Pandora Papers

Short description: 2021 leak of financial documents

Not to be confused with Panama Papers or Paradise Papers.

Symbol used to represent the leak by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists Taxation

An aspect of fiscal policy

Policies

* Government revenue
* Property tax equalization
* Tax revenue
* Non-tax revenue
* Tax law
* Tax bracket
* Tax threshold
* Exemption
* Credit
* Deduction
* Tax shift
* Tax cut
* Tax holiday
* Tax advantage
* Tax incentive
* Tax reform
* Tax harmonization
* Tax competition
* Double taxation
* Representation
* Unions
* Medical savings account
* Tax, tariff and trade

Economics

|  General Theory

* Price effect
* Excess burden
* Tax incidence
* Laffer curve
* Optimal tax
* Theory
* Optimal capital income taxation

Distribution of Tax

* Tax rate
* Flat
* Progressive
* Regressive
* Proportional

Collection

* Revenue service
* Revenue stamp
* Tax assessment
* Taxable income
* Tax lien
* Tax refund
* Tax shield
* Tax residence
* Tax preparation
* Tax investigation
* Tax shelter
* Private tax collection
* Tax farming

Noncompliance

|  General

* Tax avoidance
* Tax evasion
* Tax resistance
* Tax shelter
* Smuggling
* Black market
* Unreported employment

Corporate

* Tax inversion
* Transfer mispricing
* Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS)
* Double Irish
* Dutch Sandwich
* Single Malt
* CAIA/Green Jersey

Locations

* Tax havens
* Corporate tax havens
* Offshore financial centres (OFCs)
* Offshore magic circle
* Conduit and Sink OFCs
* Financial centres
* Financial Secrecy Index

Major examples

* Apple €13 billion fine
* Ireland as a tax haven
* Leprechaun economics
* Liechtenstein tax affair
* Luxembourg Leaks
* Offshore Leaks
* Paradise Papers
* Panama Papers
* Swiss Leaks
* United States as a tax haven
* Panama as a tax haven

Types

* Direct
* Indirect
* Per unit
* Ad valorem
* In rem
* Capital gains
* Carbon
* Consumption
* Dividend
* Ecotax
* Excise
* Fuel
* Georgist
* Gift
* Gross receipts
* Income
* Inheritance (estate)
* Land value
* Payroll
* Pigovian
* Property
* Sales
* Sin
* Single
* Stamp
* Steering
* Turnover
* Value-added (VAT)
* Corporate profit
* Excess profits
* Windfall profits
* Negative (income)
* Wealth

International

* Financial transaction tax
* Currency transaction tax
* European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB)
* Tobin tax
* Spahn tax
* Tax equalization
* Tax treaty
* Permanent establishment
* Transfer pricing
* European Union FTT
* Foreign revenue rule

Trade

* Custom
* Duty
* Tariff
* Import
* Export
* Tariff war
* Free trade
* Free trade zone
* Trade agreement
* ATA Carnet

Research

|  Academic

* Mihir A. Desai
* Dhammika Dharmapala
* James R. Hines Jr.
* Ronen Palan
* Joel Slemrod
* Gabriel Zucman

Advocacy groups

* Tax Justice Network (TJN)
* Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP)
* Oxfam (UK)
* Tax Foundation (US)
* Tax Policy Center (US)

Religious

* Church tax
* Eight per thousand
* Teind
* Tithe
* Fiscus Judaicus
* Leibzoll
* Temple tax
* Tolerance tax
* Jizya
* Kharaj
* Khums
* Nisab
* Zakat

By country

|  All Countries

* List of countries by tax rates
* Tax revenues as % of GDP
* Tax rates in Europe

Individual Countries

* Albania
* Algeria
* Argentina
* Australia
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brazil
* Bulgaria
* BVI
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* Croatia
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hong Kong
* Iceland
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Ireland
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Lithuania
* Malta
* Morocco
* Namibia
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Peru
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Russia
* Singapore
* South Africa
* Sri Lanka
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Taiwan
* Tanzania
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Uruguay

* v
* t
* e

The Pandora Papers are 11.9 million leaked documents with 2.9 terabytes of data that the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) published beginning on 3 October 2021.[1][2][3] The leak exposed the secret offshore accounts of 35 world leaders, including current and former presidents, prime ministers, and heads of state as well as more than 100 business leaders, billionaires, and celebrities. The news organizations of the ICIJ described the document leak as their most expansive exposé of financial secrecy yet, containing documents, images, emails and spreadsheets from 14 financial service companies, in nations including Panama, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates.[4][5] The size of the leak surpassed their previous release of the Panama Papers in 2016, which had 11.5 million confidential documents and 2.6 terabytes of data.[6][7][8][9][10] The ICIJ said it is not identifying its source for the documents.[11]

The ICIJ estimates that the total global amount of money held offshore (outside the country where the money was made) is between US$5.6 trillion and US$32 trillion.[3][12][13]

## Contents

* 1 Disclosures
* 2 Data sources
* 2.1 Alcogal law firm
* 3 Participating media outlets
* 4 Reactions
* 4.1 Africa
* 4.2 Asia
* 4.3 Europe
* 4.4 North America
* 4.5 Central America and Caribbean
* 4.6 South America
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Disclosures

In total, 35 current and former national leaders appear in the leak, alongside 400 public officials from nearly 100 countries and more than 100 billionaires.[14] Some of the activities were legal according to the countries' respective tax laws.[11] The majority of the files were dated from 1996 to 2020, with some older documents dating back to 1970.[15] The data included 130 billionaires listed by Forbes, over 330 politicians, celebrities, members of royal families, and religious leaders.

Among those names are former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Chilean President Sebastián Piñera, former Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta, Montenegrin President Milo Đukanović, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Qatari Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, the United Arab Emirates Prime Minister and Dubai ruler Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Gabonese President Ali Bongo Ondimba, Lebanese Prime Minister Najib Mikati,[16] Ecuadorian President Guillermo Lasso, family members of former Argentine President Mauricio Macri and his spin-doctor, Ecuadorian Jaime Durán Barba,[17][18][19] and Cypriot President Nicos Anastasiades.[20][21] More than 100 billionaires, 29,000 offshore accounts, 30 current and former leaders, and 336 politicians[22] were named in the first leaks on 3 October 2021.[1][11]

The papers show that King Abdullah II of Jordan invested over US$100 million in property across the US and UK, including houses in Malibu, California,[23] Washington, D.C., London and Ascot.[24][25] A UK company controlled by Cherie Blair was shown to have acquired a £6.45 million property in London by purchasing Romanstone International Limited, a British Virgin Islands company; had the property been acquired directly, £312,000 would have been payable in stamp duty. Tony Blair's name appears in a statement of joint income for the associated mortgage.[26]

The papers also reveal how an office block owned by Azerbaijan's ruling Aliyev family was sold to the Crown Estate, the UK sovereign's public estate, for £66 million in 2018, netting the Aliyevs a £31 million profit. Another office block worth £33 million was sold to the Aliyev family in 2009 and was gifted to the 11-year-old son of Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev, Heydar.[5] According to the Las Vegas Sun, "Members of the inner circle of Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan are accused of hiding millions of dollars in wealth in secret companies or trusts".[27] Supporters of former Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko accused his successor Zelensky, who came to power on an anti-corruption campaign, of tax evasion.[28] Elsewhere, close associates of Russian president Vladimir Putin, like Svetlana Krivonogikh and Gennady Timchenko, were revealed to have secret assets in Monaco, and Czech prime minister Andrej Babiš, who had campaigned on promises to crack down on corruption and tax evasion, did not declare the use of an offshore investment company in the purchase of eight properties, including two villas, in Mougins on the French Riviera for £12 million.[5][29][30] As a result of the Pandora Papers, more information emerged about Russia-linked, allegedly Kremlin-linked, donations to the Tories.[31] Uhuru Kenyatta was also mentioned, despite being quoted in 2018 as stating, "Every public servant's assets must be declared publicly so that people can question and ask - what is legitimate?"[11] Kenyatta and six members of his family have been linked to 13 offshore companies. The leaked list also includes transnational criminal organization leaders, such as Raffaele Amato, boss of the Amato-Pagano clan, a clan within the Camorra, dedicated to international drug trafficking. Amato used a shell company in the UK to buy land and real estate in Spain.[32][33][34]

Other global names mentioned include Shakira, who was incorporating new offshore entities while going on trial for tax evasion; model Claudia Schiffer; Indian cricket player Sachin Tendulkar; Indian billionaire Anil Ambani; fugitive diamantaire Nirav Modi’s sister Purvi Modi; Alexandre Cazes, the founder of the dark web site AlphaBay, used to deal in illegal drugs; Pakistani finance minister, Shaukat Fayaz Ahmed Tarin, and several of family members of Pakistan's top generals; and the CEO of Channel One Russia, Konstantin Ernst. Miguel Bosé, Pep Guardiola and Julio Iglesias are also named.[35][36][37][38][39][40]

## Data sources

The leaked files come from 14 offshore service providers that help clients establish companies in secrecy jurisdictions.[41]

Offshore service provider sources[41] Provider  | Records  | Time period  | Founding office location  | Year founded

|
|
|
|

All About Offshore Limited  | 270,328  | 2002–2019  |  Seychelles  | 2007
Alemán, Cordero, Galindo & Lee  | 2,185,783  | 1970–2019  |  Panama  | 1985
Alpha Consulting Limited  | 823,305  | 1996–2020  |  Seychelles  | 2008
Asiaciti Trust Asia Limited  | 1,800,650  | 1996–2019  |  Hong Kong  | 1978
CCS Trust Limited  | 149,378  | 2001–2017  |  Belize  | 2005
CIL Trust International  | 459,476  | 1996–2019  |  Belize  | 1994
Commence Overseas Limited  | 8,661  | 2004–2017  |  British Virgin Islands  | 1992
Demetrios A. Demetriades LLC  | 469,184  | 1993–2021  |  Cyprus  | 1966
Fidelity Corporate Services Limited  | 213,733  | 1998–2019  |  British Virgin Islands  | 2005
Glenn D. Godfrey and Company LLP  | 189,907  | 1980–2019  |  Belize  | 2003
Il Shin  | 1,575,840  | 1996–2020  |  Hong Kong  | 2004
Overseas Management Company Inc  | 190,477  | 1997–2020  |  Panama  | 1961
SFM Corporate Services  | 191,623  | 2000–2019  |  Switzerland

* * *

United Arab Emirates  | 2006
Trident Trust Company Limited  | 3,375,331  | 1970–2019  |  British Virgin Islands  | 1986

### Alcogal law firm

An ICIJ report focused on the Panamanian law firm of Alemán, Cordero, Galindo & Lee, or Alcogal, saying it was the "law firm of the Latin American elite",[42] having created at least 14,000 shell companies and trusts in tax havens. Alcogal was thus mentioned more than any other offshore provider in the leaked documents.[43]

## Participating media outlets

For the uncovering of the papers, the ICIJ worked with journalists from 91 media outlets[44] in 117 countries including news organizations such as The Washington Post, L'Espresso, Le Monde, El País, Süddeutsche Zeitung, the PBS program Frontline, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, The Guardian, and the BBC’s Panorama.[11][45]

The following media organisations worked on the investigation:[44]

* Balkan Investigative Reporting Network
* Twala
* La Nación
* elDiarioAR
* Infobae
* Hetq
* Australian Broadcasting Corporation
* Australian Financial Review
* Austrian Broadcasting Corporation
* Profil
* Belsat
* De Tijd
* Knack
* Le Soir
* Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
* Ink Center for Investigative Journalism
* Agência Pública
* Metrópoles
* Poder 360
* Revista Piauí
* Bureau for Investigative Reporting and Data
* L’Economiste Du Faso
* VOD
* The Museba Project
* CBC/Radio-Canada
* Toronto Star
* Ciper Chile
* Fundación Periodística LaBot
* CONNECTAS
* El Espectador
* National Magazine Comores
* Centro Latinoamericano de Investigación Periodística
* Costa Rica Noticias, Canal 13
* Eburnie Today
* L’Elephant Dechaine
* Proyecto Inventario
* Czech Center for Investigative Journalism
* Berlingske
* Danish Broadcasting Corporation
* Politiken
* Noticias SIN
* Diario El Universo
* Mada Masr
* El Faro
* Diario Rombe
* Eesti Päevaleht
* Yle – Finnish Broadcasting Company
* Le Monde
* Premières Lignes
* Radio France
* iFact
* Deutsche Welle
* Norddeutscher Rundfunk
* Süddeutsche Zeitung
* Westdeutscher Rundfunk
* Ghana Business News
* Zami Reports
* Plaza Pública
* Contracorriente
* Stand News
* Direkt36
* Reykjavík Media
* Stundin
* The Indian Express
* Tempo
* Shomrim
* L'Espresso
* The Asahi Shimbun
* Kyodo News
* Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism
* Africa Uncensored
* The Elephant
* Re:Baltica
* Daraj Media
* Daily Observer Newspaper
* FrontPage Africa
* Africa Report
* Siena.lt
* Reporter.lu
* Nation Publications LTD
* Platform for Investigative Journalism
* Malaysiakini
* Malian Network of Investigative Journalists
* Times of Malta
* L’Express
* Proceso
* Quinto Elemento Lab
* MANS
* Le Desk
* The Namibian
* Centre for Investigative Journalism, Nepal
* Kantipur Daily
* Het Financieele Dagblad
* Investico (nl)
* Trouw
* New Zealand Media and Entertainment
* TVNZ
* Confidencial
* L’Evenement
* Premium Times
* Aftenposten
* E24
* The News
* Grupo ABC Color
* Convoca
* IDL-Reporteros
* Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
* Rappler
* Gazeta Wyborcza
* Expresso
* Centro De Periodismo Investigativo
* RISE
* Important Stories
* Impact.sn
* KRIK
* OŠTRO
* amaBhungane Centre for Investigative Journalism
* Carte Blanche (M-Net)
* Newstapa
* El País
* LaSexta
* Spotify
* SVT
* TAMEDIA
* Jamii Media
* Isra News Agency
* De Cive (Le Citoyen) et La Lettre Agricole
* Flambeau des Democrates
* L’Union pour la Patrie
* Quoditien Liberte
* Inkyfada
* NMG Uganda
* Slidstvo.Info (uk)
* BBC
* Finance Uncovered
* Private Eye
* The Guardian
* El Nuevo Herald
* Frontline (PBS)
* McClatchy
* Miami Herald
* The Washington Post
* Univision
* Semanario Búsqueda
* Armando.Info
* Makanday Center for Investigative Journalism

## Reactions

### Africa

* Ivory Coast: Prime Minister Patrick Achi’s office condemned the "malicious use" of information.[46]
* Kenya: President Uhuru Kenyatta said the Pandora Papers would be good for transparency, and said he would respond fully when he returned from a trip abroad. He had previously demanded that all civil servants account for their wealth.[47]

### Asia

* Sri Lanka: President Gotabaya Rajapaksa has ordered the Bribery Commission to probe into Sri Lankans named in the Pandora Papers, which exposed financial fraud globally.[48]
* Jordan: The Jordanian government called claims made about King Abdullah II in the leak "distorted", while the King himself denounced what he claimed was a "campaign against Jordan".[49]
* India: The Indian Ministry of Finance promised an investigation into the revelations in the leak, and that appropriate legal action would be taken if necessary.[50]
* Hong Kong: Chief Executive Carrie Lam refused to comment on the report and whether the current government would follow up on the incident, saying only that the Hong Kong government has a "very robust" declaration of interests system.[51] Leung Chun-ying, the former chief executive named in the document, pointed out that the relevant reports were misleading, claiming that only directly held shares need to be declared, and indirectly held and traded shares do not need to be declared, and he countered that the position of participating in the investigation was a "foreign agent".[52]
* Indonesia: Coordinating Minister for the Economy Airlangga Hartarto and Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs and Investment Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan are named on the leak. Airlangga denied any knowledge of the transactions by the corporation he owned in the British Virgin Islands. Luhut denied partnership with an Indonesian state-owned oil firm and then changed the company's name.[53]
* Lebanon: Lebanese Prime Minister Najib Mikati and former Prime Minister Hassan Diab denied any wrongdoing.[54][55]
* Pakistan: Prime Minister Imran Khan said that all citizens mentioned in the Pandora Papers would be investigated and appropriate action taken in case of wrongdoing.[56][57] Ahsan Iqbal, secretary general of the Pakistan Muslim League (N), called for the resignation of Prime Minister Khan.[54]
* Malaysia: Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim called for the content of the Pandora Papers to be discussed in Parliament after it was revealed several officials, including former finance minister Tengku Zafrul Aziz, as well as former finance minister Daim Zainuddin were named in the leaks.[58] Subsequently in Parliament, Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department (Parliament and Law) Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar said that the Government will instruct its agencies to look into claims related to the Papers. In addition, former Finance Minister Daim Zainuddin maintained his business dealings were legitimate.[59][60]
* Singapore: The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) will examine information relating to one of the companies named in the report, a Singapore-based firm called Asiaciti Trust. The firm added that the reports were "based on incomplete and sometimes erroneous information", including some illegally obtained.[61][62] Subsequently in Parliament, Minister for Finance Lawrence Wong said that no significant concerns about financial institutions in Singapore were raised by the leaks, although the MAS will engage institutions to see if there is a need to tighten controls. The two companies named in the report, including Trident Trust Company Singapore, are licensed and regulated.[63]

### Europe

* United Kingdom: Former prime minister Tony Blair and his wife denied any wrongdoing, with the couple's spokesperson saying "the Blairs pay full tax on all their earnings. And have never used offshore schemes either to hide transactions or avoid tax.”[64]
* European Union: EU tax commissioner Paolo Gentiloni told the European Parliament that the European Commission will present new legislative proposals to tackle tax avoidance and tax evasion by the end of the year.[65]
* Czech Republic: The Czech National Police promised an investigation into any citizens mentioned in the Pandora Papers, including ex-Prime Minister Andrej Babiš.[66] Babiš denied any wrongdoing, and alleged that the timing and/or content of the leak was aimed at influencing the upcoming legislative election.[67]
* Ireland: Tánaiste Leo Varadkar stated that the Irish government and legislature would move immediately to close any loopholes in tax or company law that allow individuals and businesses to use the country as an offshore location.[68]
* Russia: President Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov dismissed the accusations against Putin, who is not directly named in the Pandora Papers, as "unsubstantiated claims" after several individuals linked to Putin were mentioned in the leak.[69] Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said that the United States was "the largest" tax haven and "billions of dollars in South Dakota belong to those accused of financial crimes."[54]
* Ukraine: President Volodymyr Zelensky's office denied any wrongdoing after he was named in the leak.[28] Ex-journalist and Volodymyr Zelensky's associate Serhiy Leshchenko said "there is no subject for a scandal" and "in Ukraine, offshore companies are so widespread that the owners of stalls already have an offshore company".[70]

### North America

* Mexico: President Andrés Manuel López Obrador stated that he would push for an investigation into any Mexican nationals named in the leak.[71]
* United States: The United States Department of State announced in 2021 that it would review the documents published in the Pandora Papers.[72] According to the leak, trusts in several U.S. states[73] — including South Dakota,[74][75][76][77] Florida, Delaware, Texas, and Nevada — were sheltering at least US$1 billion for offshore clients.[78] In 2024, the IRS was granted permission to serve a John Doe summons to Trident Trust Group in order to collect information about any clients who may have used their services for the purpose of tax evasion.[79]

### Central America and Caribbean

* Dominican Republic: President Luis Abinader denied any wrongdoing after being named in the leak, adding that he "has been completely separated from the administration and management of all the companies controlled by the family, incorporated in the Dominican Republic or abroad" since he assumed power in August 2020.[80]
* Panama: The Procuraduría General de la Nación (PGN), a government agency, was reported to be analyzing the contents of the leak, seeking foundations for a criminal investigation of those mentioned in the leak.[81][82] The Colegio Nacional de Abogados (CNA), a local trade association, stated that Panamanian law firms had offered their services lawfully, the leak does not reflect reality, threatens the rule according to higher law, law firms and their customers around the world enjoy confidentiality which may only be breached by a court order, and the leak poses a threat to Panamanian law firms as it presents them as allies of criminals.[83][84]
* Alcogal, one of the largest sources of leaked documents, stated that many people named in the leak had never been its clients, the ICIJ had divulged inexact and outdated information and a wrong image of their law firm, already decided who was guilty, and Alcogal considers themselves part of the solution and are not infallible. The Panamanian government sent the ICIJ a letter through law firm Benesch, Friedlander, Coplan & Aronoff LLP, stating whatever image the ICIJ had of Panama in 2016 is out of date, and the Panamanian government is willing to start a dialogue to avoid further great damage to Panama, as happened during the Panama Papers. The government argued that the name "Panama" became linked to offshore companies and money laundering due to efforts from the ICIJ, despite not being the main tax haven or destination for tax structuring contrary to what the Tax Justice Network said, the ICIJ's use of "Panama Papers" caused global media to associate Panama with tax havens, and listed measures the government had taken after the Panama Papers.[85][86][87] They also announced the suspension of 50% of all companies registered in Panama, stating the aim to curb sensationalist coverage and counteract any negative consequences resulting from scandals where the country may be involved by others. The ICIJ was told to be cautious and avoid references to Panama without "informative justification". The government will supervise all subjects registered in Panama mentioned in the leak to protect the country's image and reputation through the newly created Superintendencia de Sujetos no Financieros, and the DGI will begin taxing procedures to all natural and juridical persons in the leak and is willing to exchange information with other jurisdictions.[88][89][85][90] Alcogal, the Panamanian law firm protagonist of Pandora's papers, announced that it has created a transparency department in order to reinforce its obligations in the matter and its commitment to a regulation recently approved by the National Government.[91]

### South America

* Chile: President Sebastián Piñera denied having hidden assets in tax havens.[27]
* Ecuador: President Guillermo Lasso denied any wrongdoing.[46] He said that he voluntarily cooperated with the Pandora Papers investigation, and that regarding his naming in the leak, "most of the societies mentioned were legally dissolved in the past, and I have no link with those that may still exist".[92]
* Uruguay: The National Secretariat for the Fight against Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing of the Presidential Office of Uruguay started ex officio to research the case to find out about the roles of law firms based in Montevideo aimed to provide offshore entities to clients worldwide as intermediaries of Alcogal.[93]

## See also

* List of people named in the Pandora Papers
* Azerbaijani Laundromat
* Bahamas Leaks
* Banca Privada d'Andorra
* Cyprus Papers
* Dubai Uncovered
* FinCEN Files
* The Laundromat (2019 film)
* LuxLeaks
* Mauritius Leaks
* Offshore Leaks
* Paradise Papers
* Russian Laundromat
* Suisse secrets
* Swiss Leaks

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Miller, Greg; Cenziper, Debbie; Whoriskey, Peter (3 October 2021). "Pandora Papers – A Global Investigation – Billions Hidden Beyond Reach – Trove of secret files details opaque financial universe where global elite shield riches from taxes, probes and accountability". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/interactive/2021/pandora-papers-offshore-finance/.
2. ↑ Díaz-Struck, Emilia (3 October 2021). "Pandora Papers: An offshore data tsunami – The Pandora Papers's 11.9 million records arrived from 14 different offshore services firms in a jumble of files and formats – even ink-on-paper – presenting a massive data-management challenge". International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. https://www.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/about-pandora-papers-leak-dataset/.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Pandora Papers reporting team (4 October 2021). "Pandora Papers: A simple guide to the Pandora Papers leak". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-58780561.
4. ↑ "Offshore havens and hidden riches of world leaders and billionaires exposed in unprecedented leak – ICIJ" (in en-US). International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. 3 October 2021. https://www.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/global-investigation-tax-havens-offshore/.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Pandora Papers: Secret wealth and dealings of world leaders exposed". BBC News. 3 October 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-58780465.
6. ↑ Harding, Luke (2016-04-05). "What are the Panama Papers? A guide to history's biggest data leak" (in en). http://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/apr/03/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-panama-papers.
7. ↑ "Bigger than Panama: Several Pakistani names on upcoming Pandora Papers" (in en). Samaa. Samaa TV. 2 October 2021. https://www.samaa.tv/news/2021/10/bigger-than-panama-several-pakistani-names-on-upcoming-pandora-papers/.
8. ↑ "Pandora Papers: Exposé featuring financial secrets of high-profile individuals to be released Sunday" (in en). www.geo.tv. 2 October 2021. https://www.geo.tv/latest/373664-pandora-papers-exposé-featuring-financial-secrets-of-high-profile-individuals-to-be-released-sunday.
9. ↑ "ICIJ set to release Pandora Papers same like Panama Papers". 2 October 2021. https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/622410-ICIJ-set-to-release-Pandora-Papers-same-like-Panama-Papers.
10. ↑ Ghumman, Faisal Ali (2 October 2021). "ICIJ 'to release' Pandora Papers (Panama-2) also involving Pakistanis tomorrow" (in en-US). GNN – Pakistan's Largest News Portal. https://gnnhd.tv/news/6593.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 The Guardian investigations team (3 October 2021). "Pandora papers: biggest ever leak of offshore data exposes financial secrets of rich and powerful" (in en). https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/oct/03/pandora-papers-biggest-ever-leak-of-offshore-data-exposes-financial-secrets-of-rich-and-powerful.
12. ↑ Walt, Vivienne (4 October 2021). "Pandora Papers show tax crackdowns are no match for the superrich". Fortune. https://fortune.com/2021/10/04/pandora-papers-show-tax-crackdowns-are-no-match-for-the-super-rich/.
13. ↑ Miller, Greg; Cenziper, Debbie; Whoriskey, Peter (3 October 2021). "VIDEO (at 7:12 of 7:43 total) – Pandora Papers – A Global Investigation – Billions Hidden Beyond Reach – Trove of secret files details opaque financial universe where global elite shield riches from taxes, probes and accountability". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/interactive/2021/pandora-papers-offshore-finance/.
14. ↑ "World Leaders Deny Wrongdoing After Pandora Papers Leak" (in en-US). 2021-10-05. https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/10/05/world-leaders-deny-wrongdoing-after-pandora-papers-leak/.
15. ↑ Troboukis, Athanasios (2021-10-05). "Pandora Papers: a historic moment for journalism" (in en-US). https://lab.imedd.org/en/pandora-papers-a-historic-moment-for-journalism/.
16. ↑ Chehayeb, Kareem (2021-10-04). "Lebanon PM Mikati among officials named in Pandora Papers" (in en). https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/4/lebanese-prime-minister-among-officials-listed-in-pandora-papers.
17. ↑ Jan, Martínez Ahrens; Lafuente, Javier (3 October 2021). "Pandora Papers in Latin America: Three active heads of state and 11 former presidents operated in tax havens" (in en). EL PAÍS English Edition. https://english.elpais.com/usa/2021-10-03/pandora-papers-in-latin-america-three-active-heads-of-state-and-11-former-presidents-operated-in-tax-havens.html.
18. ↑ "Argentina ranks third for offshore bank accounts in 'Pandora Papers' leak". www.batimes.com.ar. 5 October 2021. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/argentina-ranks-third-for-offshore-bank-accounts-in-pandora-papers-leak.phtml.
19. ↑ Mon, Hugo Alconada Mon (4 October 2021). "Mariano Macri, hermano del expresidente argentino Mauricio Macri, controló una 'offshore' en Belice" (in es). El País. https://elpais.com/pandora-papers/2021-10-04/mariano-macri-hermano-del-expresidente-argentino-mauricio-macri-controlo-una-offshore-en-belice.html.
20. ↑ "Massive Leak Exposes the Hidden Fortunes of World's Elite and Crooks". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting. 3 October 2021. https://www.occrp.org/en/the-pandora-papers/massive-leak-exposes-the-hidden-fortunes-of-worlds-elite-and-crooks.
21. ↑ "Presidente de Ecuador Guillermo Lasso creó un entramado 'offshore' para ocultar su fortuna, según los Pandora Papers" (in es). El Comercio. 3 October 2021. https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/pandora-papers-guillermo-lasso-el-entramado-offshore-del-banquero-que-llego-a-presidente-de-ecuador-panama-dakota-del-sur-noticia/.
22. ↑ "Offshore havens and hidden riches of world leaders and billionaires exposed in unprecedented leak" (in en-US). International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. 3 October 2021. https://www.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/global-investigation-tax-havens-offshore/.
23. ↑ Miller, Greg (3 October 2021). "Jordan's King Abdullah uses shell companies to buy lavish overseas homes, records show". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/jordan-abdullah-shell-companies-luxury-homes/.
24. ↑ "Pandora Papers: King of Jordan amassed £70m secret property empire" (in en-GB). BBC News. 3 October 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-58781350.
25. ↑ Goodley, Simon; Safi, Michael (3 October 2021). "King of Jordan hidden property empire worth more than $100m, Pandora papers reveal". https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/oct/03/king-of-jordan-hidden-property-empire-worth-more-than-100m-pandora-papers-reveal.
26. ↑ "Pandora Papers: Blairs saved £312,000 stamp duty in property deal". BBC News. 3 October 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-58780559.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "A look at world leaders named in the Pandora Papers". Las Vegas Sun. 4 October 2021. https://lasvegassun.com/news/2021/oct/04/a-look-at-world-leaders-named-in-the-pandora-paper/.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Pandora Papers: Ukraine leader seeks to justify offshore accounts". Al-Jazeera. 4 October 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/4/pandora-papers-ukraine-leader-seeks-to-justify-offshore-accounts.
29. ↑ "Pandora Papers: Leaked files show hidden financial affairs of world leaders". The Irish Times. 3 October 2021. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/pandora-papers-leaked-files-show-hidden-financial-affairs-of-world-leaders-1.4690044.
30. ↑ Goodley, Simon; Tait, Robert; Alecci, Scilla (3 October 2021). "Revealed: Czech PM used offshore companies to buy £13m French mansion" (in en-GB). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/oct/03/revealed-czech-pm-used-offshore-companies-to-buy-13m-french-mansion.
31. ↑ "Pandora Papers: Questions over Tory donations by ex-Russian minister's wife" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2021-10-04. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-58711151.
32. ↑ Scala, Gennaro (2021-04-10). ""Pandora papers", il boss Raffaele Amato che ispirò la fiction Gomorra nella lista dei grandi evasori fiscali" (in it). Corriere del Mezzogiorno. https://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it//napoli/cronaca/21_ottobre_04/pandora-papers-boss-amato-nell-elenco-milionari-che-hanno-nascosto-all-estero-loro-tesori-f00a7e30-2502-11ec-8660-cf7b8c42dff1.shtml.
33. ↑ Grasso, Daniele; Hidalgo Pérez, Montse (3 October 2021). "Los 'Papeles de Pandora' destapan los negocios opacos de 600 españoles y 35 mandatarios internacionales" (in es). El País. https://elpais.com/pandora-papers/2021-10-03/los-papeles-de-pandora-destapan-los-negocios-opacos-de-600-espanoles-y-35-mandatarios-internacionales.html.
34. ↑ "" Pandora Papers " : plongée mondiale dans les secrets de la finance offshore" (in fr). Le Monde.fr. 2021-10-03. https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2021/10/03/pandora-papers-plongee-mondiale-dans-les-secrets-de-la-finance-offshore_6096967_4355770.html.
35. ↑ Grasso, Daniele; R Blanco, Patricia; Reina, Elena (3 October 2021). "Miguel Bosé ha sido accionista de una sociedad en Panamá vinculada a un banco suizo". El País. https://elpais.com/pandora-papers/2021-10-03/miguel-bose-ha-sido-accionista-de-una-sociedad-en-panama-vinculada-a-un-banco-suizo.html.
36. ↑ "'Pandora Papers': Pep Guardiola y Julio Iglesias ocultaron durante años su patrimonio a través de cuentas opacas" (in es). 3 October 2021. https://www.ondacero.es/noticias/economia/pandora-papers-pep-guardiola-julio-iglesias-ocultaron-anos-patrimonio-traves-cuentas-opacas_202110036159ddc0f64dc50001d76dfc.html.
37. ↑ Dubinsky, Zach (3 October 2021). "Huge 'Pandora Papers' leak exposes secret offshore accounts of politicians, celebrities and billionaires". https://www.cbc.ca/news/pandora-papers-offshore-tax-avoidance-1.6197303.
38. ↑ Gibbs, Margot; Politzer, Malia (3 October 2021). "Prime Minister Imran Khan promised 'new Pakistan' but members of his inner circle secretly moved millions offshore". https://www.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/pakistan-imran-khan-prime-minister-allies-offshore/.
39. ↑ Gibbs, Margot; Kranhold, Kathryn; Cosic, Jelena (3 October 2021). "Putin image-maker's role in billion-dollar cinema deal hidden offshore". https://www.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/vladimir-putin-konstantin-ernst-russia-tv-offshore/.
40. ↑ "Pandora Papers investigation exposes offshore assets of heads of state and government". 4 October 2021. https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3151065/pandora-papers-investigation-exposes-offshore-assets-heads-state?module=lead_hero_story&pgtype=homepage.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Who are the firms at the heart of the Pandora Papers?". 3 October 2021. https://projects.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/charts/who-are-the-firms-at-the-heart-of-the-pandora-papers.
42. ↑ ICIJ [@ICIJorg] (3 October 2021). "They include Alcogal, a go-to law firm of the Latin American elite has created at least 14,000 shell companies and trusts in tax havens, more than any other offshore provider in the leaked documents". https://twitter.com/ICIJorg/status/1444703307696689156.
43. ↑ Medina, Brenda (3 October 2021). "When Latin America's elite wanted to hide their wealth, they turned to this Panama firm – ICIJ" (in en-US). https://www.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/alcogal-panama-latin-america-politicians/.
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Shiel, Fergus (4 October 2021). "About the Pandora Papers" (in en). ICIJ. https://www.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/about-pandora-papers-investigation/.
45. ↑ "Hidden offshore treasures of rich and powerful revealed" (in en). 4 October 2021. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/897471-hidden-offshore-treasures-of-rich-and-powerful-revealed.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Leaders deny wrongdoing under the 'Pandora Papers' revelations". Euractiv. 4 October 2021. https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/leaders-deny-wrongdoing-under-the-pandora-papers-revelations/.
47. ↑ Lawler, Dave (October 4, 2021). "Pandora Papers: How leaders are Responding". Yahoo News. https://news.yahoo.com/pandora-papers-leaders-responding-003214939.html.
48. ↑ de Silva, Charumini (7 October 2020). "President orders Pandora Papers probe". Daily FT. https://www.ft.lk/top-story/President-orders-Pandora-Papers-probe/26-724051.
49. ↑ "Jordan rejects Pandora Papers claims as 'distorted'" (in en). 2021-10-04. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211004-jordan-rejects-pandora-papers-claims-as-distorted.
50. ↑ "India to investigate into 'Pandora Papers' leak: Finance Ministry" (in en-IN). 4 October 2021. https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/article/india-to-investigate-into-pandora-papers-leak-finance-ministry/820252.
51. ↑ "【潘朵拉文件】梁振英未申報子公司 林鄭拒評 僅指申報制度「非常穩健」". 立場新聞. https://www.thestandnews.com/politics/潘朵拉文件梁振英未申報子公司-林鄭拒評-僅指申報制度非常穩健.
52. ↑ "【潘朵拉文件】ICIJ揭多國政要離岸公司隱藏資產、梁振英董建華上榜 梁反批報道媒體". 香港經濟日報. https://inews.hket.com/article/3073430.
53. ↑ Muthiariny, Dewi Elvia (4 October 2021). "Airlangga, Luhut Responds to Pandora Papers Report". https://en.tempo.co/read/1513567/airlangga-luhut-responds-to-pandora-papers-report.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 "Governments launch investigations after Pandora Papers show how elite shield riches". The Washington Post. 4 October 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/03/pandora-papers-investigation-reaction/.
55. ↑ "Lebanon's former PM Diab says he gave up shares in company mentioned in 'Pandora Papers'". Reuters. 4 October 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/lebanons-former-pm-diab-says-he-gave-up-shares-company-mentioned-pandora-papers-2021-10-04/.
56. ↑ "PM Imran Khan announces to investigate all Pakistanis involved in Pandora Papers" (in en). 2021-10-03. https://nation.com.pk/03-Oct-2021/pm-imran-khan-announces-to-investigate-all-pakistanis-included-in-pandora-papers.
57. ↑ "Pandora Papers expose wealth of Pakistan PM Imran Khan's allies". Al-Jazeera. 4 October 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/4/pandora-papers-wealth-pakistan-pm-imran-khan-allies-military.
58. ↑ "Pandora Papers leak prompts calls for action in Asia" (in en-US). 2021-10-04. https://www.seattletimes.com/business/pandora-papers-leak-prompts-calls-for-action-in-asia/.
59. ↑ Tan, Vincent (25 October 2021). "Malaysian government to instruct agencies to probe claims in Pandora Papers, says minister". https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-government-instruct-agencies-probe-pandora-papers-wan-junaidi-2266696.
60. ↑ "Pandora Papers: Former Malaysia finance minister says investments are legitimate in response to media report". 4 October 2021. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/pandora-papers-malaysia-daim-zainuddin-former-finance-minister-investments-legitimate-response-media-report-2220581.
61. ↑ Rising, David (3 March 2023). "Pandora Papers leak prompts calls for action in Asia". https://www.seattletimes.com/business/pandora-papers-leak-prompts-calls-for-action-in-asia/.
62. ↑ Tan, Jolene (5 October 2021). "MAS examining info from Pandora Papers about Asiaciti Trust, a S'pore-based firm mentioned in leak". https://www.straitstimes.com/business/banking/spore-based-asiaciti-trust-named-in-pandora-papers-data-leak-under-close.
63. ↑ Mahmud, Aqil Haziq (3 November 2021). "Pandora Papers: No significant concerns over money laundering by Singapore institutions, says Lawrence Wong". https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/pandora-papers-singapore-mas-asiacity-trust-trident-trust-lawrence-wong-2288316.
64. ↑ "A look at world leaders named in the Pandora Papers". Las Vegas Sun. October 4, 2021. https://lasvegassun.com/news/2021/oct/04/a-look-at-world-leaders-named-in-the-pandora-paper/.
65. ↑ "After Pandora Papers, EU says it plans new rules against tax avoidance". Reuters. October 6, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/after-pandora-papers-eu-says-it-plans-new-rules-against-tax-avoidance-2021-10-06/.
66. ↑ "Czech police promise to 'act upon' Pandora Papers, as revelations about prime minister become campaign topic" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/04/pandora-czech-republic-andrej-babis/.
67. ↑ "Billionaire Czech Leader Dismisses Pandora Papers Report as Election Ambush" (in en). Bloomberg.com. 2021-10-04. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-04/czech-leader-dismisses-pandora-papers-report-as-election-ambush.
68. ↑ Bray, Jennifer. "Pandora Papers: Government will move to close any loopholes – Varadkar" (in en). The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/pandora-papers-government-will-move-to-close-any-loopholes-varadkar-1.4690797.
69. ↑ "Pandora Papers: Russia dismisses leaks implicating Putin" (in en). https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/4/pandora-papers-russia-dismisses-leaks-implicating-putin.
70. ↑ Цензор.НЕТ (4 October 2021). ""Предмета для скандала нет, в Украине уже скоро владельцы ларьков будут иметь офшорные компании", - Сергей Лещенко. ВИДЕО" (in ru). https://censor.net/ru/video_news/3291851/predmeta_dlya_skandala_net_v_ukraine_uje_skoro_vladeltsy_larkov_budut_imet_ofshornye_kompanii_sergeyi.
71. ↑ "Lopez Obrador says Mexican nationals in Pandora Papers should be investigated". Reuters. 2021-10-04. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/lopez-obrador-says-mexican-nationals-pandora-papers-should-be-investigated-2021-10-04/.
72. ↑ "State Department says U.S. is reviewing findings from Pandora Papers" (in en-US). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/state-department-says-us-is-reviewing-findings-pandora-papers-2021-10-04/.
73. ↑ Cenziper, Debbie; Fitzgibbon, Will; Georges, Salwan (2021-10-04). "Foreign money secretly floods U.S. tax havens. Some of it is tainted.". https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/interactive/2021/booming-us-tax-haven-industry/.
74. ↑ Kaplan, Juliana (2021-10-04). "The Oscar Mayer heir who gave away his fortune to fight inequality explains why South Dakota became America's secret US$360 billion tax haven and how it exposes the US as the world's 'weak link'". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/why-rich-hide-money-south-dakota-tax-haven-pandora-papers-2021-10.
75. ↑ Michel, Casey (2021-10-05). "The United States of Dirty Money". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/10/how-south-dakota-became-haven-dirty-money/620298/.
76. ↑ Garment, Suzanne (2021-10-05). "Pandora Papers put South Dakota in unsavory company. Here's why.". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/pandora-papers-put-south-dakota-unsavory-company-here-s-why-ncna1280761.
77. ↑ Ivanova, Irina (2021-10-06). "Biggest tax haven in U.S.? South Dakota, says Pandora Papers investigation". CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pandora-papers-tax-haven-south-dakota/.
78. ↑ "Pandora papers reveal South Dakota's role as US$367bn tax haven". 2021-10-04. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/oct/04/pandora-papers-reveal-south-dakotas-role-as-367bn-tax-haven.
79. ↑ La Torre Jeker, Virginia (2025-01-03). "Offshore Tax Evasion: U.S. Clients Of Trident Trust Target Of IRS John Doe Summons" (in en). Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/virginialatorrejeker/2025/01/03/offshore-tax-evasion-trident-trust-target-of-irs-john-doe-summons/.
80. ↑ "Panama's Pandora Papers snag Dominican leader". Dominican Today. 4 October 2021. https://dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2021/10/04/panamas-pandora-papers-snag-dominican-leader/.
81. ↑ Reyes, Getzalette (4 October 2021). "Ministerio Público analiza la 'incipiente información revelada hasta el momento en los Pandora Papers'" (in es). La Prensa (Panamá). https://www.prensa.com/judiciales/ministerio-publico-analiza-la-incipiente-informacion-revelada-hasta-el-momento-en-los-pandora-papers/.
82. ↑ "Pandora Papers: Ministerio Público analiza información revelada en los 'Pandora Papers'". 4 October 2021. https://www.tvn-2.com/nacionales/Ministerio-Publico-investigacion-Pandora-Papers_0_5959654007.html.
83. ↑ Reyes, Getzalette (4 October 2021). "'La abogacía panameña ha ofrecido servicios corporativos de forma legítima', dice el Colegio Nacional de Abogados" (in es). La Prensa (Panamá). https://www.prensa.com/judiciales/la-abogacia-panamena-por-mas-de-94-anos-ha-ofrecido-los-servicios-corporativos-de-forma-legitima-dice-el-colegio-nacional-de-abogados/.
84. ↑ "Pandora Papers: Colegio Nacional de Abogados se pronuncia por los 'Pandora Papers'". 4 October 2021. https://www.tvn-2.com/nacionales/Colegio-Nacional-Abogados-Pandora-Papers-video_0_5959654015.html.
85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "'Pandora Papers', la nueva filtración de documentos del ICIJ | La Prensa Panamá". 3 October 2021. https://www.prensa.com/mundo/pandora-papers-la-nueva-filtracion-de-documentos-del-icij/.
86. ↑ "El gobierno panameño se pone a disposición del ICIJ | La Prensa Panamá". 2 October 2021. https://www.prensa.com/politica/el-gobierno-panameno-se-pone-a-disposicion-del-icij/.
87. ↑ "Pandora Papers: Panamá solicita diálogo con el ICIJ para evitar manchar el nombre del país". 2 October 2021. https://www.tvn-2.com/nacionales/Gobierno-consorcio-periodistas-Panama-financiero-video_0_5958154151.html.
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91. ↑ "Firma Alcogal crea oficina de transparencia". December 2021. https://www.telemetro.com/nacionales/firma-alcogal-crea-oficina-transparencia-n5610684.
92. ↑ "Ecuador's Lasso Says He Cooperated With Pandora Papers Probe" (in en). Bloomberg News. https://news.bloombergtax.com/daily-tax-report-international/ecuadors-lasso-says-he-cooperated-with-pandora-papers-probe.
93. ↑ "La Secretaría Antilavado abre una investigación por los Pandora Papers" (in es). Búsqueda (Montevideo). 8 October 2021. https://www.busqueda.com.uy/Secciones/La-Secretaria-Antilavado-abre-una-investigacion-por-los-Pandora-Papers-uc49687.

## External links

* "A Simple Guide to the Pandora Papers Leak" by BBC
* Pandora Papers at the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists

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