University of Siena

Short description: Italian university

University of Siena

Università degli Studi di Siena

Latin: Universitatis Senarum
Type| Public
Established| 1240; 786 years ago (1240)
Rector| Roberto Di Pietra
Students| 15,589 (academic year 2021-22)
Location|

Siena

Italy

[ ⚑ ] : 43°19′9″N 11°19′57″E﻿ / ﻿43.31917°N 11.3325°E﻿ / 43.31917; 11.3325
Campus| Both Urban/University town and suburban
Sports teams| CUS Siena
Affiliations| Coimbra Group
IRUN
Website| www.unisi.it

The University of Siena (Italian: Università degli Studi di Siena, abbreviation: UNISI) in Siena, Tuscany, is the first publicly funded university as well as one of the oldest in Italy. Originally called Studium Senese, the institution was founded in 1240. It had around 16,000 students in 2022,[1] which is nearly one-third of Siena's total population of around 53,000. Today, the University of Siena is best known for its schools of law, medicine, and economics and management.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 The early studium
* 1.1.1 The School of Humanities and Philosophy
* 1.2 The university under changing states
* 1.3 The university in the Risorgimento
* 1.4 The university in modern Italy
* 2 Notable students, alumni and faculty
* 3 Organization
* 4 Degree Courses
* 5 Points of interest
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes and references
* 8 External links
* 9 Bibliography

## History

### The early studium

Pietro Ispano (Pope John XXI) Palazzo San Galgano, The School of Humanities and Philosophy

#### The School of Humanities and Philosophy

On December 26, 1240, Ildebrandino Cacciaconti, the then podestà of Siena, signed a decree imposing a tax on citizens of Siena who rented rooms to students of the local "Studium Senese". The money from this tax went to pay for the salaries of the maestri (teachers) of this new studium.[2] The studium was further supported when, in 1252, Pope Innocent IV declared both its teachers and students completely immune from taxes and forced labour levied on their person or property by the city of Siena.[3] Moreover, the commune exempted teachers of law and Latin from military service and teachers of Latin were also excused from their duties as night watchmen. By the early 14th century, there were five teachers of Latin, logic and law and two doctors of natural sciences (medicine).[4]

One of the most notable maestri of the School of Medicine was Pietro Ispano (Pope John XXI). Ispano was an illustrious philosopher, personal doctor to Emperor Frederick II, and in 1276 became Pope John XXI.

In 1321, the studium was able to attract a larger number or pupils due to a mass exodus from the prestigious University of Bologna when one of its students was sentenced to death by Bologna's magistrates for supposedly kidnapping a young woman. Partly at the instigation of their law lecturer Guglielmo Tolomei, the student body there unleashed a great protest at the Bolognese authority and Siena, supported by generous funding from the local commune, was able to accommodate the students resigning from the Studium Bolognese.

### The university under changing states

The studium of Siena was eventually promoted to the status of "Studium Generale" by Charles IV, shortly after his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor in 1355.[5] This both placed the teachers and students under the safeguard of the imperial authority (protecting them from the local magistracy) and also meant that the licences (licentiae docendi) granted by the university were licences ubique docendi. These licences entitled the person receiving them to teach throughout Christendom.[6]

The Casa della Sapienza was built in the early 15th century as a center combining classrooms and housing for those enrolled in the Studium. It had been proposed by bishop Mormille in 1392, was completed twenty years later, and its first occupants took up residence in 1416. Room and board in 1416 cost fifty gold florins for a semester.[2]

By the mid-14th century, Siena had declined as a power in Tuscany, eclipsed by the rise in power of Florence, who defeated the Republic of Siena in 1555. The city authorities, however, successfully asked the Medici (the hereditary dukes of Florence at the time) to preserve the academy. Francesco and later Grand Duke Ferdinando I, reforms were made with new statutes and new prerogatives. The post of Rettore (Rector), elected by students and city magistrates, was also instituted.

In 1737, the Medici line became extinct and the rule of Tuscany passed to the French House of Lorraine. In this period, the Tuscan economist Sallustio Bandini, seemingly determined to "improve the intellectual stimulation of his native Siena" solicited scholarships from rich patrons for the university and also set up a large library, which he eventually bequeathed to the university.[7]

In 1808, when the Napoleonic forces occupied Tuscany, they eliminated the Studium Senese and the doors of the University were not opened again until after the defeat of Napoleon and the restoration of Ferdinand III as the Grand Duke of Tuscany.[2]

### The university in the Risorgimento

During the Risorgimento, the movement towards the unification of Italy as a single state, Sienese students organised groups which were openly patriotic. They publicly expressed their dissent and, during the April 1848 revolts in Tuscany, three professors, one assistant and fifty-five students formed the Compagnia della Guardia Universitaria to participate in the battles of Curtatone and of Montanara. The troop's flag is still preserved in the Chancellor's building. All of this passion for the new republic could not but trouble the Grand Duke and in the end he closed down the School of Medicine permitting only Law and Theology to continue[2]

After the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859 and its aftermath, Tuscany and with it Siena were controlled by the Kingdom of Sardinia, which was to become the Kingdom of Italy. The Sienese academy eventually recovered from the unrest, thanks to initiatives by the city's private enterprises and a series of legislative acknowledgements that boosted the reputation of the School of Pharmacy and that of Obstetrics (and consequently the School of Medicine itself) while the old hospital Santa Maria della Scala was transformed into General University Hospital. Some time later in 1880, the Law Faculty established the Circolo Giuridico or Legal Circle, where issues pertaining to law studies were examined in depth through seminars and lectures[2]

### The university in modern Italy

In 1892, the Minister of Public Education, Ferdinando Martini, launched a proposal aimed at suppressing the Sienese academy’s activities. Siena perceived this as a declaration of war and was backed immediately by a general tradesmen’s strike, the intervention of all of the town’s institutions and by a genuine uprising of the population – all of which induced the minister to withdraw the project. Having escaped this danger, the town went back to investing its resources in the university setting up new degrees and new faculties. The bank Monte dei Paschi di Siena financed the construction of the biology department.[2]

The 20th century witnessed the growth of the University of Siena, with the student population escalating from four hundred between the wars to more than 15,000 in the last few years.[1][2]

During the start of the academic year, on November 7, 1990 the Sienese academy celebrated its 750th anniversary.

## Notable students, alumni and faculty

* Pietro Ispano (c. 1215–1277), Pope John XXI, Professor of Medicine
* Cino da Pistoia (1270–1336/37), Professor of Law
* Antonio de Venafro (1459–1530), advisor to Pandolfo Petrucci, Ruler of the Republic of Siena
* Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte (1487–1555), Pope Julius III, studied law at Siena
* Francesco Accarigi (c. 1557–1622), Professor of Civil Law
* Fabio Chigi, Pope Alexander VII
* Domenico Barduzzi (1847-1929), dermatologist and hydrologist
* Arrigo Solmi (1873-1944), Minister of Justice in the cabinet of Benito Mussolini
* Virginia Angiola Borrino (1880–1965), Professor of Medicine and the first woman to serve as head of a University Pediatric Ward in Italy[8][9]
* Piero Calamandrei (1889–1956), Professor at the Law school in Siena
* Carlo Rosselli (1899–1937), political leader, journalist, historian and anti-fascist activist
* Richard M. Goodwin (1913–1996), Professor, mathematician and economist
* Norberto Bobbio (1909–2004), Professor of Philosophy
* Frank Hahn (1925–2013), Professor of Economics, Director of the PhD program of the Economics Department
* Mauro Barni (1927-2017), Professor of Bioethics, Rector and Mayor of Siena
* Jean Blondel (born 1929), Professor of comparative politics
* Luigi Berlinguer (born 1932), Professor of Law, Rector and Minister of Education
* Samuel Bowles (born 1939), American economist, professor of Economics
* Steven Lukes (born 1941), British sociologist
* Antonio Tabucchi (1943–2012), Italian writer, Professor of Portuguese language and literature
* Paul Ginsborg (born 1945), British historian, Professor of Contemporary History
* Riccardo Francovich (1946-2007), archaeologist and professor of Medieval archaeology
* Desiderio Passali (born 1947), director of the ENT department and professor of otolaryngology
* Silvana Sciarra (born 1948), current President of the Constitutional Court of Italy
* Rino Rappuoli (born 1952), Italian Biologist
* Carlo Cottarelli (born 1954), economist and former director of the International Monetary Fund
* Gianna Nannini (born 1954), Italian pop singer
* Emanuele Papi (born 1959), professor of classical archaeologist, director of Italian Archaeological School of Athens
* Yusuf Garaad Omar (born 1960), journalist and politician
* Antonio Giordano (born 1962), Professor of Pathology
* Carlo Bellieni (born 1962), associate professor of Pediatrics, bioethicist
* Domenico Prattichizzo (born 1965), Professor of Robotics and Automation
* Luigi Marattin (born 1979), politician and economist

## Organization

Since 2012, after the general reform of Italian Universities ("Gelmini Act"), the University is composed of fourteen departments, grouped in four areas:

* Biomedical and Medical Sciences
* Department of Medical Biotechnologies
* Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine
* Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience
* Economics, Law and Political Sciences
* Department of Economics and Statistics
* Department of Law
* Department of Political and International Sciences
* Department of Business and Law
* Experimental Sciences
* Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy
* Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics
* Department of Life Sciences
* Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment
* Literature, History, Philosophy and the Arts
* Department of Philology and Literary Criticism
* Department of Social, Political and Cognitive Sciences
* Department of History and Cultural Heritage

Each department offers graduate and undergraduate courses.

Since 2014 the Department of Economics and Statistics and the Department of Business and Law merged their undergraduate and graduate courses into the School of Economics and Management (SEM).

Formerly, the University was composed of nine schools:

* The School of Economics
* The School of Engineering
* The School of Humanities and Philosophy
* The School of Humanities and Philosophy – Arezzo
* The School of Jurisprudence
* The School of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences
* The School of Medicine and Surgery
* The School of Pharmacy
* The School of Political Science

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Siena's campus is the city. The academy lives as an integral part of the urban fabric in both space and time. Thus there is an uneasy equilibrium between city and university, where 15,600 students live among the 53,000 Sienese. While the Sienese are proud of their native traditions, the more polyglot university prides itself on diversity, with which as the historian Guicciardini would put it, with an ambiguity possibly ironic, non havvi genio – there is no genius.

Recently, the University has returned historical buildings to the city, which are being made into apartments or used by the contradas. At the same time, it is thanks to the intervention of the University that many buildings which risked falling into ruin were saved, making institutions of study out of a part of the city patrimony that might have otherwise been lost. The Faculties of Engineering and Literature, for example, have found space for their departments in the large rooms of what was once the San Niccolò Psychiatric Hospital. The same holds true for the transformation of the former Convent of Santa Chiara into the first collegiate residence in Italy, reserved for those working towards a European postgraduate degree. The church of San Vigilio serves as university chapel.

New university buildings have even been built in the city centre such as the one that houses the Faculty of Political Science and Law, whose architectural style blends with the secular surroundings creating a balance between preservation and innovation. The ten university dormitories are adapted to the urban fabric and are located within the historical centre (Fontebranda, Mattioli, Porrione, Sperandie, San Marco), on the outskirts (Acquacalda) and near the extended areas of the university (San Miniato).

## Degree Courses

For the academic year 2022-23 the following degree courses are provided (medium of instruction in parentheses)

* Biotechnologies, Medicine, Dentistry, Health Professions
* Undergraduate (3 years)
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* Biomedical laboratory techniques Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Biotechnologies Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Cardiocirculatory and cardiovascular perfusion techniques Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Dental hygiene Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Dietistic Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Environment and the workplace prevention techniques Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Imaging and radiotherapy techniques Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Midwifery Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Nursing Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Orthoptic and ophthalmologic assistance Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Physiotherapy Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Speech and language therapy Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Graduate (2 years)
* Biotechnologies of human reproduction Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Genetic counsellors Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Health professions of rehabilitation sciences Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Medical biotechnologies Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Nursing and midwifery sciences Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Single cycle (6 years)
* Dentistry and dental prosthodontics Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Medicine and surgery Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Economics, Law, Political Sciences, Social Sciences
* Pre-university (1 year)
* Foundation Course of the School of Economics and Management Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Undergraduate (3 years)
* Communication sciences Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Economics and banking Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Economics and business Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Economics and management Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Legal services Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Political sciences Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Social work Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Graduate (2 years)
* Communication strategies and techniques Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Economics Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Economics and management of financial institutions Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Economics for the environment and sustainability Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Finance Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* International accounting and management Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* International studies Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Language and mind: linguistics and cognitive studies Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Management and governance Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Public and cultural diplomacy Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Sciences of administrations Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Social sustainability and welfare management Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Statistics for sample surveys Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Single cycle (5 years)
* Law Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Environmental Sciences, Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Geology
* Undergraduate (3 years)
* Agribusiness Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Biological sciences Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Chemical sciences Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Geological sciences Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Natural and environmental sciences Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Graduate (2 years)
* Biodiversity, conservation and environmental quality Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Biology Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Chemistry Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Ecotoxicology and environmental sustainability Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Geological sciences and technologies Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Health biology Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Sustainable industrial pharmaceutical biotechnology Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Single cycle (5 years)
* Pharmaceutical chemistry and technology Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Pharmacy Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Physics, Engineering, Mathematics
* Undergraduate (3 years)
* Computer and information engineering Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Engineering management Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Mathematics Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Physics and advanced technologies Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Graduate (2 years)
* Applied mathematics Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Artificial intelligence and automation engineering Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Electronics and communications engineering Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Engineering management Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Cultural Heritage, Education, Literature, Languages, History, Philosophy
* Undergraduate (3 years)
* Education Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* History and cultural heritage Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Languages for intercultural and business communication Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Studies in literature and philosophy Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Graduate (2 years)
* Anthropology and visual studies Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Archaeology Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Classics Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Education sciences and educational consulting for organizations Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* History and philosophy Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* History of art Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Italian studies Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Language and mind: linguistics and cognitive studies Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.

## Points of interest

* Orto Botanico dell'Università di Siena, the university's botanical garden

## See also

* Coimbra Group (a network of leading European universities)
* List of medieval universities
* List of Italian universities
* Siena
* WebCrow

## Notes and references

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca, Portale dei dati dell'istruzione superiore". http://ustat.miur.it.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 "Short Story of University of Siena: 760 years of history". Università degli Studi di Siena. http://www.unisi.it/english/storiaint_en.htm.
3. ↑ de Ridder-Symoens, Universities in the Middle Ages. p93
4. ↑ Waley, Siena and the Sienese in the thirteenth century. p159
5. ↑ de Ridder-Symoens, Universities in the Middle Ages. p.97
6. ↑ de Ridder-Symoens, Universities in the Middle Ages. p36
7. ↑ Wahnbaeck, Luxury and public happiness. p96
8. ↑ D'Ajutolo, Luisa Longhena; Nasi, Bianca Teglio (2021). "Storia Dell'Associazione Italiana Donne Medico (AIDM) (1921 - 2001)". Italian Association of Medical Women. https://www.donnemedico.org/wp-content/uploads/StoriaAIDM.pdf.
9. ↑ Angiola Borrino, Virginia (2017). La mia vita. Hoepli. p. 5. ISBN 978-88-203-7934-6.

## External links

* University of Siena Website Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Herbermann, Charles, ed (1913). "University of Siena". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13781a.htm.

## Bibliography

* de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: A History of the University in Europe, Volume 1: Universities in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press, 1992 ISBN 0-521-54113-1
* Waley, Daniel: Siena and the Sienese in the thirteenth century. Cambridge University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-521-40312-X
* Wahnbaeck, Till: Luxury and Public Happiness: Political Economy in the Italian Enlightenment Oxford University Press, 2004 ISBN 0-19-926983-1

* v
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Universities in Italy

Major|

* Bari
* Bologna
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* Florence
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* Milan Polytechnic
* Naples Federico II
* Padua
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* Pisa
* Rome La Sapienza
* Turin

Large|

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* Rome Tor Vergata
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* Verona

Medium|

* Bari Polytechnic
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* Milan Bocconi
* Modena and Reggio Emilia
* Naples Eastern
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* Rome Marconi
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* Reggio Calabria Dante Alighieri
* Rome Biomedical
* Rome Foro Italico
* Rome Link Campus
* Rome LUISS
* Rome Maria SS. Assunta
* Sannio
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* Teramo
* Trieste SISSA
* Turin ESCP
* Turin International College
* Tuscia
* Venice IUAV
* Vercelli Eastern Piedmont
* LUM
* Giustino Fortunato
* Rome International Studies

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