Outline of arithmetic

Short description: Overview of and topical guide to arithmetic

Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics that is widely used for tasks ranging from simple day-to-day counting to advanced science and business calculations.

## Contents

* 1 Essence of arithmetic
* 2 History of arithmetic
* 3 Arithmetic operations and related concepts
* 4 Types of numbers
* 5 Elementary statistics
* 6 Other basic concepts
* 7 Modern arithmetic
* 8 See also
* 9 External links

## Essence of arithmetic

* Elementary arithmetic
* Decimal arithmetic
* Decimal point
* Numeral
* Place value

## History of arithmetic

## Arithmetic operations and related concepts

* Order of operations
* Addition
* Summation – Answer after adding a sequence of numbers
* Additive inverse
* Subtraction – Taking away numbers
* Multiplication – Repeated addition
* Multiple – Product of multiplication
* Least common multiple
* Multiplicative inverse
* Division – Repeated subtraction
* Modulo – The remainder of division
* Quotient – Result of division
* Quotition and partition – How many parts are there, and what is the size of each part
* Fraction – A number that is not whole, often shown as a division equation
* Decimal fraction – Representation of a fraction in the form of a number
* Proper fraction – Fraction with a numerator that is less than the denominator
* Improper fraction – Fractions with a numerator that is any number
* Ratio – Showing how much one number can go into another
* Least common denominator – Least common multiple of two or more fractions' denominators
* Factoring – Breaking a number down into its products
* Fundamental theorem of arithmetic
* Prime number – Number divisible by only 1 or itself
* Prime number theorem
* Distribution of primes
* Composite number – Number made of two smaller integers
* Factor – A number that can be divided from its original number to get a whole number
* Greatest common factor – Greatest factor that is common between two numbers
* Euclid's algorithm for finding greatest common divisors
* Exponentiation (power) – Repeated multiplication
* Square root – Reversal of a power of 2 (exponent of 1/2)
* Cube root – Reversal of a power of 3 (exponent of 1/3)
* Properties of Operations
* Associative property
* Distributive property
* Commutative property
* Factorial – Multiplication of numbers from the current number to 0

## Types of numbers

* Real number
* Rational number
* Integer
* Natural number
* Composite number
* Irrational number
* Odd number
* Even number
* Positive number
* Negative number
* Prime number
* List of prime numbers
* Highly composite number
* Perfect number
* Algebraic number
* Transcendental number
* Hypercomplex number
* Transfinite number
* Indefinite and fictitious numbers

## Elementary statistics

* Mean
* Weighted mean
* Median
* Mode
* Range

## Other basic concepts

* Combinations
* Percentage
* Permutations
* Proportion
* Rounding
* Scientific notation

## Modern arithmetic

* Outline of number theory
* Riemann zeta function
* L-functions
* Multiplicative functions
* Modular forms

## See also

* Elementary mathematics
* Table of mathematical symbols

## External links

* MathWorld article about arithmetic
* The New Student's Reference Work/Arithmetic (historical)
* Maximus Planudes' the Great Calculation an early western work on arithmetic at Convergence

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