Dissociation (neuropsychology)

Neuropsychology

Topics

* Brain regions
* Clinical neuropsychology
* Cognitive neuropsychology
* Cognitive neuroscience
* Dementia
* Human brain
* Neuroanatomy
* Neurophysiology
* Neuropsychological assessment
* Neuropsychological rehabilitation
* Traumatic brain injury

Brain functions

* Arousal
* Attention
* Consciousness
* Decision making
* Executive functions
* Natural language
* Learning
* Memory
* Motor coordination
* Perception
* Planning
* Problem solving
* Thought

People

* Alan Baddeley
* Arthur L. Benton
* David Bohm
* Antonio Damasio
* Phineas Gage
* Norman Geschwind
* Elkhonon Goldberg
* Patricia Goldman-Rakic
* Donald O. Hebb
* Kenneth Heilman
* Eric Kandel
* Edith Kaplan
* Muriel Lezak
* Benjamin Libet
* Rodolfo Llinás
* Alexander Luria
* Brenda Milner
* Karl H. Pribram
* Pasko Rakic
* Oliver Sacks
* Mark Rosenzweig
* Roger W. Sperry
* Hans-Lukas Teuber
* Henry Molaison ("H.M.", patient)
* K.C. (patient)

Tests

* Benton Visual Retention Test
* Continuous Performance Task
* Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
* Hayling and Brixton tests
* Lexical Decision Task
* Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery
* Mini–Mental State Examination
* Rey–Osterrieth complex figure
* Stroop Test
* Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
* Wechsler Memory Scale
* Wisconsin Card Sorting Task

*   *   *

* v
* t
* e

In neuropsychology, dissociation involves identifying the neural substrate of a particular brain function through identification of case studies, neuroimaging, or neuropsychological testing.

## Contents

* 1 Dissociation types
* 1.1 Single dissociation
* 1.2 Double dissociation
* 1.3 Examples of double dissociations
* 2 References

## Dissociation types

### Single dissociation

When dissecting complex mental tasks into their subcomponents, a researcher can establish a "single dissociation" between functions. This is done by demonstrating that a lesion to brain structure A disrupts function X but not function Y. Such a demonstration allows one to infer that function X and function Y are independent of each other in some way.[citation needed]

Dr. Oliver Sacks has described many famous cases of dissociation in his books. Patient D.F., for example, was unable to place a card in a slot, but could do so when told to place it "as if mailing a letter". From this the conclusion was drawn that judging orientation is one ability (which D.F. had lost) and visual control of an action another (which D.F. could still do).[1]

### Double dissociation

To strengthen a single dissociation, a researcher can establish a "double dissociation", a term that was introduced by Hans-Lukas Teuber in 1955.[2] This is the demonstration that two experimental manipulations each have different effects on two dependent variables; if one manipulation affects the first variable and not the second, the other manipulation affects the second variable and not the first.[3] If one can demonstrate that a lesion in brain structure A impairs function X but not Y, and further demonstrate that a lesion to brain structure B impairs function Y but spares function X, one can make more specific inferences about brain function and function localization.[4]

In cognitive neuroscience, double dissociation is an experimental technique by which two areas of neocortex are functionally dissociated by two behavioral tests, each test being affected by a lesion in one zone and not the other.[5] In a series of patients with traumatic brain injury, one might find two patients, A and B. Patient A has difficulty performing cognitive tests for, say auditory memory but has no problem with visual memory. Patient B has the opposite problem. By using neuroimaging (or neuropathology post-mortem) to identify the overlap and dissociation between lesioned areas of the brain, one can infer something about the localization of visual and auditory function in the normal brain.[6]

Establishing a single dissociation between two functions provides limited and potentially misleading information, whereas a double dissociation can conclusively demonstrate that the two functions are localized in different areas of the brain.

To make the difference between single and double dissociations easier to understand, Parkin[7] gives the following example:

> If your TV set suddenly loses the color you can conclude that picture transmission and color information must be separate processes (single dissociation: they cannot be independent because you cannot lose the picture and still have the color). If on the other hand you have two TV sets, one without sound and one without a picture you can conclude that these must be two independent functions (double dissociation).

### Examples of double dissociations

Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke were two physicians of the 1800s whose patients were evidence of the double dissociation between generating language (speech) and understanding language. Broca's patients could no longer speak but could understand language (non-fluent aphasia) while Wernicke's patients could no longer understand language but could produce jumbled speech (fluent aphasia). Post-mortems revealed lesions in separate areas of the brain in each case (now referred to as Broca's area and Wernicke's area respectively). Although the neurophysiology of language is now known to be more complicated than described by Broca or Wernicke, this classic double dissociation acted to begin modern neuropsychological investigation of language.[8]

The conditions Capgras delusion and prosopagnosia have also been argued to represent a double dissociation. In the former, a patient is able to recognise a person but does not get the feeling of knowing them.[9] In the latter, a patient is unable to recognise a familiar person but sometimes has a feeling of knowing.[10]

## References

1. ↑ E. Bruce Goldstein: Sensation and Perception. Wadsworth, Pacific Grove (USA), 2002.
2. ↑ What do double dissociations prove? | Cognitive Science (January, 2001)
3. ↑ Huettel, Scott A.; Song, Allen W.; McCarthy, Gregory: "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging" p. 439. Sinauer Associates, Inc., 2004.
4. ↑ Vaidya, Avinash R.; Pujara, Maia S.; Petrides, Michael; Murray, Elisabeth A.; Fellows, Lesley K. (August 2019). "Lesion Studies in Contemporary Neuroscience". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 23 (8): 653–671. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.05.009. PMID 31279672.
5. ↑ Kolb & Whishaw: Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 2003
6. ↑ Gilmore, John H.; Knickmeyer, Rebecca C.; Gao, Wei (March 2018). "Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19 (3): 123–137. doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.1. PMID 29449712.
7. ↑ A.J. Parkin: Explorations in Cognitive Neuropsychology. Blackwell, Oxford, 1996.
8. ↑ Friederici, Angela D.; Hahne, Anja; von Cramon, D. Yves (1998-05-01). "First-Pass versus Second-Pass Parsing Processes in a Wernicke's and a Broca's Aphasic: Electrophysiological Evidence for a Double Dissociation". Brain and Language 62 (3): 311–341. doi:10.1006/brln.1997.1906. PMID 9593613.
9. ↑ Ellis, Hadyn D.; Lewis, Michael B. (2001-04-01). "Capgras delusion: a window on face recognition". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5 (4): 149–156. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01620-X. PMID 11287268.
10. ↑ Fiacconi, Chris M.; Barkley, Victoria; Finger, Elizabeth C.; Carson, Nicole; Duke, Devin; Rosenbaum, R. Shayna; Gilboa, Asaf; KÃ¶hler, Stefan (24 September 2014). "Nature and extent of person recognition impairments associated with Capgras syndrome in Lewy body dementia". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8: 726. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00726. PMID 25309399.

* v
* t
* e

Psychology

* History
* Philosophy
* Portal
* Psychologist

Basic psychology|

* Abnormal
* Affective science
* Affective neuroscience
* Behavioral genetics
* Behavioral neuroscience
* Behaviorism
* Cognitive/Cognitivism
* Cognitive neuroscience
* Social
* Comparative
* Cross-cultural
* Cultural
* Developmental
* Differential
* Ecological
* Evolutionary
* Experimental
* Gestalt
* Intelligence
* Mathematical
* Moral
* Neuropsychology
* Perception
* Personality
* Positive
* Psycholinguistics
* Psychophysiology
* Quantitative
* Social
* Theoretical

Applied psychology|

* Anomalistic
* Applied behavior analysis
* Assessment
* Clinical
* Coaching
* Community
* Consumer
* Counseling
* Critical
* Educational
* Ergonomics
* Feminist
* Forensic
* Health
* Industrial and organizational
* Legal
* Media
* Medical
* Military
* Music
* Occupational health
* Pastoral
* Political
* Psychometrics
* Psychotherapy
* Religion
* School
* Sport and exercise
* Suicidology
* Systems
* Traffic

Methodologies|

* Animal testing
* Archival research
* Behavior epigenetics
* Case study
* Content analysis
* Experiments
* Human subject research
* Interviews
* Neuroimaging
* Observation
* Psychophysics
* Qualitative research
* Quantitative research
* Self-report inventory
* Statistical surveys

Psychologists

* Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)
* William James (1842–1910)
* Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)
* Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
* Edward Thorndike (1874–1949)
* Carl Jung (1875–1961)
* John B. Watson (1878–1958)
* Clark L. Hull (1884–1952)
* Kurt Lewin (1890–1947)
* Jean Piaget (1896–1980)
* Gordon Allport (1897–1967)
* J. P. Guilford (1897–1987)
* Carl Rogers (1902–1987)
* Erik Erikson (1902–1994)
* B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)
* Donald O. Hebb (1904–1985)
* Ernest Hilgard (1904–2001)
* Harry Harlow (1905–1981)
* Raymond Cattell (1905–1998)
* Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)
* Neal E. Miller (1909–2002)
* Jerome Bruner (1915–2016)
* Donald T. Campbell (1916–1996)
* Hans Eysenck (1916–1997)
* Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001)
* David McClelland (1917–1998)
* Leon Festinger (1919–1989)
* George A. Miller (1920–2012)
* Richard Lazarus (1922–2002)
* Stanley Schachter (1922–1997)
* Robert Zajonc (1923–2008)
* Albert Bandura (b. 1925)
* Roger Brown (1925–1997)
* Endel Tulving (b. 1927)
* Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987)
* Noam Chomsky (b. 1928)
* Ulric Neisser (1928–2012)
* Jerome Kagan (b. 1929)
* Walter Mischel (1930–2018)
* Elliot Aronson (b. 1932)
* Daniel Kahneman (b. 1934)
* Paul Ekman (b. 1934)
* Michael Posner (b. 1936)
* Amos Tversky (1937–1996)
* Bruce McEwen (b. 1938)
* Larry Squire (b. 1941)
* Richard E. Nisbett (b. 1941)
* Martin Seligman (b. 1942)
* Ed Diener (b. 1946)
* Shelley E. Taylor (b. 1946)
* John Anderson (b. 1947)
* Ronald C. Kessler (b. 1947)
* Joseph E. LeDoux (b. 1949)
* Richard Davidson (b. 1951)
* Susan Fiske (b. 1952)
* Roy Baumeister (b. 1953)

Lists|

* Counseling topics
* Disciplines
* Important publications
* Organizations
* Outline
* Psychologists
* Psychotherapies
* Research methods
* Schools of thought
* Timeline
* Topics

* Wiktionary definition
* Wiktionary category
* Wikisource
* Wikimedia Commons
* Wikiquote
* Wikinews
* Wikibooks

* v
* t
* e

Neuroscience

Outline of neuroscience

Basic
science|

* Behavioral epigenetics
* Behavioral genetics
* Cellular neuroscience
* Computational neuroscience
* Connectomics
* Imaging genetics
* Integrative neuroscience
* Molecular neuroscience
* Neural engineering
* Neuroanatomy
* Neurochemistry
* Neuroendocrinology
* Neurogenetics
* Neuroinformatics
* Neurometrics
* Neuromorphology
* Neurophysics
* Neurophysiology
* Systems neuroscience

Clinical
neuroscience|

* Behavioral neurology
* Clinical neurophysiology
* Neurocardiology
* Neuroepidemiology
* Neurogastroenterology
* Neuroimmunology
* Neurointensive care
* Neurology
* Neurooncology
* Neuro-ophthalmology
* Neuropathology
* Neuropharmacology
* Neuroprosthetics
* Neuropsychiatry
* Neuroradiology
* Neurorehabilitation
* Neurosurgery
* Neurotology
* Neurovirology
* Nutritional neuroscience
* Psychiatry

Cognitive
neuroscience|

* Affective neuroscience
* Behavioral neuroscience
* Chronobiology
* Molecular cellular cognition
* Motor control
* Neurolinguistics
* Neuropsychology
* Sensory neuroscience
* Social cognitive neuroscience

Interdisciplinary
fields|

* Consumer neuroscience
* Cultural neuroscience
* Educational neuroscience
* Evolutionary neuroscience
* Neuroanthropology
* Neurobioengineering
* Neurobiotics
* Neurocriminology
* Neuroeconomics
* Neuroepistemology
* Neuroesthetics
* Neuroethics
* Neuroethology
* Neurohistory
* Neurolaw
* Neuromarketing
* Neuromorphics
* Neurophenomenology
* Neurophilosophy
* Neuropolitics
* Neurorobotics
* Neurotheology
* Paleoneurobiology
* Social neuroscience

Concepts|

* Brain–computer interface
* Neural development
* Neural network (artificial)
* Neural network (biological)
* Detection theory
* Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
* Neurochip
* Neurodegeneration
* Neurodevelopmental disorder
* Neurodiversity
* Neurogenesis
* Neuroimaging
* Neuroimmune system
* Neuromanagement
* Neuromodulation
* Neuroplasticity
* Neurotechnology
* Neurotoxin

* Book
* Category

0.00

(0 votes)

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Philosophy:Dissociation_(neuropsychology)&oldid=264992"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template