Ancient Mithila University

Short description: University of Ancient India

Mithila University

प्राचीन मिथिला विश्वविध्यालय

Brahmanical Seat of Learning

Alternative name| Nyaya School of Indian Philosophy
Location| Mithila
Region| Mithila
Part of| Ancient Universities in Indian Subcontinent
History
Founded| Janaka
Cultures| Hinduism

Ancient Mithila University was an ancient university and was famous for Nyaya Shastra and logical Sciences. It was gradually started from the philosophical conferences held by Janaka, the king of Mithila at his court. These philosophical conferences led to the formation of a seat of learning and this seat of learning converted into the university of Mithila. It was prominent seat of Brahmanical system of education.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]Mithila is the seat of Maithil Brahmins. From ancient times there were many notable Maithil Brahmins who gave different dimensions to the ancient Indian Philosophy. Nyaya Shastra, Tarka Shastra, Mimansa and Shankhya Shastra were mostly emerged in Mithila. Uddalaka Aruni discovered the theory of three elements of the life. Ashtavakra taught King Janaka the metaphysical nature of existence and the meaning of individual freedom. The philosophical conversation between Ashtavakra and Janaka is recorded as ancient philosophical texts known as Ashtavakra Gita or Ashtavakra Samhita. Similarly Yajnavalkya taught Brahman Vidya to the King Janaka.He is the author of Satapatha Brahman. He is also considered as the Father of Indian philosophy. Gargi Vachaknavi was a Brahmavadini. She composed several hymns in the Rig Veda that questioned the origin of all existence. She was honoured as one of the Navaratnas (nine gems) in the court of King Janaka of Mithila. She took part in the Shastrarth with Yajnavalkya, in which she asked some questions related to the foundation of the existence of the nature. Yajnavalkya answered all her questions.[8] Maitreyi was another Brahmavadini who lived during the later Vedic period in ancient India. She is mentioned in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad as one of two wives of the Vedic sage Yajnavalkya. She was Advaita philosopher. In the Rigveda about ten hymns are attributed to Maitreyi. She explores the Hindu concept of Atman (soul or self) in a dialogue contained in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The dialogue, also called the Maitreyi-Yajnavalkya dialogue, states that love is driven by a person's soul, and it discusses the nature of Atman and Brahman and their unity, the core of Advaita philosophy. She is estimated to have lived around the 8th century BCE. Aksapada Gautama founded Nyaya Shastra. Mandana Mishra (8th century CE) was a Hindu philosopher who wrote on the Mīmāṁsā and Advaita systems of thought. He was a follower of the Karma Mimamsa school of philosophy and a staunch defender of the holistic sphota doctrine of language. He was a contemporary of Adi Shankara. Maṇḍana Miśra is known to be a student of a mimamsa scholar Kumarila Bhatta, but who also wrote a work on Advaita, the Brahma-siddhi. He is best known as the author of the Brahmasiddhi. In the 9th to 10th century, Vācaspati Miśra was philosopher of Advaita Vedanta and wrote one non-commentary, Tattvabindu, or Drop of Truth, which focuses on Mīmāṃsā theories of sentence meaning. In the 14th century, Vidyapati emerged as Maithili and Sanskrit poet, composer, writer, courtier and royal priest in Mithila. He was a devotee of Shiva, but also wrote love songs and devotional Vaishnava songs. He knew Sanskrit, Prakrit, Apabhramsha, and Maithili.[9][10]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Examination System
* 2 Education system and Curriculum
* 3 Birth of Nabadwip University
* 4 References

## History

This university was very famous for its Nyaya Shastra. Nyaya Shastra was founded by Aksapada Gautama. It was later developed by Gangeśa Upadhyay. From 12th century to 15th century, it was important center for learning and cultures.[11] In Kamesvara period Jagaddhara was a scholar, who wrote commentaries on a variety of subjects, such as the Gita, Devimahatmya, Meghaduta, Gita Govinda and Malati Madhava and others as well as wrote original treatises on erotics such as Rasika Sarvasva, Sangita Sarvasva. Similarly Sankara Misra was another scholar who worked on the Vaisheshika, the Nyaya and the Smrti.[12] Vasudeva Sarvabhauma, the famous logician of Nadia, received his education at Mithila in the 15th century. According to Abul Fazal during the reign of Shah Jahan, Mithila became famous for its scholars and poets who received rewards from the Emperor for their scholarship. In the 16th century, Mithila emerged as the chief centre of both secular and religious learning. Sanskrit scholars from different parts of India came to Mithila to study Hindu Philosophy.[13][14] In Mughal period, Raghunandan Dasa was an eminent intellectual of the university. Mughal Emperor Akbar was very influenced by him, so he gifted him the entire Mithila as a gift. But Raghunandan Dasa later offered it to his Guru Mahesh Thakur as Guru Dakshina. Mahesh Thakur established Darbhanga Raj Kingdom on the day of Ram Navami in 1557 AD.

### Examination System

The name of the examination of this university was known as 'Salaka Pariksha'. It was examined by Dvara-Panditas (who were considered the most learned and revered of the scholars at that time) .[15] In this examination candidate have to explain the portion of the page in a manuscript which is pierced by a needle. This examination was for candidates to complete graduation certificate. There was more taugh level of examination than Salaka Pariksha in which candidate is required to present himself in the examination by the public. This latter examination was known as ‘Sadayantra’. The scholar or candidate in this examination could be asked to any question on any topic by the people they liked. After passing this Sadayantra test, scholars were honoured by three different classifications Upadhaya, Mahopadhaya and Mahamahopadhaya according to the level of knowledge. These honours were much coveted among the scholars.[16]

## Education system and Curriculum

The educational system of Mithila University was very strict. According to historian John Keay, no one was allowed to copy the Texts of the university to outside the university. One has to only remember the texts.[17] The minimum period of studentship of this university was twelve years. After that student continue post-graduate studies and teaching. The ideal qualities of the students of the university were qualities of calmness ( santa ), self-restraint ( danta ), self-denial ( uparata ) and patience ( titiksha ).

## Birth of Nabadwip University

Gangesa Upadhyay of Mithila and Raghunatha Shiromani of Nabadwip developed a new version of Nyaya Shastra known as Navya Nyaya School of Indian Philosophy to combat with the logic of Buddhism Philosophy and to defeat them to minimise Buddhism influence. They established a new university for Hindu philosophy at Nabadwip(Nadia district) known as Nabadwip University or Nadia University.[18][19] Vasudeva Sarvabhauma was once prevented from copying the texts of Mithila University, then he committed to memorize the whole parts of Tattav Chintamani and the metrical part of Kusumanjali. He then wrote down the texts at Nadia, which he memorized and helped in establishment of the new university at Nadia. Mahamahopadhyaya Gokulnath (1650-1750) was the scholar of Mithila migrated to Nadia to contribute in the establishment of new school of logic known as ‘Navya Nyaya’. This led to the decline of the reputation and importance of Mithila. From here Nadia emerged as second center of learning of Hindu Philosophy.

## References

1. ↑ "Ancient/Old Indian Universities – India Millennia Ago – its Civilisational & Intellectual past" (in en-US). https://indiamillenniaago.in/ancient-and-old-indian-universities/.
2. ↑ Jha, Bishwambhar (2010). "EDUCATION IN EARLY MITHILA: A REAPPRAISAL". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 71: 160–164. ISSN 2249-1937. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147484.
3. ↑ "16 Ancient Universities of India: From 3600 Plus Years Ago" (in en-GB). 2019-02-14. https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2019/02/14/15-ancient-universities-of-india-from-3600-plus-years-ago/.
4. ↑ "An Official Website of Department of Revenue and Land Reforms, Government of Bihar". http://lrc.bih.nic.in/Gazetteer/Darbhanga.aspx.
5. ↑ "अनौपचारिक रूप से प्रसिद्ध विवि थी प्राचीन मिथिला" (in hi). https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-ancient-mithila-was-an-unofficially-famous-university-4258612.html.
6. ↑ Singh, Sahana (2017-08-03) (in en). The Educational Heritage of Ancient India: How an Ecosystem of Learning Was Laid to Waste. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-947586-53-6. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Educational_Heritage_of_Ancient_Indi.html?id=C1EvDwAAQBAJ.
7. ↑ Experts, Disha (2021-07-01) (in en). (Free Sample) 35 Landmark Historical (Ancient/Medieval India) Developments for UPSC IAS/IPS Prelim & Main Exams. Disha Publications. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bKI4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&dq=ancient+mithila+university&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG39-KpoHzAhVHG6YKHXvWBlYQ6AF6BAgJEAM.
8. ↑ "3 Ancient Feminist Icons Who Created Ripples In The World Of Science And Mathematics!" (in en). 2021-03-02. https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2021/03/a-panegyric-to-ancient-indian-women-on-the-quest-for-truth/.
9. ↑ "An Overview of the Ancient Indian Education". https://content.inflibnet.ac.in/data-server/eacharya-documents/548158e2e41301125fd790cf_INFIEP_72/77/ET/72-77-ET-V1-S1__l_.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiUsYPgzYHzAhU1y4sBHaiJB2k4KBAWegQIGhAB&usg=AOvVaw0fD3mn2B_yd2ZMKtet6bkx.
10. ↑ "Institutions of Higher Learning and Education in Ancient India" (in en-US). 2020-04-04. https://www.scholarify.in/institutions-higher-learning-education-ancient-india/.
11. ↑ (in en) Ancient Universities Of India( History+Paper 1) | History | UGC NET 2021 | Gradeup | Subhangini, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHWBF8CkyvE, retrieved 2021-09-18
12. ↑ Mahamahopadhyaya Satis Chandra Vidyabhusana (1920) (in English). A History of Indian Logic (Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools). Library Genesis. Motilal Banarsidass. http://archive.org/details/historyindianlog00vidy.
13. ↑ "Institutions Of Higher Learning And Education In Ancient India | Comprehensive List 2021" (in en-GB). 2020-03-30. https://ugcnetpaper1.com/education-in-ancient-india/.
14. ↑ "Top 9 Important Brahmanical Centres of Learning – Discussed !" (in en-US). 2015-08-11. https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/education/indian-education/top-9-important-brahmanical-centres-of-learning-discussed/63491.
15. ↑ "Samvit/A Quarterly Student Journal/Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham/Issue 7/ February 2014". https://www.amrita.edu/sites/default/files/Samvit-feb14.pdf.
16. ↑ "An Official Website of Department of Revenue and Land Reforms, Government of Bihar". http://lrc.bih.nic.in/Gazetteer/Darbhanga.aspx.
17. ↑ Singh, Sahana (2017-08-03) (in en). The Educational Heritage of Ancient India: How an Ecosystem of Learning Was Laid to Waste. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-947586-53-6. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Educational_Heritage_of_Ancient_Indi.html?id=C1EvDwAAQBAJ.
18. ↑ "Know How India". https://www.knowhowwithfact.com/.
19. ↑ "4 Medieval Centres of Higher Education for Hindus" (in en-US). 2015-08-11. https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/hindu-philosophy/4-medieval-centres-of-higher-education-for-hindus/63495.

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