to ban 'transphobic' feminists". https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bristol-university-students-ban-transphobic-feminists-73d0pmrx7.
61. ↑ "Motion 10 - Prevent Future Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminist - TERF - Groups from Holding Events at the University.pdf @ Bristol SU". https://www.bristolsu.org.uk/resources/motion-10-prevent-future-trans-exclusionary-radical-feminist-terf-groups-from-holding-events-at-the-university-pdf.
62. ↑ "Bristol University: Politicians urge action over professor's comments" (in en-GB). BBC News. 8 March 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-56323332.
63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "Bristol University: Professor David Miller investigation launched" (in en-GB). BBC News. 17 March 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-56428737.
64. ↑ "Conservative MPs call Bristol University a 'hotbed of antisemitism'" (in en). 27 April 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/apr/27/conservative-mps-call-bristol-university-a-hotbed-of-antisemitism.
65. ↑ Correspondent, Will Humphries, Southwest. "MPs and peers call on Bristol University to condemn academic in antisemitism row" (in en). The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mps-and-peers-call-on-bristol-university-to-condemn-academic-in-antisemitism-row-qkpgzphzw.
66. ↑ Gogarty, Conor (19 February 2021). "Bristol professor makes 'appalling' comments in Zoom call" (in en). https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/bristol-uni-professor-makes-appalling-5020831.
67. ↑ Salisbury, Josh (25 March 2021). "Police launch hate crime investigation at Bristol University" (in en-US). Jewish News. https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/police-launch-hate-crime-investigation-at-bristol-university/.
68. ↑ "University of Bristol Statement on Professor David Miller". http://www.bris.ac.uk/news/2021/october/prof-miller-statement.html.
69. ↑ Pope, Felix (1 October 2021). "David Miller sacked by Bristol". The Jewish Chronicle. https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/david-miller-sacked-by-bristol-1.521060.
70. ↑ Cork, Tristan (24 July 2023). "Sacked Professor David Miller takes Bristol University to employment tribunal in 'test case'". Bristol Post. https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/sacked-professor-david-miller-takes-8616338#.
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Humphries, Will. "Raquel Rosario-Sánchez: Bristol University staff accused of trying to trick trans row student" (in en). The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/raquel-rosario-sanchez-bristol-university-staff-accused-of-trying-to-trick-trans-row-student-km8xfsxpc.
72. ↑ "Trans rights row student pressured to quit Bristol University, court told" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2022-02-09. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-60322398.
73. ↑ Humphries, Will. "Bristol University 'too scared of trans lobby to defend its students'" (in en). The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bristol-university-too-scared-of-trans-lobby-to-defend-its-students-xznkbpmsm.
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97. ↑ "Regulations for Academic and Official Costume". University of Bristol Regulations for Academic and Official Costume. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/cms/go/statutes/regs/regulations/regscostume.html.
98. ↑ "University of Bristol coat of arms". University of Bristol. https://www.bristol.ac.uk/centenary/look/cabinet/coat-of-arms.html#:~:text=It comprises five symbols including,of the City of Bristol..
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112. ↑ "University league tables 2021". The Guardian. 5 September 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/education/ng-interactive/2020/sep/05/the-best-uk-universities-2021-league-table.
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129. ↑ "REF 2021: Economics and econometrics" (in en). 2022-05-12. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/ref-2021-economics-and-econometrics.
130. ↑ "REF 2021: Modern languages and linguistics" (in en). 2022-05-12. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/ref-2021-modern-languages-and-linguistics.
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138. ↑ "ShanghaiRanking". https://www.shanghairanking.com/.
139. ↑ "Engineering Doctorate Centre Details". Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/PostgraduateTraining/EngineeringDoctorates/CentreDetailsAndContacts.htm.
140. ↑ "Regulations for the Degree of Engineering Doctorate (Eng. D.)". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/cms/go/statutes/regs/regulations/docmasters/engd.html.
141. ↑ "Regulations for Dissertations for Doctoral and Masters Degrees...". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/cms/go/universitycalendar/regs/regulations/docmasters/dissregs.html.
142. ↑ "Regulations for the Degrees of Doctor of Letters, Doctor of Science, Doctor of Engineering and Doctor of Laws". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/cms/go/statutes/regs/regulations/docmasters/dlittdscdenglld.html.
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145. ↑ "Policy Press and Bristol Uni create University of Bristol Press" (in En). https://www.thebookseller.com/news/policy-press-and-bristol-uni-create-university-bristol-press-412621.
146. ↑ Horne, Alastair (2017-01-09). "Scholarly Publishing: The University of Bristol Press Stands on Policy" (in en-US). https://publishingperspectives.com/2017/01/university-of-bristol-press/.
147. ↑ "Celebrating our 2021 Journal Citation Metrics". Bristol University Press. 5 July 2021. https://bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/celebrating-our-2021-journal-citation-metrics.
148. ↑ "What Bristol is Open is about". Bristol City Council. https://www.bristol.gov.uk/council-and-mayor/policies-plans-and-strategies/bristol-is-open.
149. ↑ "Bristol is Open – A joint venture delivering a Smart City of the future". TROPICO. 6 November 2020. https://tropico-project.eu/cases/administration-costs-for-bureaucracy/bristol-is-open-a-joint-venture-delivering-a-smart-city-of-the-future/.
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151. ↑ "BSU Societies". University of Bristol Union. http://www.bristolsu.org.uk/activities/societies/atoz/.
152. ↑ "BUSA Members". BUSA. http://www.busa.org.uk/fl/members.asp.
153. ↑ "Bristol Reds". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/sport/high-performance/bristol-reds.html.
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156. ↑ "Hiatt Baker Hall History". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/hiattbaker/history/.
157. ↑ "Goldney Hall History". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/Goldney/history.htm.
158. ↑ "Open day for Bristol's well-known garden". University of Bristol. http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Info-Office/news/archive/goldney.htm.
159. ↑ Historic England. "Grotto approximately 85 metres south of Goldney House, Clifton Hill, Bristol (1202104)". National Heritage List for England. https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202104.
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162. ↑ "Manor Hall and Sinclair House History". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/Manor/new/history.htm.
163. ↑ "The Hawthorns webpage". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/studenthouses/sths/haw/facts.html.
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170. ↑ "Woodland Court". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/accom/woodland.html.
171. ↑ "University of Bristol". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/student-life/health/.
172. ↑ "Indoor Sports Centre". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/sport/facilities/indoor/.
173. ↑ "Coombe Dingle Sports Complex". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/sport/facilities/coombe/.
174. ↑ "Swimming Pool". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/sport/facilities/swimming/.
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176. ↑ "Understated". Etan Smallman: Epigram Online. http://www.epigram.org.uk/view.php?id=1583.
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182. ↑ "'No bias' against private pupils". BBC News. 17 August 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4161100.stm.
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186. ↑ "University of Bristol Innocence Project response to Simon Hall judgment by the Court of Appeal". University of Bristol Innocence Project. https://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2010/7432.html.
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189. ↑ 189.0 189.1 "Bristol student deaths highlight campus crisis in mental health" (in en). 26 November 2016. http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/nov/26/bristol-student-deaths-highlight-campus-crisis-in-mental-health.
190. ↑ "Seventh 'suicide' at University of Bristol since October 2016" (in en). https://news.sky.com/story/seventh-suicide-at-university-of-bristol-since-october-2016-11218137.
191. ↑ 191.0 191.1 "Bristol University faces growing anger after student suicides" (in en). 26 May 2018. http://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/may/26/bristol-university-faces-growing-anger-after-student-suicides.
192. ↑ "Fifth Bristol university student takes own life this academic year" (in en). 29 March 2017. http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/mar/29/fifth-bristol-university-student-takes-own-life-this-academic-year.
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194. ↑ "Chemistry student dies suddenly in 13th suspected suicide at Bristol University in three years" (in en). 10 August 2019. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/student-death-suicide-bristol-university-maria-stancliffe-cook-a9051606.html.
195. ↑ Turner, Camilla (26 September 2017). "Bristol University spends £1 million on 'well-being advisers' amid raft of measures to tackle students' mental health issues" (in en-GB). The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2017/09/26/bristol-university-spends-1-million-well-being-advisers-amid/.
196. ↑ "How More Than 12 Students at One University Ended Up Dead By Suicide" (in en). https://www.vice.com/en/article/zmjq7x/how-more-than-12-students-at-one-university-ended-up-dead-by-suicide.
197. ↑ "Suicidal Bristol student left without medicine, inquest hears" (in en). 7 May 2019. http://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/may/07/suicidal-bristol-student-left-without-medicine-inquest-hears.
198. ↑ 198.0 198.1 "Neglect by mental health trust led to Bristol student's suicide" (in en). 16 May 2019. http://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/may/16/neglect-by-mental-health-trust-led-to-bristol-students-suicide.
199. ↑ "'She went through torment': parents criticise Bristol over student suicide" (in en). 16 May 2019. http://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/may/16/she-went-through-torment-parents-criticise-bristol-university-over-student-suicide.
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201. ↑ "GP 'did not follow guidance' for suicidal Bristol University student" (in en). 24 May 2019. http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/may/24/coroner-writes-to-health-secretary-over-student-suicide.
202. ↑ "Student Natasha Abrahart's suicide: Neglect a 'contributory factor'" (in en-GB). BBC News. 16 May 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-48293881.
203. ↑ "Parents of student who took her own life over anxiety attacks to sue university" (in en). 19 May 2019. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/natasha-abrahart-student-suicide-bristol-university-a8921031.html.
204. ↑ "University of Bristol told to learn lessons after Ben Murray's suicide" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2 May 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-48131744.
205. ↑ Harby, Jennifer (28 February 2022). "Natasha Abrahart suicide: Parents launch case against university 28 February 2022". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-60528537.
206. ↑ Morris, Steven (20 May 2022). "Bristol University found guilty of failings over death of student". Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/may/20/bristol-university-found-guilty-of-failings-over-death-of-student-natasha-abrahart.
207. ↑ "The father fighting for change at universities after losing his son to suicide" (in en). 5 October 2020. https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/bristol-student-suicide-ben-murray-university-mental-health-ucas-b744977.html.
208. ↑ "Coroner calls on universities to de-stigmatise mental health issues" (in en). 2 May 2019. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/may/02/coroner-calls-on-universities-to-de-stigmatise-mental-health-issues.
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210. ↑ "University of Bristol told to learn lessons after Ben Murray's suicide" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2 May 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-48131744.
211. ↑ "How Bristol University Is Trying To Prevent Student Suicides, After 11 Sudden Deaths" (in en). 5 August 2019. https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/bristol-university-trials-new-student-suicide-prevention-scheme_uk_5d482174e4b0acb57fcfea15.
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213. ↑ "Suicide is a sector-wide issue, says Bristol university vice-chancellor" (in en). 21 February 2018. http://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/feb/21/suicide-is-a-sector-wide-issue-says-bristol-university-vice-chancellor.
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216. ↑ Mifsud, Karen R.; Kennedy, Clare L. M.; Salatino, Silvia; Sharma, Eshita; Price, Emily M.; Haque, Samantha N.; Gialeli, Andriana; Goss, Hannah M. et al. (2021-08-06). "Distinct regulation of hippocampal neuroplasticity and ciliary genes by corticosteroid receptors" (in en). Nature Communications 12 (1): 4737. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24967-z. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 34362910.
217. ↑ Mifsud, Karen R.; Kennedy, Clare L. M.; Salatino, Silvia; Sharma, Eshita; Price, Emily M.; Haque, Samantha N.; Gialeli, Andriana; Goss, Hannah M. et al. (2021-08-06). "Distinct regulation of hippocampal neuroplasticity and ciliary genes by corticosteroid receptors" (in en). Nature Communications 12 (1): 4737. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24967-z. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 34362910.
218. ↑ Carter, S; Misfud, K; Reul, H. "Acute stress enhances epigenetic modifications but does not affect the constitutive binding of pCREB to Immediate-early gene promoters in the rat hippocampus". Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 10. https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/153248481/fnmol_10_00416.pdf.
219. ↑ Misfud, K; Reul, J (2016). "Acute stress enhances heterodimerization and binding of corticosteroid receptors at glucocorticoid target genes in the hippocampus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (40): 11336–11341. doi:10.1073/pnas.1605246113. PMID 27655894.
220. ↑ Qian, X; Droste, SK; Gutièrrez-Mecinas, m; Collins, A; Kersanté, F; Reul, JMHM; Linthorst, ACE. "A Rapid Release of Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin from the Liver Restrains the Glucocorticoid Hormone Response to Acute Stress.". Endocrinology 152 (10). https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/6902742/Qian_et_al._Endocrinology_2011_152_3738_3748.pdf.
221. ↑ Linthorst, Astrid C. E.; Flachskamm, Cornelia; Reul, Johannes M. H. M. (January 2008). "Water temperature determines neurochemical and behavioural responses to forced swim stress: An in vivo microdialysis and biotelemetry study in rats: Research Report" (in en). Stress 11 (2): 88–100. doi:10.1080/10253890701533231. ISSN 1025-3890. PMID 17853068. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10253890701533231.
222. ↑ "Corticosterone Levels in the Brain Show a Distinct Ultradian Rhythm but a Delayed Response to Forced Swim Stress". https://academic.oup.com/endo/article/149/7/3244/2454894?login=false.
223. ↑ Liebsch, Gudrun; Linthorst, Astrid CE; Neumann, Inga D.; Reul, Johannes MHM; Holsboer, Florian; Landgraf, Rainer (November 1998). "Behavioral, Physiological, and Neuroendocrine Stress Responses and Differential Sensitivity to Diazepam in Two Wistar Rat Lines Selectively Bred for High- and Low-Anxiety–Related Behavior" (in en). Neuropsychopharmacology 19 (5): 381–396. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00042-6. ISSN 1740-634X. PMID 9778660.
224. ↑ Bilang-Bleuel, A.; Rech, J.; De Carli, S.; Holsboer, F.; Reul, J. M. H. M. (March 2002). "Forced swimming evokes a biphasic response in CREB phosphorylation in extrahypothalamic limbic and neocortical brain structures in the rat". European Journal of Neuroscience 15 (6): 1048–1060. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01934.x. ISSN 0953-816X. PMID 11918664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01934.x.
225. ↑ "Voluntary Exercise Impacts on the Rat Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Mainly at the Adrenal Level". https://karger.com/nen/article-abstract/86/1/26/225917/Voluntary-Exercise-Impacts-on-the-Rat-Hypothalamic?redirectedFrom=fulltext.
226. ↑ Chandramohan, Yalini; Droste, Susanne K.; Arthur, J. Simon C.; Reul, Johannes M. H. M. (May 2008). "The forced swimming-induced behavioural immobility response involves histone H3 phospho-acetylation and c-Fos induction in dentate gyrus granule neurons via activation of the N -methyl-d-aspartate/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen- and stress-activated kinase signalling pathway" (in en). European Journal of Neuroscience 27 (10): 2701–2713. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06230.x. PMID 18513320. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06230.x.
227. ↑ Bachmann, Cornelius G.; Bilang-Bleuel, Alicia; de Carli, Sonja; Linthorst, Astrid C.E.; Reul, Johannes M.H.M. (2005-07-06). "The Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonist ORG 34116 Decreases Immobility Time in the Forced Swim Test and Affects cAMP-Responsive Element-Binding Protein Phosphorylation in Rat Brain". Neuroendocrinology 81 (2): 129–136. doi:10.1159/000086413. ISSN 0028-3835. PMID 15970644. https://doi.org/10.1159/000086413.
228. ↑ Pinkstone, Joe (2023-04-02). "Government facing calls to ban animal water tests amid growing ethical outrage" (in en-GB). The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/04/02/rats-mice-scientific-research-cruel-animal-experiments-ban/.
229. ↑ "Bristol Uni students storm Beacon House in protest against 'forced swim' animal research" (in en-GB). 2023-04-09. https://thetab.com/uk/bristol/2023/04/09/bristol-uni-students-storm-beacon-house-in-protest-against-forced-swim-test-54320.
230. ↑ White, Jennifer (2023-07-20). "How does drowning mice offer insight into depression? It's just cruel" (in en). https://www.express.co.uk/comment/expresscomment/1793488/peta-bikini-swimsuit-houses-of-parliament-animal-rights-forced-swim-test.
231. ↑ "Activists ambush Bristol Uni Vice-Chancellor over 'cruel' animal research practices" (in en-GB). 2023-05-24. https://thetab.com/uk/bristol/2023/05/24/evelyn-welch-has-blood-on-her-hands-animal-rights-activists-confront-vice-chancellor-over-cruel-research-practices-55285.
232. ↑ Cork, Tristan (2023-07-17). "Watch moment protesters bring Bristol Uni event to a halt" (in en). https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/peta-protesters-halt-bristol-university-8606860.
233. ↑ "Nobel Prizes and Fellowships". University of Bristol. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/distinctions.
234. ↑ "Michael Berry". HP Labs. http://www.hpl.hp.com/news/lectures/Abstracts/MichaelBerry.htm.
235. ↑ ",". Who's Who. 2015 (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc. https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U27080. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
236. ↑ "Patricia Broadfoot". University of Gloucestershire. http://www.glos.ac.uk/council/patricia-broadfoot.cfm.
237. ↑ "About the Vice-Chancellor". University of Warwick. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/about/management/vc.
238. ↑ "Honorary Fellowship for Professor Sir Anthony Epstein" (Press release). University of Bristol. 18 July 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
239. ↑ Lennard-Jones, J. E. (1931). "Cohesion". Proceedings of the Physical Society 43 (5): 461–482. doi:10.1088/0959-5309/43/5/301. Bibcode: 1931PPS....43..461L.
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250. ↑ Video on YouTube
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## Further reading

* Carleton, Don (1984). University for Bristol: A History in Text and Pictures. University of Bristol. ISBN 0-86292-200-3.
* Delany, Rosalind (2002). How Did This Garden Grow?: The History of the Botanic Gardens of the University of Bristol. Friends of Bristol University Botanic Garden. ISBN 0-9543504-0-5.
* Crossley Evans, M. J. (1994). A History of Wills Hall University of Bristol. University of Bristol. ISBN 0-86292-421-9.
* Whittingham, Sarah (2003). Wills Memorial Building. University of Bristol. ISBN 0-86292-541-X.

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