Alvars

The Alvars (Tamil: ஆழ்வார், romanized: Āḻvār, lit. 'The Immersed') are the Tamil poet-saints of South India who espoused bhakti (devotion) to the Hindu preserver deity Vishnu, through their songs of longing, ecstasy, and service.[1] They are venerated in Vaishnavism, which regards Vishnu as the Ultimate Reality.

Orthodoxy posits the number of Alvars as ten, though there are other references that include Andal and Madhurakavi Alvar, making the number 12.[2] Andal is the only female Alvar.[3] Together with the 63 contemporary Shaivite Nayanars, they are among the most important saints from Tamil Nadu.

The twelve Alvars were:

1. Poygai Āḻvār
2. Putattāḻvār
3. Pey Āḻvār
4. Tirumaḻiśai Āḻvār
5. Nammāḻvār
6. Madhurakavi Āḻvār
7. Kulaśekhara Āḻvār
8. Periyāḻvār
9. Āṇḍāḻ
10. Toṇḍaraḍippoḍi Āḻvār
11. Tiruppan Āḻvār
12. Tirumaṅgai Āḻvār

The Alvars are considered the twelve supreme devotees of Vishnu in Sri Vaishnavism, who were instrumental in popularising Vaishnavism in the Tamil-speaking regions.[4] The Alvars were influential in promoting the Bhagavata Sampradaya and the two Hindu epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.[5] The religious works of these saints in Tamil, and their hymns, are compiled as the Naalayira Divya Prabandham, containing 4000 verses, and the 108 temples revered in their hymns are classified as Divya Desams.[6] The verses of the various Alvars were compiled by Nathamuni (824–924 CE), a 9th-century Vaishnavite theologian, who called it the "Dravida Veda or Tamil Veda".[7][8] The songs of the Prabandam are regularly sung in various Vishnu temples of South India, daily, and also during festivals.[9]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 1.1 Traditional and Common Understanding
* 1.2 Earlier Etymologies
* 2 Legend
* 2.1 Sources
* 2.2 Divine Origins and Miraculous Births
* 2.3 Specific Alvar Legends
* 3 Dating
* 3.1 Traditional Dating
* 3.2 General Scholarly Consensus
* 4 Works
* 4.1 Naalayira Divya Prabandham
* 4.2 Commentaries and other works
* 5 Philosophy
* 5.1 The Doctrine of Ultimate Reality (Tattva)
* 5.2 The Path to Attainment (Hita)
* 5.2.1 Prapatti (Absolute Surrender)
* 5.2.2 Arul (Grace)
* 5.3 The Supreme Goal (Puruṣārtha)
* 5.4 The Individual Self (Jīva) and Mysticism
* 5.5 Nāyaki Bhāva (Bridal Mysticism)
* 6 Legacy
* 7 References
* 8 Sources
* 8.1 Books
* 8.2 Journal articles
* 8.3 Theses / Dissertations
* 8.4 Websites
* 9 External links
* 10 Further reading
* 11 See also

## Etymology

### Traditional and Common Understanding

The precise meaning of the term Āḻvār (often transliterated as Alvar or Azhwar) has been debated. The common understanding is that the traditional meaning is derived from the Tamil root āḻ or azh (ஆழ்) which means "deep". [10][11] From this, definitions such as "one who has plunged deep into the divine" [12], "who is immersed in deep meditation" [13], "god-intoxicated mystics" [14], and "one who is deeply immersed in God's experience" [15] are commonly given.

### Earlier Etymologies

Scholars like S. Palaniappan (2004) argue that the original term āḷvār underwent a process of sound variation, taking the form āḻvār. This linguistic shift and the subsequent folk etymology are seen to have occurred over approximately two centuries in the Srirangam area. Some linguistic analyses show that the term was initially āḷvār (from the verbal root āḷ), meaning "to rule". [16] In this sense it could mean "those who rule, lords". [17] This interpretation is supported by its semantic parallel with Nāyaṉār ("lord, master"), the title given to Saivite saints. [16][11] Early temple inscriptions also give weight to this etymology. [18] The term āḷvāṉ (singular masculine form of āḷvār) is also found in earlier texts, including in reference to Vishnu's devotees and even to Vishnu himself. [16] Andal, the only woman Alvar, is referred to as āṇṭāḷ "the lady" (literally "she who rules"). This is seen as a fairly precise semantic parallel to āḷvār in the sense of "lord" or "ruler".[16]

## Legend

### Sources

The legendary information surrounding the Alvars is primarily derived from a variety of Vaishnava hagiographical works, alongside insights from their own literary compositions. These sources often present traditional accounts that blend historical elements with miraculous anecdotes and theological interpretations.[19][20][21][22]

There are many texts that serve as key source material for the Alvar legends. The Divyasuricarita by Garuḍavāhana Paṇḍita in the 11th century CE is considered the earliest poetical work detailing the biographies of the Alvars.[19] The Guruparampara Prabhavam is found in multiple variations such as Guruparamparāprabhāvam-ārāyirappaḍi by Pinpaḻakiyaperumāḷ Jīyar in the 13th century CE, and Guruparamparāprabhāvam-mūvāyirappaḍi by Tṛtīya Brahmatantra Parakālasvāmi in the 14th century CE.[23] The Vārtta Malai by an unknown author of "a fairly late date" also recounts some stories and the Ramanuja connection.[24] The Upadeśa Ratnamālai by Manavala Mahāmuni and Periya Thirumaḍi Aḍaivu by Koil Kandāḍai Nāyan, both from the 15th century CE, also provide biographical details.[25]

### Divine Origins and Miraculous Births

A central theme of the Alvar legends is their divine origin, with Vishnu reportedly sending his various insignia to Earth to be incarnated as the Alvars.[26][14][27] For example, Poygai Alvar is believed to be the incarnation of Vishnu's conch (sangu), Bhoothath Alvar of his spiritual mace (kowmodhakam), and Pey Alvar of the Nandaka sword.[14] Other Alvars are linked to Vishnu's divine attendants or attributes, such as Nammalvar as Vishvaksena, Kulasekhara Alvar as the Kaustubha gem, Periyalvar as Garuda, and Tirumangai Alvar as Vishnu's bow.[27]

Many are said to have had supernatural births rather than natural ones. Poygai Alvar reportedly emerged from a lotus flower, Bhoothath Alvar from a madhavi flower, and Pey Alvar from a red lotus. Andal was discovered as an infant in a flower garden, and Nammalvar was found by his foster parents in the hollow of a tamarind tree.[28][29]

### Specific Alvar Legends

* The first three Alvars (Poygai, Bhoothath, Pey Alvar) are said to have been born on three consecutive days and later met by chance in a narrow passageway (itaikkali) in Tirukkovalur during a storm, where Vishnu revealed himself to them.[30][31]

* Nammalvar's legend tells of him remaining in yogic meditation under a tamarind tree from birth until the age of sixteen, speaking his first words as an esoteric answer to Madhurakavi Alvar.[29][32][33]

* Tirumangai Alvar's life is recounted as a transformation from a brigand to a saint.[29] Legends include him robbing a Buddhist shrine to fund the construction of the fourth wall (prakara) of the Srirangam temple, with the Lord's assistance. [34][35] He also reportedly engaged in a poetical contest with the Saiva saint Sambandar.[36]

* The only female Alvar, Andal is renowned as a bridal mystic who vowed to marry only Vishnu/Krishna.[32][37] Her legend culminates in her mystical marriage to Lord Ranganatha at Srirangam, where she is said to have been absorbed into the deity.[38][39]

* One legend recounts that when a Pandyan king tried to coerce Tirumalisai Alvar's disciple, Kannikrishna, to compose songs in his honor, Vishnu himself left his temple to follow the Alvar, only returning after the king humbly apologized.[40]

* Tiruppan Alvar's legend highlights that he was carried on the shoulders of a temple priest, despite belonging to the lowest caste (panchama/outcaste), into the sanctum sanctorum of Srirangam, where he merged with the deity.[29][9][41]

## Dating

### Traditional Dating

Traditionally the Alvars are said to have lived in ancient times. The first three Alvars (Poygai Alvar, Bhutattalvar, Peyalvar) are believed to have been born at the end of the Dvapara Yuga, corresponding to around 4203 BCE.[23][42][43] Madhurakavi is believed to have also been born in Dvapara Yuga, corresponding to 3222 BCE.[23] Nammalvar, Kulashekhara Alvar, Periyalvar, and Andal are placed in the first century of the Kali Yuga (3102 BCE - 3005 BCE). [23] Specific dates such as Nammalvar in 3102 BCE, Kulashekhara in 2075 BCE, Periyalvar in 3056 BCE, and Andal in 3005 BCE are also given. [44][45] Thondaradippodi Alvar, Thiruppaan Alvar, and Thirumangai Alvar are dated to 2803 BCE, 758 BCE, and 2702 BCE respectively. [23][44]

### General Scholarly Consensus

The Encyclopædia Britannica says that Alvars lived between 7th and 10th centuries CE.[46] Professor of Religion and Asian Studies, James G. Lochtefeld of Carthage College, notes in his The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, the first three Alvars Poigai, Bhoothath and Pey belonged to the 7th century; while Nammalvar and Madhurakavi belonged to the 10th century; while the rest of them lived in the 9th century.[47]

Modern scholarship generally places the Alvars in the early medieval period. Most sources agree that the Alvars "probably lived between the sixth and the tenth centuries CE"[37], or more specifically, between the fifth and eighth centuries CE.[48] One source suggests their age as a class lies "between somewhere about the commencement of the 3rd century A.D. and the 9th century."[49] This period aligns with the Pallava, Chola, and Pandya kingdoms in Tamil Nadu, a time when Tamil bhakti literature emerged.[50]

A significant point in dating the Alvars is their relationship with Ramanuja.[51] Scholars agree that the Alvars considerably predated Ramanuja, as his theology was heavily influenced by their teachings.[52] This refutes earlier views by Bishop Caldwell and M. Seshagiri Sastriar, who mistakenly believed the Alvars were disciples of Ramanuja.[53][21]

## Works

### Naalayira Divya Prabandham

The main collection of works of devotional poetry created by the Alvars, compiled by Nathamuni, is known as the Naalayira Divya Prabandham, with 4,000 verses. [37]. These works include:[54]

* Tirupallāṇḍu
* Periyāḻvāra Tirumoḻi
* Tiruppāvai
* Nācciyāra Tirumoḻi
* Perumāḻa Tirumoḻi
* Tiruccanda Viruttam
* Tirumālai
* Tirupaḻḻi-eḻucci
* Amalanādipirāṇa
* Kaṇṇinuṇ-Śiruttāmbu
* Periya Tirumoḻi
* Tirukkuruntāṇḍakam
* Tiruneḍuntāṇḍakam
* Mudala Tiruvandādi
* Iraṇḍām Tiruvandādi
* Mūṉṟām Tiruvandādi
* Nāṉmukaṉ Tiruvandādi
* Tiruviruttam
* Tiruvāciriyam
* Periya Tiruvandādi
* Tiruveḻukūṟṟirukkai
* Śiriya Tirumaḍal
* Periya Tirumaḍal
* Tiruvāymoḻi

After the era of the Alvars, a few of the poems from the Divya Prabandham were said to be lost. Nathmuni in the 10th century is said to have gone on search for these lost works. He is said to have been blessed with the revelation of three short works by Nammalvar and around 20 poems composed by other poets.[55]

### Commentaries and other works

These works have been the subject of extensive commentaries and other literary works by later scholars and saints. These are:[56]

* On the entire corpus:
* Commentary by Periyavāccān Piḷḷai.
* Commentary by Periya Parakālasvāmi.
* Nigama Parimaḷa by Vedānta Deśika
* Commentaries on the Tiruvāymoḻi:
* Ārāyirappaḍi by Tirukkurukaipirān Piḷḷān, a direct disciple of Ramanuja (1068 CE).
* sub-commentary on Ārāyirappaḍi called Irupattunālāyirappāḍi by Vedānta Rāmānuja/Sākṣātsvāmi (1700 CE).
* Oṉpadināyirappaḍi by Nañjīyar (1113 CE).
* Irupattunālāyirappāḍi by Periyavāccān Piḷḷai (1168 CE).
* Īḍu Muppattiyārāyarappāḍi by Vaḍakkutiruvīdi Piḷḷai (1167 CE).
* Pannirāyirappāḍi by Vādikesarī Aḻakiamaṇavāḷa Jīyar (1242 CE).
* Oṉpadināyirappaḍi by Raṅgarāmānuja (1650 CE).
* Padinettāyirappaḍi by Periya Parakālasvāmi (1676 CE).

## Philosophy

The poetry of the Alvars echoes bhakti to God through love, and in the ecstasy of such devotions they sang hundreds of songs which embodied both depth of feeling and the felicity of expressions.[57] The philosophy of the Āḻvārs is fundamentally rooted in devotion (bhakti) to Viṣṇu and forms the spiritual and theological basis for the Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta system.[48][58] Their poetic compositions, collected as the Nālāyira Divya Prabandham, are viewed as the "Dravida Vedam" (Tamil Veda), containing the quintessence of Upanishadic teachings and philosophical ideas disseminated through the Tamil language to the common people.[59][60][61] Their teachings cover the three fundamental doctrines of Vedānta: tattva (ultimate reality), hita (means of attainment), and puruṣārtha (supreme goal of life).[62][63]

### The Doctrine of Ultimate Reality (Tattva)

The Āḻvārs posit Vishnu/Narayana as the supreme deity (paratattva) and the sole ultimate reality.[64][65] They uphold the Saviśeṣa Brahma-vāda, viewing Brahman as the absolute endowed with infinite auspicious attributes (guṇa).[66] Narayana is described as Sarveśvara, the Lord of all, including Brahma and Rudra (Shiva), and the primary cause of the universe's creation, sustenance, and dissolution.[67][68] They emphasize the theological belief in the inseparability of Viṣṇu and Śrī (Lakshmi), with the Goddess acting as the mediatrix.[69][70]

The Āḻvārs refer to five manifestations (avatāra) of God that make the divine accessible:[71][72][73]

1. Para (The transcendent form in Vaikuṇṭha)
2. Vyūha (The expansive form, e.g., lying in the milky ocean)
3. Vibhava (Incarnations like Rama and Krishna)
4. Arcā (The iconic form enshrined in temples)
5. Antaryāmin (The inner controller dwelling within every sentient and non-sentient entity)

The Kṛṣṇa avatāra holds special importance due to its display of God's easy accessibility (saulabhya).[74] The devotion of the Āḻvārs was largely temple-centred, praising the local deities (divya deśams).[55] They frequently glorify God's protective and merciful nature, highlighting attributes such as easy accessibility (saulabhya) and gracious condescension (sauśīlya).[75]

### The Path to Attainment (Hita)

The core philosophy of the Āḻvārs is the promotion of Bhakti (fervent devotion), which they considered the great way of salvation.[76][77][78]

#### Prapatti (Absolute Surrender)

The central ideology is the idea of absolute surrender to the deity. They advocated implicit faith, ardent devotion, and utter surrender of will and action to Viṣṇu.[79][80] Prapatti (self-surrender) is often seen as the only effective means (sādhana) for complete and final liberation.[81]

#### Arul (Grace)

The attainment of God is believed to be possible only through the Lord's grace.[65][82] They accepted both grace linked to human effort (sahetuka-kṛpā) and spontaneous, unconditioned grace (nirhetuka-kṛpā).[83]

### The Supreme Goal (Puruṣārtha)

The ultimate goal of life is Moksha (liberation, or vidu). Moksha is described as the realization of the blissful Brahman (Brahmānandānubhava).[84] The theological concept of the ultimate goal emphasizes continuous and uninterrupted divine service (Bhāgavat-kaiṅkarya) to the Lord in His eternal abode, Vaikuṇṭha (Paramapada). Nammalvar asserts that he would prefer service to the Lord over moksha itself.[85][86]

### The Individual Self (Jīva) and Mysticism

The Alvars provided insights into the nature of the individual self (jīvātman), describing it as an eternal spiritual entity of the nature of knowledge (jnāna) and bliss (ānanda).[87] They posit that the individual soul is eternally subordinate (śeṣa-bhūta) to the Supreme Being.[88] They frequently used the term adiyēn (subservient) to signify their dependence on God.[89] A distinctive theological concept developed by the Āḻvārs is that the highest ideal is absolute subordination not just to God, but to the devotees of God.[90][91] They wished to become the servant of the servants, who are servants to the servants of God's servants.[92]

### Nāyaki Bhāva (Bridal Mysticism)

Key Alvars, notably Nammalvar and Tirumangai Alvar, often assume the role of the female beloved (nāyaki) longing for Vishnu, the divine lover (nāyaka).[93][94][95] This utilizes the imagery of erotic love (śṛṅgāra rasa or rati-bhāva) as an allegory for the spiritual quest and the soul's intense craving for union with the Divine.[96][97] This mystic experience alternates between the joy of communion (samśleṣa) and the anguish of separation (viraha or viśleṣa).[98][99]

## Legacy

The bhakti literature that sprang from Alvars has contributed to the establishment and sustenance of a culture that deviated from the Vedic religion and rooted itself in devotion as the only path for salvation. In addition, they contributed to Tamil devotional verses independent of a knowledge of Sanskrit.[100] As a part of the legacy of the Alvars, five Vaishnavite philosophical traditions (sampradayas) developed over a period of time. These were the sampradayas founded by Ramanuja, Madhva, Vallabha, Nimbarka, and Chaitanya.[101]

## References

1. ↑ Nippard 2009.
2. ↑ Flood 1996, p. 131.
3. ↑ de-Gaia 2019.
4. ↑ Sujatha 2011, p. 47-48.
5. ↑ Sujatha 2011, p. 42.
6. ↑ Rao 2008, p. 27.
7. ↑ Mukherjee 1999, p. 15.
8. ↑ Garg 1992, pp. 352–354.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ramaswamy 2007, p. 211.
10. ↑ Narayanan 2007, p. 187.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Jagannathan 2009, p. 34.
12. ↑ Padmanabhan 1993, p. 2.
13. ↑ Palaniappan 2004, p. 64.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Ramaswamy 2007, p. 14.
15. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 247.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Palaniappan 2004.
17. ↑ Dubyanskiy 2014, p. 3.
18. ↑ Jagannathan 2009, p. 35.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Chari 1994, p. x, 10.
20. ↑ Govindacharya 1902, p. xlii-xliii.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Aiyangar 1920, p. 4-5.
22. ↑ Jagannathan 2009, p. 54.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Chari 1994, p. 10.
24. ↑ Rajagopalan 1978, p. 475-476.
25. ↑ Sambaiah 1988, p. 6.
26. ↑ K. K. 2006, p. 22.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Chari 1994, p. 13.
28. ↑ Ramaswamy 2007, p. 14, 165.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Chari 1994, p. 14.
30. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 16.
31. ↑ Jagannathan 2009, p. 19, 216-217.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Ramaswamy 2007, p. 165.
33. ↑ Jagannathan 2009, p. 229.
34. ↑ K. K. 2006, p. 106.
35. ↑ Jagannathan 2009, p. 202, 242.
36. ↑ Jagannathan 2009, p. 19, 40.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Narayanan 2007, p. 188.
38. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 14, 208.
39. ↑ Jagannathan 2009, p. 243.
40. ↑ Ramaswamy 2007, p. 284-285.
41. ↑ Jagannathan 2009, p. 74, 98, 243.
42. ↑ Aiyangar 1911, p. 403.
43. ↑ Govindacharya 1902, p. lx.
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Aiyangar 1911, p. 404.
45. ↑ Govindacharya 1902, p. lxviii.
46. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica 2014.
47. ↑ Lochtefeld 2002a, p. 29-30.
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Chari 1994, p. 1.
49. ↑ Aiyangar 1920, p. 89.
50. ↑ K. K. 2006, p. 10.
51. ↑ Aiyangar 1911, p. 377.
52. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 13, 234, 237, 245.
53. ↑ Aiyangar 1911, p. 254, 377.
54. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 32.
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Narayanan 2007, p. 189.
56. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 33-4.
57. ↑ Government of India 2013.
58. ↑ Jagannathan 2009, p. 268.
59. ↑ Ramaswamy 2007, p. 13.
60. ↑ Chari 1994, p. xiv, 3.
61. ↑ Jagannathan 2009, p. 254.
62. ↑ Chari 1994, p. xiv, 1.
63. ↑ Padmanabhan 1993, p. 17.
64. ↑ Chari 1994, p. ix, 37.
65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Varadharajan 2018, p. 39.
66. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 39, 72, 225.
67. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 54, 106.
68. ↑ Jagannathan 2009, p. 199.
69. ↑ Jagannathan 2009, p. 1.
70. ↑ Aiyangar 1920, p. 2.
71. ↑ Govindacharya 1902, p. xlii.
72. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 91.
73. ↑ Varadharajan 2018, p. 89.
74. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 96, 107.
75. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 71, 92.
76. ↑ Sundaram 1993, p. 42.
77. ↑ Aiyangar 1911, p. 194.
78. ↑ Chari 1994, p. xiii.
79. ↑ Sambaiah 1988, p. 33.
80. ↑ K. K. 2006, p. 35.
81. ↑ K. K. 2006, p. 48.
82. ↑ Padmanabhan 1993, p. 143.
83. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 81-82.
84. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 143.
85. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 145.
86. ↑ Jagannathan 2009, p. 27.
87. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 110.
88. ↑ Varadharajan 2018, p. 114.
89. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 117.
90. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 118.
91. ↑ Jagannathan 2009, p. 136, 144.
92. ↑ K. K. 2006, p. 49.
93. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 7, 162-163.
94. ↑ Rajagopalan 1978, p. 472.
95. ↑ Ramaswamy 2007, p. 164.
96. ↑ Padmanabhan 1993, p. 5, 168.
97. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 162.
98. ↑ Chari 1994, p. 117, 163.
99. ↑ Padmanabhan 1993, p. 74.
100. ↑ Divyadesam Online 2007.
101. ↑ Mittal & Thursby 2006, p. 27.

## Sources

### Books

* Aiyangar, S. Krishnaswami (1911). Ancient India. London: Luzac & Co..

* Aiyangar, S. Krishnaswami (1920). Early History of Vaishnavism in South India. London: Oxford University Press.

* Annapoorna, Lakshminarasimhan (2000). Music and Temples: A Ritualistic Approach (1 ed.). New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan. ISBN 9788175740907.

* Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1982) (in en). South Indian Shrines: Illustrated. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0151-2. https://books.google.com/books/about/South_Indian_Shrines.html?id=NLSGFW1uZboC.

* "Azhvaar". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.. 2014. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/18115/Azhvar. Retrieved 30 December 2014.

* Chari, S. M. Srinivasa (1994). Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āḻvārs. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.

* de-Gaia, Susan, ed (2019). Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions: Faith and Culture Across History. Santa Barbara, California; Denver, Colorado: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781440848506.

* Dehejia, Vidya (2002). Slaves of the Lord: The Path of the Tamil Saints (1 ed.). New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publ. ISBN 9788121500449.

* Dubyanskiy, Alexander (2014). "A Medieval Tamil Poem on Bhakti: Tiruppāvai by Āṇṭāḷ". The Archaeology of Bhakti I. Pondicherry Centre of the École française d’Extrême-Orient. https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124717/http://www2.rsuh.ru/binary/object_40.1412591563.13923.pdf.

* Filliozat, Jean (1991) (in en). Religion, Philosophy, Yoga: A Selection of Articles. Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-208-0718-1. https://books.google.com/books/about/Religion_Philosophy_Yoga.html?id=2av2SuI8PpoC.

* Flood, Gavin D. (1996-07-13) (in en). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C.

* Garg, Gaṅgā Rām (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: Ak–Aq. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788170223757. https://books.google.com/books?id=WjDcd0cTFxQC&q=poygai&pg=PA352.

* Govindacharya, Alkondavilli (1902). The Holy Lives of the Azhvars or The Dravida Saints. Mysore: G. T. A. Press.

* Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). Holy People of the World: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576073551.

* Karashima, Noboru, ed (2014). "States in Deccan and Kerala". A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0-19-809977-2. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772?cc=us&lang=en&.

* Krishna, Nanditha (2009). Book of Vishnu. Penguin Books India. ISBN 9780143067627. https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC&q=poygai&pg=PA136.

* Krishnamachariar, Madabhushi (2009). History of Classical Sanskrit Literature. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120802841.

* Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M (1 ed.). New York: Rosen. ISBN 9780823931798.

* Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z (1 ed.). New York: Rosen. ISBN 9780823931804.

* Mittal, S. G. R.; Thursby, G. Richard (2006). Religions of South Asia: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 9780203970027.

* Mukherjee, Sujit (1999). A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings–1850, Volume 1. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9788125014539. https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&q=poygai&pg=PA15.

* Narayanan, Vasudha (2007). "Tamil Nadu: Weaving Garlands in Tamil: The Poetry of the Alvars". Krishna: A Sourcebook. New York: Oxford University Press.

* Palaniappan, S. (2004). "Āḻvār or Nāyaṉār: The Role of Sound Variation, Hypercorrection and Folk Etymology in Interpreting the Nature of Vaiṣṇava Saint-Poets". South-Indian Horizons. Pondichéry: Institut Français de Pondichéry.

* Paṇḍita, Garuḍa Vāhana (1978). Divyasūri Caritam (1 ed.). Bombay, India: Ananthacharya Research Institute. https://archive.org/details/Divyasuri-Charitam-Garudavahana-Pandita/page/n4/mode/1up. Retrieved 1 October 2024.

* Rāmānuja (1959). Karmarkar, Raghunath Damodar. ed (in en). Śrībhāṣyam: Catuḥsūtryātmakaḥ. Puṇyapattanavidyāpīṭhādhikr̥taiḥ. https://books.google.com/books/about/Śrībhāṣyam_Catuḥsūtryātmakaḥ.html?id=6L4rAAAAMAAJ.

* Ramanujan, A. K. (1981). Hymns for the Drowning. New Delhi: Penguin Books.

* Raghavan, A. Srinivasa (1975). Nammalvar. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-0416-9.

* Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864450. https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=poygai&pg=PA14.

* Rao, P. V. L. Narasimha (2008). Kanchipuram – Land of Legends, Saints & Temples. New Delhi: Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd.. ISBN 978-93-5018-104-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=GTMTQLuCNSMC&q=poigai+azhwar&pg=PA27.

* Sujatha (2011) (in ta). Azhvargal: Oru Eliya Arimugam. Thirumagal Nilayam Publish.

* Vanina, Eugenia (2012). Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man. Delhi: Primus Books. ISBN 978-93-80607-19-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC&dq=kallar+ Kshatriya&pg=PA131.

### Journal articles

* Anandakichenin, Suganya (Spring 2015). "The ‘Sacred’ Hill in the Eyes of the Āḻvārs and the Śrīvaiṣṇava Commentators". Journal of Vaishnava Studies (Newport News: Christopher Newport University) 23 (2): 64-86. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333647882_The_'Sacred'_Hill_in_the_Eyes_of_the_Alvars_and_the_Srivaisnava_Commentators.
* Hardy, Friedhelm (1974). "Mādhavêndra Purī: A Link between Bengal Vaiṣṇavism and South Indian "Bhakti"". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1): 23–41. ISSN 0035-869X. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203503.
* Pugazhendhi, D. (June 2023). "Nalayira Divya Prabandham Kaṇnaṇ and Greek Herakles - Union of Binary Oppositions in Fighting with Animals and the Formula for Variation". Athens Journal of Philology (Athens: The Athens Institute) 10 (2): 153–194. doi:10.30958/ajp.10-2-4.

### Theses / Dissertations

* Jagannathan, Bharati (2009). Approaching the Divine: Integrating Āḻvār Bhavkti in Śrīvaiṣṇavism: 6th-14th Centuries CE (PhD thesis). Jawaharlal Nehru University.
* Janaki, Sushila A. (February 2018). The Mysticism of Tirumaṅgai Āḻvār in Comparison to the Mysticism of Bernard of Clairvaux (PhD thesis). University of Mumbai.
* K. K., Radha (2006). History of Vaiṣṇavism Under the Kulaśekharas (PhD thesis). University of Kerala.
* Padmanabhan, R. (1993). God perception of vedanta desika with particular reference to his Nayaki Bhava in comparison with Nammalvar and Tirumanki Alvar (PhD thesis). University of Mumbai.
* Rajagopalan, Vasudha (1978). The Śrī Vaiṣṇava Understanding of Bhakti and Prapatti: From the Āḻvārs to Vedānta Deśika (PhD thesis). University of Bombay.
* Sambaiah, O. (1988). Vaisnavism in Andhradesa AD 1000 to 1600: A Historical Study (PhD thesis). Acharya Nagarjuna University.
* Sundaram, R. (1993). George Herbert and Nammazhvar: A Comparative Study (PhD thesis). Pondicherry University.
* Varadharajan, K. (September 2018). Impact of Harinamasankirtan in Thiruvaimozhi in the Modern Era (PhD thesis). University of Madras.

### Websites

* Nippard, Andrea (Spring 2009). "The Alvars". Mahavidya. http://www.mahavidya.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Nippard-Andrea-The-Alvars-Yes.pdf.
* "Indian Literature Through the Ages". Government of India. http://ccrtindia.gov.in/literaryarts.htm.
* "About Alvars". divyadesamonline.com. http://www.divyadesamonline.com/alwars.asp.
* "Meaning of Alvar". ramanuja.org. http://www.ramanuja.org/sv/alvars/.

## External links

* The Philosophy of the Āḻvārs, Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940
* The Alvar Saints (ramanuja.org)
* The Alvar Saints of Tamil Nadu by Jyotsna Kamat

## Further reading

* Ayyangar, D. Ramaswamy (1966) (in en). Peeps Into Mysticism. Visishtadvaita Pracharini Sabha. https://books.google.com/books?id=dUgqAAAAYAAJ&q=peeps+into+mysticism.
* Dasgupta, Surendranath (1991) (in en). A History of Indian Philosophy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. ISBN 978-81-208-0414-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=jI2PUAa8B8oC&q=history+of+indian+philosophy+volume+3.
* Hardy, Friedhelm (2014) (in en). Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. ISBN 978-81-208-3816-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=XY42EAAAQBAJ&q=viraha+bhakti.

## See also

* Bhakti movement
* Tamil mythology
* Nathamuni

Template:Alvars

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvars. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Philosophy:Alvars&oldid=4171943"