Camp (style)

Short description: Ostentatious style

Camp is an aesthetic style and sensibility that regards something as appealing because of its bad taste and ironic value.[1] Camp aesthetics disrupt many of modernism's notions of what art is and what can be classified as high art by inverting aesthetic attributes such as beauty, value, and taste through an invitation of a different kind of apprehension and consumption.[2]

Camp can also be a social practice and function as a style and performance identity for several types of entertainment including film, cabaret, and pantomime. Where high art necessarily incorporates beauty and value, camp necessarily needs to be lively, audacious and dynamic. The visual style is closely associated with gay culture.[2]

Camp art is related to and often confused with kitsch and things with camp appeal may be described as cheesy. In 1909, Oxford English Dictionary defined camp as "ostentatious, exaggerated, affected, theatrical; effeminate or homosexual"[3] behavior, and by the middle of the 1970s, camp was defined by the college edition of Webster's New World Dictionary as "banality, mediocrity, artifice, [and] ostentation ... so extreme as to amuse or have a perversely sophisticated appeal".[4] The American writer Susan Sontag's essay Notes on "Camp" (1964) emphasized its key elements as: "artifice, frivolity, naïve middle-class pretentiousness, and shocking excess".[5]

## Contents

* 1 Origins and development
* 2 Contemporary culture
* 2.1 Television
* 2.2 Film
* 2.3 Music
* 3 Distinguishing between kitsch and camp
* 4 In the Western World
* 5 Literature
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Sources
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links

## Origins and development

In 1870, the crossdresser Frederick Park referred to his "campish undertakings" in a letter produced in evidence at his examination before a magistrate at Bow-street, London, on suspicion of illegal homosexual acts; the letter does not make clear what these were.[6] In 1909, the Oxford English Dictionary gave the first print citation of camp as

> ostentatious, exaggerated, affected, theatrical; . So as a noun, 'camp' behaviour, mannerisms, et cetera. (cf. quot. 1909); a man exhibiting such behaviour.

Carmen Miranda in the trailer for The Gang's All Here (1943)

According to the dictionary, this sense is "etymologically obscure". Camp in this sense has been suggested to have possibly derived from the French term se camper, meaning "to pose in an exaggerated fashion".[7][8] Later, it evolved into a general description of the aesthetic choices and behavior of working-class gay men.[9] The concept of camp was described by Christopher Isherwood in 1954 in his novel The World in the Evening, and then in 1964 by Susan Sontag in her essay Notes on "Camp".[10]

The rise of post-modernism made camp a common perspective on aesthetics, not identified with any specific group. The camp perspective was originally a distinctive aspect of pre-Stonewall gay culture, where it was the dominant idiom. It originated from the understanding of gayness as effeminacy.[9] Two key components of camp were originally feminine performances: swish and drag. With swish featuring extensive use of superlatives, and drag being exaggerated female impersonation, camp became extended to all things "over the top", including women posing as female impersonators (faux queens), as in the exaggerated Hollywood character of Carmen Miranda. It was this version of the concept that was adopted by literary and art critics and became a part of the conceptual array of 1960s culture.[clarification needed] Moe Meyer[who?] still defines camp as "queer parody".[11][12]

## Contemporary culture

### Television

The Comedy Central television show Strangers with Candy (1999–2000), starring comedian Amy Sedaris, was a camp spoof of the ABC Afterschool Special genre.[13][14][15] Inspired by the work of George Kuchar and his brother Mike Kuchar, ASS Studios began making a series of short, no-budget camp films. Their feature film Satan, Hold My Hand (2013) features many elements recognized in camp pictures.[16][17]

### Film

Famous representatives of camp films are, for example, John Waters (Pink Flamingos, 1972) and Rosa von Praunheim (The Bed Sausage, 1971), who mainly used this style in the 1970s, created films which achieved a cult status.[18][19]

### Music

Cher performing during her Living Proof: The Farewell Tour Madonna in 1987 during the Who's That Girl World Tour dressing an "exaggerated" costume

American singer and actress Cher is one of the artists who received the title of "Queen of Camp" through her outrageous on-stage fashion and live performances.[20] She gained this status in the 1970s when she launched her variety shows in collaboration with the costume designer Bob Mackie and became a constant presence on American prime-time television.[21][22] Madonna is another example of camp and according to educator Carol Queen, her "whole career up to and including Sex has depended heavily on camp imagery and camp understandings of gender and sex".[23] By some point of her career, Madonna was also named "Queen of Camp".[24]

Dusty Springfield is a camp icon.[25] In public and on stage, Springfield developed a joyful image supported by her peroxide blonde beehive hairstyle, evening gowns, and heavy make-up that included her much-copied "panda eye" look.[25][26][27][28][29] Springfield borrowed elements of her look from blonde glamour queens of the 1950s, such as Brigitte Bardot and Catherine Deneuve, and pasted them together according to her own taste.[30][31] Her ultra-glamorous look made her a camp icon and this, combined with her emotive vocal performances, won her a powerful and enduring following in the gay community.[29][31] Besides the prototypical female drag queen, she was presented in the roles of the "Great White Lady" of pop and soul and the "Queen of Mods".[27][32]

South Korean rapper Psy, known for his viral internet music videos full of flamboyant dance and visuals, has come to be seen as a 21st-century incarnation of camp style.[33][34] Geri Halliwell is recognised as a camp icon for her high camp aesthetics, performance style and kinship with the gay community during her time as a solo artist.[35][36] Lady Gaga, a contemporary exemplar of camp, uses music and dance to make social commentary on pop culture, as in the Judas video. Her clothes, makeup, and accessories, created by high-end fashion designers, are integral to the narrative structure of her performances.[37] Katy Perry is another example of camp with outlets like Vogue describing her as the "Queen of Camp".[38]

## Distinguishing between kitsch and camp

The words "camp" and "kitsch" are often used interchangeably; both may relate to art, literature, music, or any object that carries an aesthetic value. However, "kitsch" refers specifically to the work itself, whereas "camp" is a mode of performance. Thus, a person may consume kitsch intentionally or unintentionally. Camp, as Susan Sontag observed, is always a way of consuming or performing culture "in quotation marks".[39]

Sontag also distinguishes between "naive" and "deliberate" camp,[40] and examines Christopher Isherwood's distinction between low camp, which he associated with cross-dressing practices and drag performances, and high camp, which included "the whole emotional basis of the Ballet, for example, and of course of Baroque art".[41]

According to sociologist Andrew Ross, camp combines outmoded and contemporary forms of style, fashion, and technology. Often characterized by the reappropriation of a "throwaway Pop aesthetic", camp works to intermingle the categories of "high" and "low" culture.[42] Objects may become camp objects because of their historical association with a power now in decline. As opposed to kitsch, camp reappropriates culture in an ironic fashion, whereas kitsch is indelibly sincere. Additionally, kitsch may be seen as a quality of an object, while camp "tends to refer to a subjective process".[43] Those who identify objects as "camp" commemorate the distance mirrored in the process through which "unexpected value can be located in some obscure or exorbitant object."[44]

## In the Western World

Comedian Kenneth Williams wrote in a diary entry for 1 January 1947: "Went to Singapore with Stan—very camp evening, was followed, but tatty types so didn't bother to make overtures."[45] Although it applies to gay men, it is a specific adjective used to describe a man who openly promotes the fact that he is gay by being outwardly garish or eccentric, for example, the character Daffyd Thomas in the English comedy skit show Little Britain. "Camp" forms a strong element in UK culture, and many so-called gay icons and objects are chosen as such because they are camp. Performers such as Elton John,[46] Kylie Minogue, John Inman, Lawrence Llewelyn Bowen, Lulu, Graham Norton, Mika, Lesley Joseph, Ruby Wax, Dale Winton, and Cilla Black, as well as the music hall tradition of the pantomime are camp elements in popular culture.[citation needed] The British tradition of the "Last Night of the Proms" has been said to glory in "nostalgia, camp, and pastiche".[47] Thomas Dworzak published a collection of "last portrait" photographs of young Taliban soldiers about to depart for the front, found in Kabul photo studios. The book, titled Taliban,[48][49] attests to a campy esthetic, quite close to the gay movement in California or a Peter Greenaway film.[50]

The Australian theatre and opera director Barrie Kosky is renowned for his use of camp in interpreting the works of the Western canon, including Shakespeare, Wagner, Molière, Seneca and Kafka; his 2006 eight-hour production for the Sydney Theatre Company The Lost Echo was based on Ovid's Metamorphoses and Euripides's The Bacchae. In the first act ("The Song of Phaeton"), for instance, the goddess Juno takes the form of a highly stylized Marlene Dietrich, and the musical arrangements feature Noël Coward and Cole Porter. Kosky's use of camp is also effectively employed to satirize the pretensions, manners, and cultural vacuity of Australia's suburban middle class, which is suggestive of the style of Dame Edna Everage. For example, in The Lost Echo Kosky employs a chorus of high school girls and boys: one girl in the chorus takes leave from the goddess Diana, and begins to rehearse a dance routine, muttering to herself in a broad Australian accent, "Mum says I have to practice if I want to be on Australian Idol." Australian writer/director Baz Luhrmann, in particular "Strictly Ballroom", constitutes another example.[citation needed]

Since 2000, the Eurovision Song Contest, an annually televised competition of song performers from different countries, has shown an increasing element of camp—since the contest has shown an increasing attraction within the gay communities—in their stage performances, especially during the televised finale, which is screened live across Europe. As it is a visual show, many Eurovision performances attempt to attract the attention of the voters through means other than the music, which sometimes leads to bizarre onstage gimmicks, and what some critics have called "the Eurovision kitsch drive", with almost cartoonish novelty acts performing.[51]

The 2019 Met Gala's theme was Camp: Notes on Fashion, co-chaired by Anna Wintour, Serena Williams, Lady Gaga, Harry Styles, and Alessandro Michele.[52] Lady Gaga's entrance took 16 minutes, as she arrived to the gala alongside an entourage of five dancers carrying umbrellas, a make up artist, and a personal photographer to snap pictures of Gaga's poses.[53] Gaga arrived in a hot pink Brandon Maxwell gown with a 25-foot train[54] and went through a series of four "reveals," paying homage to drag culture,[53] debuting a new outfit each time, until reaching her final look: a bra and underwear with fishnets and platform heels.[55] Other notable ensembles included Katy Perry wearing a gown that looked like a chandelier, designed by Moschino, and Kacey Musgraves appearing as a life-size Barbie, also by Moschino.[56]

## Literature

The first post-World War II use of the word in print may be Christopher Isherwood's 1954 novel The World in the Evening, where he comments: "You can't camp about something you don't take seriously. You're not making fun of it; you're making fun out of it. You're expressing what's basically serious to you in terms of fun and artifice and elegance." In the American writer Susan Sontag's 1964 essay Notes on "Camp", Sontag emphasized artifice, frivolity, naïve middle-class pretentiousness, and shocking excess as key elements of camp. Examples cited by Sontag included Tiffany lamps, the drawings of Aubrey Beardsley, Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, and Japanese science fiction films such as Rodan, and The Mysterians of the 1950s.[citation needed]

In Mark Booth's 1983 book Camp, he defines camp as "to present oneself as being committed to the marginal with a commitment greater than the marginal merits". He makes a distinction between genuine camp, and camp fads and fancies, things that are not intrinsically camp, but display artificiality, stylization, theatricality, naivety, sexual ambiguity, tackiness, poor taste, stylishness, or portray camp people, and thus appeal to them.[citation needed]

## See also

* Avant-garde
* Asemic writing
* Collection de l'art brut
* David Bowie's art collection and Outside (1995)
* Glam rock
* Horror vacui
* Lille Métropole Museum of Modern, Contemporary and Outsider Art
* Lowbrow (art movement)
* Neo-pop
* Neurodiversity
* Outsider art
* Outsider music
* Pop art
* Postmodernism
* Psychedelic art
* The Rocky Horror Picture Show
* Saving and Preserving Arts and Cultural Environments
* Surrealism
* Unilalianism
* Vaporwave
* Vernacular architecture

## References

1. ↑ Babuscio (1993, 20), Feil (2005, 478), Morrill (1994, 110), Shugart and Waggoner (2008, 33), and Van Leer (1995)
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kerry Malla (January 2005). Roderick McGillis. ed. "Between a Frock and a Hard Place: Camp Aesthetics and Children's Culture". Canadian Review of American Studies 35 (1): 1–3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27477842. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
3. ↑ Gipson, Ferren (2019-04-23). "Art Matters podcast: an introduction to the camp aesthetic | Art UK" (in en). https://artuk.org/discover/stories/art-matters-podcast-an-introduction-to-the-camp-aesthetic.
4. ↑ Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, 1976 edition, sense 6, [Slang, orig., homosexual jargon, Americanism] banality, mediocrity, artifice, ostentation, etc. so extreme as to amuse or have a perversely sophisticated appeal
5. ↑ Harry Eiss (11 May 2016). The Joker. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-4438-9429-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=17f6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26.
6. ↑ 'My "campish undertakings" are not meeting with the success they deserve. Whatever I do seems to get me into hot water somewhere;...':The Times(London), 30 May 1870, p. 13, 'The Men in Women's Clothes'
7. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "camp (adj.)". http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=camp.
8. ↑ Entry "camper" , in: Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, ninth edition (1992). "2. Fam: Placer avec fermeté, avec insolence ou selon ses aises.] Il me parlait, le chapeau campé sur la tête. Surtout pron. Se camper solidement dans son fauteuil. Se camper à la meilleure place. Il se campa devant son adversaire. 3. En parlant d'un acteur, d'un artiste: Figurer avec force et relief. Camper son personnage sur la scène. Camper une figure dans un tableau, des caractères dans un roman." (Familiar: To assume a defiant, insolent or devil-may-care attitude. Theatre: To perform with forcefulness and exaggeration; to overact; To impose one's character assertively into a scene; to upstage.)
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Esther Newton (1978): Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America, University of Chicago Press. Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America in libraries (WorldCat catalog).
10. ↑ Susan Sontag (14 June 2019). Notes on "Camp". Picador. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-250-62134-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=gcqcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT4.
11. ↑ Moe Meyer (2010): An Archaeology of Posing: Essays on Camp, Drag, and Sexuality, Macater Press, ISBN 978-0-9814924-5-2.
12. ↑ Moe Meyer (2011): The Politics and Poetics of Camp, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-51489-7.
13. ↑ Maasik, Solomon, Sonia, Jack (2011). Signs of Life in the USA: Readings on Popular Culture for Writers. Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 9780312647001. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-PAURpOlB8C&q="strangers+with+candy+which+was"+camp&pg=PA328. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
14. ↑ "'Strangers with Candy': After-school special, Sedaris style". Orange County Register. 6 July 2006. https://www.ocregister.com/2006/07/06/strangers-with-candy-after-school-special-sedaris-style/.
15. ↑ "'Strangers with Candy': After-school special, Sedaris style". 6 July 2006. http://www.ocregister.com/2006/07/06/strangers-with-candy-after-school-special-sedaris-style/.
16. ↑ filmmakermagazine.com/27295-courtney-fathom-sells-hi-8-hi...
17. ↑ "COURTNEY FATHOM SELL: SO YOU WANNA BE AN UNDERGROUND FILMMAKER?". Filmmaker Magazine. http://filmmakermagazine.com/29016-so-you-wanna-be-an-underground-filmmaker/.
18. ↑ "John Waters: King of Camp and Auteur of Cult Trash". Film Daze. 12 June 2019. https://filmdaze.net/john-waters-king-of-camp-and-auteur-of-cult-trash/.
19. ↑ Kapczynski, Jennifer M.; Richardson, Michael David (2012). A New History of German Cinema. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 9781571135957. https://books.google.com/books?id=98tvAwAAQBAJ&dq=waters+praunheim+camp&pg=PA538. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
20. ↑ "She's Reigned Pop Land since the 70s, She's the Queen of Camp, She Believes in Life after Love. She's Cher, and She's Still Fantastic". Sunday Mirror. https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-343551795.html.
21. ↑ White, Belinda (24 July 2015). "Cher is Love magazine's latest cover 'girl' at 69". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/cher-is-love-magazine-cover-girl-at-69/.
22. ↑ "Cher-ishing the Queen of Camp". Daily News. New York. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/cher-ishing-queen-camp-article-1.493616.
23. ↑ Gnojewski, Carol (2007). Madonna: Express Yourself. Enslow Publishing. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7660-2442-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=JDGdVGWrjr8C&q=Madonna. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
24. ↑ Drushe, Bruce E.; Peters, Brian M. (2017). Chapter 12, Camp, Androgyny, and 1990: Strike a Pose. Lexington Books. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-4985-3777-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=kHAKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA216. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Peter Silverton. "Dusty Springfield (British singer) – Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561395/Dusty-Springfield. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
26. ↑ Annie J. Randall (Fall 2005). "Dusty Springfield and the Motown Invasion". Newsletter (Institute for Studies in American Music, Conservatory of Music, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York) 35 (1). http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/isam/NewsletF05/RandallF05.htm. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Laurense Cole (2008) Dusty Springfield: in the middle of nowhere, Middlesex University Press. p. 13.
28. ↑ Charles Taylor (1997). Mission Impossible: The perfectionist rock and soul of Dusty Springfield, Boston Phoenix.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Springfield, Dusty". glbtq – An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Culture. 2005. http://www.glbtq.com/arts/springfield_d.html. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
30. ↑ Annie J. Randall, Associate Professor of Musicology Bucknell University (2008). Dusty! : Queen of the Post Mods: Queen of the Post Mods. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199716302. https://books.google.com/books?id=D2mCQpLstCkC&q="Dusty! Queen of the Post Mods"&pg=PA18. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Bob Gulla (2007) Icons of R&B and Soul: An Encyclopedia of the Artists Who Revolutionized Rhythm, Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978-0-313-34044-4
32. ↑ Patricia Juliana Smith (1999) "'You Don't Have to Say You Love Me': The Camp Masquerades of Dusty Springfield", The Queer Sixties pp. 105–126, Routledge, London ISBN 978-0-415-92169-5
33. ↑ "Exploring Psy's Digital Dandy Appeal In 'Gangnam Style' " (3 October 2012) Rolling Stone (retrieved 21 April 2013)
34. ↑ Rauhala, Emily (13 April 2013), "Psy Unveils His New 'Gentleman' Video and Dance at Extravagant Seoul Concert", Time, http://world.time.com/2013/04/13/psy-unveils-his-new-gentleman-video-and-dance-at-extravagant-seoul-concert/, retrieved 21 April 2013
35. ↑ "Geri Horner talks Spice Girls, solo regrets and her kinship with the gay community". 5 January 2017. https://attitude.co.uk/article/interview-geri-horner-talks-spice-girls-solo-regrets-and-her-kinship-with-the-gay-community/13210/.
36. ↑ Kelly, Emma (11 December 2020). "Geri Horner threatened with assassination on stage by Admiral Duncan nail bomber". https://metro.co.uk/2020/12/11/geri-horner-threatened-with-assassination-on-stage-by-admiral-duncan-nail-bomber-13736621/.
37. ↑ Stan Hawkins (3 January 2014). "I'll bring You Down, Down, Down'". Lady Gaga and Popular Music: Performing Gender, Fashion, and Culture. Routledge. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-1-134-07987-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=LpN8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17.
38. ↑ Allaire, Christian (January 2, 2022). "Katy Perry Is Still the Queen of Camp". Vogue. https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/katy-perry-las-vegas-residency-camp-fashion. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
39. ↑ Susan Sontag (2 July 2009). Against Interpretation and Other Essays. Penguin Modern Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-119006-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=HLdQPwAACAAJ. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
40. ↑ "Notes On "Camp"". https://faculty.georgetown.edu/irvinem/theory/Sontag-NotesOnCamp-1964.html.
41. ↑ Anna Malinowska (26 September 2014). "1, section 1: Bad Romance: Pop and Camp in Light of Evolutionary Confusion". in Justyna Stępień. Redefining Kitsch and Camp in Literature and Culture. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4438-6779-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=OyRQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11.
42. ↑ Ross, Andrew (1989). No Respect: Intellectuals and Popular Culture. New York: Routledge. p. 136. https://archive.org/details/norespectintellec00ross.
43. ↑ Ross, Andrew (1989). No Respect: Intellectuals and Popular Culture. New York: Routledge. p. 145. https://archive.org/details/norespectintellec00ross.
44. ↑ Ross, Andrew (1989). No Respect: Intellectuals and Popular Culture. New York: Routledge. p. 146. https://archive.org/details/norespectintellec00ross.
45. ↑ Russell Davies (1993) The Kenneth Williams Diaries, Harper-Collins Publishers ISBN 978-0-00-255023-9
46. ↑ Armstrong, Robert (May 23, 2019). "Rock it, man — what Elton John teaches us about style". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/e0b5072c-7bb1-11e9-81d2-f785092ab560.
47. ↑ Compare: Miller, W. Watts (2002), "Secularism and the sacred: is there really something called 'secular religion'?", in Idinopulos, Thomas A.; Wilson, Brian C., Reappraising Durkheim for the study and teaching of religion today, Numen book series, 92, Brill, pp. 38–39, ISBN 9004123393, https://books.google.com/books?id=TZt_hMv3OqQC, retrieved 21 November 2010, "An English example of how the life has gone out of lieux de memoire concerns William Blake's hymn about the building of a New Jerusalem. it is still sung every year in London 's Albert Hall on the Last Night of the Proms. But it is in a fervor without faith. It brings tears to the eyes, only it is in a mixture of nostalgia, camp, 'post-modernism,' and pastiche."
48. ↑ Traff, Thea (29 March 2014). "Thomas Dworzak's Taliban Glamour Shots". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/culture/photo-booth/thomas-dworzaks-taliban-glamour-shots.
49. ↑ "2000, Thomas Dworzak, 1st prize, Spot News stories". World Press Photo. 13 January 2014. http://proof.nationalgeographic.com/2014/01/13/thomas-dworzak-mining-for-memes-on-instagram/.
50. ↑ "Vom Nachttisch geräumt nachttisch 10.6.03 vom 10 June 2003 von Arno Widmann – Perlentaucher". perlentaucher.de. https://www.perlentaucher.de/vom-nachttisch-geraeumt/nachttisch-10-6-03.html.
51. ↑ Allatson, Paul (2007). "'Antes cursi que sencilla': Eurovision Song Contests and the Kitsch‐Drive to Euro‐Unity". Culture, Theory and Critique 48 (1): 87–98. doi:10.1080/14735780701293540.
52. ↑ Yang, Lucy (2019-05-07). "The 2019 Met Gala's theme is 'camp' — here's what you should expect to see on the red carpet" (in en-US). https://www.insider.com/met-gala-2019-camp-theme-co-chairs-2018-10.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Lady Gaga perfectly captured 'camp' at the Met Gala by paying homage to drag culture" (in en-GB). 2019-05-07. https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/lady-gaga-met-gala.
54. ↑ "See How Lady Gaga Pulled Off the Greatest Met Gala Entrance of All Time" (in en-US). 2019-05-10. https://www.vogue.com/article/lady-gaga-met-gala-2019-entrance-behind-the-scenes-video.
55. ↑ "Lady Gaga Just Had 4 Outfit Changes on the Met Gala Red Carpet and We're Deceased" (in en-us). 2019-05-06. https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/red-carpet-dresses/a27358784/lady-gaga-met-gala-2019/.
56. ↑ "Photos from Moschino's Most Memorable Met Gala Looks". 2021-09-13. https://www.eonline.com/photos/33191/moschinos-most-memorable-met-gala-looks.

## Sources

* Babuscio, Jack (1993) "Camp and the Gay Sensibility" in Camp Grounds: Style and Homosexuality, David Bergman Ed., U of Massachusetts, Amherst ISBN 978-0-87023-878-9
* Feil, Ken (2005) "Queer Comedy", in Comedy: A Geographic and Historical Guide Vol. 2. pp. 19–38, 477–492, Maurice Charney Ed., Praeger, Westport, CN ISBN 978-0-313-32715-5
* Levine, Martin P. (1998) Gay Macho, New York UP, New York ISBN 0-8147-4694-2
* Meyer, Moe, Ed. (1994) The Politics and Poetics of Camp, Routledge, London and New York ISBN 978-0-415-08248-8
* Morrill, Cynthia (1994) "Revamping the Gay Sensibility: Queer Camp and dyke noir" (In Meyer pp. 110–129)
* Helene A. Shugart and Catherine Egley Waggoner (2008) Making Camp: Rhetorics of Transgression in U.S. Popular Culture, U of Alabama P., Tuscaloosa ISBN 978-0-8173-5652-1
* Van Leer, David (1995) The Queening of America: Gay Culture in Straight Society, Routledge, London and New York ISBN 978-0-415-90336-3

## Further reading

* Baker, Paul (2023). Camp! The Story of the Attitude that Conquered the World. London: Footnote Press. ISBN 978-1804440339
* Core, Philip (1984/1994). CAMP, The Lie That Tells the Truth, foreword by George Melly. London: Plexus Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-85965-044-8
* Cleto, Fabio, editor (1999). Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06722-2.
* Padva, Gilad (2008). "Educating The Simpsons: Teaching Queer Representations in Contemporary Visual Media". Journal of LGBT Youth 5(3), 57–73.
* Padva, Gilad and Talmon, Miri (2008). "Gotta Have An Effeminate Heart: The Politics of Effeminacy and Sissyness in a Nostalgic Israeli TV Musical". Feminist Media Studies 8(1), 69–84.
* Padva, Gilad (2005). "Radical Sissies and Stereotyped Fairies in Laurie Lynd's The Fairy Who Didn't Want To Be A Fairy Anymore". Cinema Journal 45(1), 66–78.
* Padva, Gilad (2000). "Priscilla Fights Back: The Politicization of Camp Subculture". Journal of Communication Inquiry 24(2), 216–243.
* Meyer, Moe, editor (1993). The Politics and Poetics of Camp. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08248-X.
* Sontag, Susan (1964). "Notes on Camp" in Against Interpretation and Other Essays. New York: Farrer Straus & Giroux. ISBN 0-312-28086-6.

## External links

* Notes on "Camp" by Susan Sontag

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* David Hume
* Immanuel Kant
* Paul Klee
* Susanne Langer
* Theodor Lipps
* György Lukács
* Jean-François Lyotard
* Joseph Margolis
* Jacques Maritain
* Thomas Munro
* Friedrich Nietzsche
* José Ortega y Gasset
* Dewitt H. Parker
* Stephen Pepper
* David Prall
* Jacques Rancière
* Ayn Rand
* Louis Lavelle
* George Lansing Raymond
* I. A. Richards
* George Santayana
* Friedrich Schiller
* Arthur Schopenhauer
* Roger Scruton
* Irving Singer
* Rabindranath Tagore
* Giorgio Vasari
* Morris Weitz
* Johann Joachim Winckelmann
* Richard Wollheim
* more...

Theories|

* Classicism
* Evolutionary aesthetics
* Historicism
* Modernism
* New Classical
* Postmodernism
* Psychoanalytic theory
* Romanticism
* Symbolism
* more...

Concepts|

* Aesthetic emotions
* Aesthetic interpretation
* Art manifesto
* Avant-garde
* Axiology
* Beauty
* Boredom
* Camp
* Comedy
* Creativity
* Cuteness
* Disgust
* Ecstasy
* Elegance
* Entertainment
* Eroticism
* Gaze
* Harmony
* Judgement
* Kama
* Kitsch
* Life imitating art
* Magnificence
* Mimesis
* Perception
* Quality
* Rasa
* Reverence
* Style
* Sublime
* Taste
* Work of art

Related|

* Aesthetics of music
* Applied aesthetics
* Architecture
* Art
* Arts criticism
* Feminist aesthetics
* Gastronomy
* History of painting
* Humour
* Japanese aesthetics
* Literary merit
* Mathematical beauty
* Mathematics and architecture
* Mathematics and art
* Medieval aesthetics
* Music theory
* Neuroesthetics
* Painting
* Patterns in nature
* Philosophy of design
* Philosophy of film
* Philosophy of music
* Poetry
* Sculpture
* Theory of painting
* Theory of art
* Tragedy
* Visual arts

* Index
* Outline
* Category

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp (style). Read more

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