Outline of hydrology

Short description: Overview of and topical guide to hydrology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to hydrology:

Hydrology - study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.

## Contents

* 1 What type of thing is hydrology?
* 1.1 Essence of hydrology
* 2 Branches of hydrology
* 3 History of hydrology
* 4 Things studied by hydrology
* 4.1 Abstract concepts in hydrology
* 4.2 Phenomena studied by hydrology
* 4.2.1 Water movement pathways
* 4.3 Physical things studied by hydrology
* 4.4 Environmental issues
* 5 Measurement tools
* 5.1 Groundwater[1]
* 5.2 Surface water[1]
* 5.3 Meteorological
* 5.4 Soil/porous media[1]
* 5.5 Water quality[1]
* 6 Modeling
* 6.1 Equations
* 6.2 Power/Uncertainty
* 6.2.1 Models
* 7 Applications of hydrology
* 8 Hydrology organizations
* 8.1 Intergovernmental organizations
* 8.2 International research bodies
* 8.3 National research bodies
* 8.4 National and international societies
* 8.5 Basin- and catchment-wide overviews
* 9 Hydrology publications
* 9.1 Hydrology-related journals
* 10 Persons influential in the field of hydrology
* 11 Allied sciences
* 12 Hydrology lists
* 13 See also
* 14 References
* 15 External links

## What type of thing is hydrology?

Hydrology can be described as all of the following:

* a branch of science
* a branch of natural science
* a branch of physical science
* a branch of Earth science
* a branch of geography
* a branch of physical geography

### Essence of hydrology

* Water
* Hydrologic cycle
* Cryosphere
* Origin of water on Earth
* Water distribution on Earth

## Branches of hydrology

* Hydrometry - the measurement of the different components of the hydrologic cycle
* Chemical hydrology - the study of the chemical characteristics of water
* Ecohydrology - the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle
* Hydrogeology - the study of the presence and movement of water in aquifers
* Hydroinformatics - the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications
* Hydrometeorology - the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere
* Isotope hydrology - the study of the isotopic signatures of water
* Surface hydrology - the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near the Earth's surface
* Catchment hydrology - study of the governing processes in a given hydrologically-defined catchment
* Drainage basin management - covers water-storage, in the form of reservoirs, and flood-protection.
* Water quality - includes the chemistry of water in rivers and lakes, both of pollutants and natural solutes.

## History of hydrology

History of hydrology

## Things studied by hydrology

### Abstract concepts in hydrology

* Field capacity

### Phenomena studied by hydrology

#### Water movement pathways

Water cycle (aka "hydrological cycle")

* Above ground
* Evaporation -
* Pan evaporation -
* Condensation -
* Precipitation - condensed water, is pulled by gravity back to Earth, in the form of:
* Drizzle
* Rain
* Sleet
* Snow
* Graupel
* Hail
* Interception -
* Evapotranspiration -
* Stemflow -
* Throughfall -
* On ground
* Surface runoff - flow of surface water
* First flush
* Floods
* Flash floods
* Overland flow -
* Horton overland flow -
* Below ground
* Infiltration -
* Pipeflow -
* Baseflow -
* Subsurface flow - flow of ground water

### Physical things studied by hydrology

* Ground water
* Soil moisture
* Surface water

### Environmental issues

* Desertification/Oasification -
* Hypoxia -
* Erosion -
* Water pollution -

## Measurement tools

### Groundwater[1]

* Aquifer characterization

* Flow direction

* Piezometer \- groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test)
* Conductivity, storativity, transmisivity
* Geophysical methods

* Vadose zone characterization
* Infiltration
* Infiltrometer \- infiltration
* Soil moisture
* Capacitance probe-soil moisture
* Time domain reflectometer - soil moisture
* Tensiometer \- soil moisture
* Solute sampling
* Geophysical methods

### Surface water[1]

* Water level

* Mechanical pressure gauge -
* Electronic pressure gauge -
* Acoustic pressure gauge -

* Channel shape

* Dumpy level -

* Discharge

* Acoustic Doppler velocimeter -
* Dilution tracing -

### Meteorological

* Precipitation[1]

* Rain gauge - rainfall depth (unit) and intensity (unit time−1)
* Disdrometer - raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity
* Doppler weather radar - raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity, rain cloud reflectivity converted to precipitation intensity through calibration to rain gauges
* Wind profiler - precipitation vertical and horizontal motion, vertical cross-section of reflectivity and typing

* Frozen precipitation (on ground)

* Pressure sensors - pressure, depth, and liquid water equivalent
* Acoustic sensors - pressure, depth, and liquid water equivalent

* Mean windspeed and direction

* Anemometer -
* Doppler sonar -
* Wind profiler - air vertical and horizontal motion

* Mean air temperature

* Thermometer -

* Humidity

* Infrared thermometer - a form of remote sensing
* Hygrometer (Psychrometer) - measures relative humidity

* Air pressure

* Barometer -

* Heat flux

* Net radiometer -
* Pyranometer -
* Pyrgeometer -
* Heat flux sensor -
* Lysimeter -

* Cloudiness/Sunshine

* Spectroradiometer -
* Campbell–Stokes recorder -

* Evapotranspiration [2]

* Water budget method

* Basin water balance -
* Evaporation pan -
* Lysimetry -
* Soil moisture depletion -

* Water vapor transfer method

* Bowen ratio - considers the energy budget
* Eddy covariance -

* Component analysis

* Porometry/Sap flow -
* Interception loss -
* Soil evaporation -

* Large-scale

* Scintillometer -
* Remote sensing estimates -
* LIDAR -

### Soil/porous media[1]

* Bulk density & porosity

* Oven dried sample -

* Matric potential

* Suction plate - determines relationship between the water volume and matric potential
* Resistance thermometer - relates to matric potential from previous calibration

* Hydraulic conductivity

* Disc permeameter - measures soil hydraulic conductivity
* Rainfall simulator - measures output through the application of constant input ("rain") in a sealed area
* Slug test - addition or removal of water and monitors the time until return to predisturbance level

* Piezometer -
* Soil moisture content (water volume percentage)

* Frequency domain sensor -
* Time domain reflectometer -
* Neutron probe -

### Water quality[1]

* Conductivity

* Electrical conductivity - variety of probes used

* pH

* pH meter -

* Dissolved oxygen (DO)

* Winkler test -

* Turbidity

* Nephelometer (Turbidimeter) -

* Water clarity

* Secchi disk -

* Bed load
* Erosion/deposition

## Modeling

* Behavioral modeling in hydrology

### Equations

Basin

* Hack's law -

Catchment

* Water balance -

Evaporation

* Penman -
* Penman-Monteith -

Infiltration/Soil Movement

* Darcy's Law -

* Darcy-Weisbach -

* Richards equation -

Streamflow/Open channel

* Fick's law of diffusion -
* Chézy formula -
* Manning formula -
* Strahler number -
* Standard step method - computational technique for modeling steady state open channel surface profiles

Erosion

* Hjulström curve -

Groundwater

* Dupuit–Forchheimer assumption -
* Groundwater flow equation -

### Power/Uncertainty

* Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient
* GLUE

#### Models

Hydrological transport model

* Canadian Land Surface Scheme
* CHyM – Cetemps Hydrological Model
* DRAINMOD[1]
* DSSAM
* FEHM
* Flood Modeller Pro
* Groundwater model
* GSSHA
* HBV hydrology model
* HEC-HMS
* HydroGeoSphere
* Hydrologic evaluation of landfill performance
* Hydrological transport model
* Isochrone map
* Litpack
* METRIC
* MIKE 11
* MODFLOW
* Mouse
* RheinBlick2050
* Runoff model (reservoir)
* SahysMod
* SaltMod
* SEDCAD
* SHETRAN
* Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model
* SWAT model
* Temporal Analyst
* Vflo
* WAFLEX
* WaterGAP
* WEAP
* ZOOMQ3D

## Applications of hydrology

Some examples of applications of hydrology:

* Analyzing the impacts of antecedent moisture on sanitary sewer systems
* Assessing contaminant transport risk and establishing environmental policy guidelines
* Assessing the impacts of natural and anthropogenic environmental change on water resources
* Designing bridges
* Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation
* Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity
* Designing riparian restoration projects
* Designing sewers and urban drainage system
* Determining the agricultural water balance
* Determining the water balance of a region
* Fog collection
* Part of the hazard module in catastrophe modeling
* Predicting and mitigating flood, landslide and drought risk
* Predicting geomorphologic changes, such as erosion or sedimentation
* Providing drinking water
* Real-time flood forecasting and flood warning

## Hydrology organizations

### Intergovernmental organizations

* International Hydrological Programme (IHP)[3]

### International research bodies

* International Water Management Institute (IWMI)[4]
* UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education[5]

### National research bodies

* Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – UK[6]
* Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, UK[7]
* eawag – aquatic research, ETH Zürich, Switzerland[8]
* Institute of Hydrology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany[9]
* United States Geological Survey – Water Resources of the United States[10]
* NOAA's National Weather Service – Office of Hydrologic Development, USA[11]
* US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center, USA[12]
* Hydrologic Research Center, USA[13]
* NOAA Economics and Social Sciences, USA[14]
* University of Oklahoma Center for Natural Hazards and Disasters Research, USA[15]
* National Hydrology Research Centre, Canada[16]
* National Institute of Hydrology, India[17]

### National and international societies

* Geological Society of America (GSA) – Hydrogeology Division[18]
* American Geophysical Union (AGU) – Hydrology Section[19]
* National Ground Water Association (NGWA)[20]
* American Water Resources Association[21]
* Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI)[22]
* International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)[23][24]
* Statistics in Hydrology Working Group (subgroup of IAHS)[25]
* German Hydrological Society (DHG: Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft)[26]
* Italian Hydrological Society (SII-IHS) – http://www.sii-ihs.it
* Nordic Association for Hydrology[27]
* British Hydrological Society[28]
* Russian Geographical Society (Moscow Center) – Hydrology Commission[29]
* International Association for Environmental Hydrology[30]
* International Association of Hydrogeologists[31]

### Basin- and catchment-wide overviews

* Connected Waters Initiative, University of New South Wales[32] – Investigating and raising awareness of groundwater and water resource issues in Australia
* Murray Darling Basin Initiative, Department of Environment and Heritage, Australia[33]

## Hydrology publications

### Hydrology-related journals

* Hydrological Processes, ISSN 1099-1085 (electronic) 0885-6087 (paper), John Wiley & Sons
* Hydrology Research, ISSN 0029-1277, IWA Publishing (formerly Nordic Hydrology)
* Journal of Hydroinformatics, ISSN 1464-7141, IWA Publishing
* Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ISSN 0733-9496, ASCE Publication
* Journal of Hydrology
* Water Research
* Water Resources Research
* Hydrological Sciences Journal  – Journal of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) ISSN 0262-6667 (Print), ISSN 2150-3435 (Online)

## Persons influential in the field of hydrology

* Hein de Baar
* Günter Blöschl
* Chen Xing (hydrologist)
* Ven Te Chow
* Gedeon Dagan
* James Dooge
* Endre Dudich
* G. H. Dury
* Saeid Eslamian
* Philipp Forchheimer
* François-Alphonse Forel
* Pieter Harting
* Majid Hassanizadeh
* Alf Howard
* Jan Vladimír Hráský
* Hydra (skater)
* Shahbaz Khan (hydrologist)
* Vit Klemes
* Michal Kravčík
* Torben Larsen
* John R. Philip
* Giovanni Roncagli
* Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa
* Alireza Shokoohi
* Bojidar Spiriev
* Valeryan Uryvaev
* Jasper A. Vrugt
* John Williams (water scientist)

* Czesław Zakaszewski

## Allied sciences

* Aquatic chemistry -
* Civil engineering -

* Hydraulic engineering -

* Climatology -
* Environmental engineering -
* Environmental Engineering Science -
* Geomorphology -
* Hydroacoustics -
* Hydrography -

* Limnology -
* Oceanography -

* Physical geography -

## Hydrology lists

* Drainage basins by area - largest hydrologically defined watersheds in the world
* Floods - chronological and geographic list of major floods worldwide
* Waterways - worldwide listing of waterbodies classified as rivers, canals, estuaries, and firths

## See also

* Outline of meteorology

Other water-related fields

* Oceanography - more general study of water in the oceans and estuaries.
* Meteorology - more general study of the atmosphere and of weather, including precipitation as snow and rainfall.
* Limnology - study of inland waters (running and standing waters, both fresh and saline, natural or man-made), including their biological, chemical, physical, geological, and other attributes.[34] This includes the study of lakes and ponds, rivers, springs, streams and wetlands.
* Water resources - sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Hydrology studies the availability of those resources, but usually not their uses.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Western, Andrew W. (2005). "Principles of Hydrological Measurements". in Anderson, Malcolm G.. Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences. 1. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Inc.. pp. 75–94.
2. ↑ Shuttleworth, W. James (January–February 2008). "Evapotranspiration Measurement Methods". Southwest Hydrology (Tucson, AZ) 7 (1): 22–23. http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/archive/V7_N1/feature3.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
3. ↑ "International Hydrological Programme (IHP)". IHP. 6 May 2013. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/.
4. ↑ "International Water Management Institute (IWMI)". IWMI. http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org.
5. ↑ "UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education". UNIESCO-IHE. http://www.unesco-ihe.org.
6. ↑ "CEH Website". Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. http://www.ceh.ac.uk/.
7. ↑ "Cranfield Water Science Institute". Cranfield University. http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water.
8. ↑ "Eawag aquatic research". Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. 25 January 2012. http://www.eawag.ch.
9. ↑ "Professur für Hydrologie". University of Freiburg. 23 February 2010. http://www.hydro.uni-freiburg.de/strt-en?set_language=en.
10. ↑ "Water Resources of the United States". USGS. 4 October 2011. http://water.usgs.gov.
11. ↑ "Office of Hydrologic Development". National Weather Service. NOAA. 28 October 2011. http://www.weather.gov/ohd/.
12. ↑ "Hydrologic Engineering Center". US Army Corps of Engineers. http://www.hec.usace.army.mil.
13. ↑ "Hydrologic Research Center". Hydrologic Research Center. http://www.hrc-lab.org.
14. ↑ "NOAA Economics and Social Sciences". NOAA Office of Program Planning and Integration. http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=weather&file=users/business/watermgt/.
15. ↑ "Center for Natural Hazard and Disasters Research". University of Oklahoma. 17 June 2008. http://vpr-norman.ou.edu/centers-institutes/list/center-natural-hazards-and-disasters-research.
16. ↑ "National Hydrology Research Centre (Saskatoon, SK)". Environmental Science Centres. Environment Canada. http://www.ec.gc.ca/scitech/default.asp?lang=En&n=44EEFEB3-1#nhrc.
17. ↑ "National Institute of Hydrology (Roorkee), India". NIH Roorkee. http://www.nih.ernet.in.
18. ↑ "Hydrogeology Division". The Geological Society of America. 10 September 2011. http://gsahydro.fiu.edu/index.htm.
19. ↑ "Welcome to AGU's Hydrology (H) Section". American Geophysical Union. http://hydrology.agu.org/.
20. ↑ "National Ground Water Association". http://www.ngwa.org.
21. ↑ "American Water Resources Association". 2 January 2012. http://www.awra.org.
22. ↑ "CUAHSI". http://www.cuahsi.org/.
23. ↑ "International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)". Associations. International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. 1 December 2008. http://www.iugg.org/associations/iahs.php.
24. ↑ "International Association of Hydrological Sciences". http://iahs.info/.
25. ↑ "International Commission on Statistical Hydrology". STAHY. http://www.stahy.org.
26. ↑ Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft, accessed 2 September 2013
27. ↑ Nordic Association for Hydrology, accessed 2 September 2013
28. ↑ "The British Hydrological Society". http://www.hydrology.org.uk/.
29. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). Russian Geographical Society. http://rgo.msk.ru/commissions/hydrology/.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}[[Category:Articles+with+incorrect+citation+syntax|Outline+of+hydrology]]&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Russian+Geographical+Society&rft_id=http://rgo.msk.ru/commissions/hydrology/&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Outline_of_hydrology">
30. ↑ "Hydroweb". The International Association for Environmental Hydrology. http://hydroweb.com.
31. ↑ "International Association of Hydrogeologists". http://iah.org/.
32. ↑ "Connected Waters Initiative (CWI)". University of New South Wales. http://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au.
33. ↑ "Integrated Water Resource Management in Australia: Case studies – Murray–Darling Basin initiative". Australian Government. http://www.environment.gov.au/node/24407.
34. ↑ Wetzel, R.G. (2001) Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed. Academic Press. ISBN:0-12-744760-1

## External links

* Hydrology.nl – Portal to international hydrology and water resources
* Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling
* Experimental Hydrology Wiki

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