Dogma

Short description: Belief(s) accepted by members of a group without question

Dogma, in its broadest sense, is any belief held unquestioningly and with undefended certainty. It may be in the form of an official system of principles or doctrines of a religion, such as Judaism, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism,[1] or Islam, as well as the positions of a philosopher or of a philosophical school, such as Stoicism.

It may also be found in political belief systems such as fascism, progressivism, liberalism, and conservatism.[2][3]

In the pejorative sense, dogma refers to enforced decisions, such as those of aggressive political interests or authorities.[4][5] More generally, it is applied to some strong belief that its adherents are not willing to discuss rationally. This attitude is named as a dogmatic one, or dogmatism, and is often used to refer to matters related to religion. However, it is not limited to theistic attitudes alone and is often used with respect to political or philosophical dogmas.

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 In philosophy
* 2.1 Pyrrhonism
* 3 In religion
* 3.1 Christianity
* 3.1.1 Catholicism and Eastern Christianity
* 3.2 Judaism
* 3.3 Buddhism
* 3.4 Islam
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 Bibliography
* 7 External links

## Etymology

See also: Doxa

The word dogma was adopted in the 17th century from [dogma] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: transliteration of latn script (help), derived from the Ancient Greek: from the Ancient Greek:. The plural is based on the Latin: dogmata, though dogmas may be more commonly used in English.

## In philosophy

### Pyrrhonism

Part of a series on

Pyrrhonism

Precursors

* Heraclitus
* Democritus
* Buddha
* Anaxarchus
* Xenophanes

Philosophy

* Acatalepsy
* Adiaphora
* Aporia
* Ataraxia
* Astathmēta
* Impermanence
* Dogma
* Epoché
* Agrippa's trilemma
* Phantasiai
* Problem of induction
* Problem of the criterion
* Regress argument
* Relativism
* Circular reasoning
* Dissent
* Ten Modes of Aenesidemus
* Five Modes of Agrippa

Pyrrhonists

* Pyrrho
* Aenesidemus
* Agrippa the Skeptic
* Arcesilaus
* Michel de Montaigne
* Sextus Empiricus
* Timon of Phlius

Similar philosophies

* Academic Skepticism
* Madhyamaka Buddhism
* Empiric school
* Cyrenaicism
* Cynicism

Contrary philosophies

* Stoicism
* Aristotelianism
* Epicureanism

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In Pyrrhonism, "dogma" refers to assent to a proposition about a non-evident matter.[6] The main principle of Pyrrhonism is expressed by the word acatalepsia, which connotes the ability to withhold assent from doctrines regarding the truth of things in their own nature; against every statement its contradiction may be advanced with equal justification. Consequently, Pyrrhonists withhold assent with regard to non-evident propositions, i.e., dogmas.[7] Pyrrhonists argue that dogmatists, such as the Stoics, Epicureans, and Peripatetics, have failed to demonstrate that their doctrines regarding non-evident matters are true.

## In religion

### Christianity

In Christianity, a dogma is a belief communicated by divine revelation and defined by the Church,[8] The organization's formal religious positions may be taught to new members or simply communicated to those who choose to become members. It is rare for agreement with an organization's formal positions to be a requirement for attendance, though membership may be required for some church activities.[8]

In the narrower sense of the church's official interpretation of divine revelation,[9] theologians distinguish between defined and non-defined dogmas, the former being those set out by authoritative bodies such as the Roman Curia for the Catholic Church, the latter being those which are universally held but have not been officially defined, the nature of Christ as universal redeemer being an example.[10] The term originated in late Greek philosophy legal usage, in which it meant a decree or command, and came to be used in the same sense in early Christian theology.[11] Protestants to differing degrees are less formal about doctrine, and often rely on denomination-specific beliefs, but seldom refer to these beliefs as dogmata. The first[citation needed] unofficial institution of dogma in the Christian church was by Saint Irenaeus in his Demonstration of Apostolic Teaching, which provides a 'manual of essentials' constituting the 'body of truth'.

#### Catholicism and Eastern Christianity

Main article: Religion:Dogma in the Catholic Church

For Catholicism and Eastern Christianity, the dogmata are contained in the Nicene Creed and the canon laws of two, three, seven, or twenty ecumenical councils (depending on whether one is Church of the East, Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox, or Roman Catholic). These tenets are summarized by John of Damascus in his Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, which is the third book of his main work, titled The Fount of Knowledge. In this book he takes a dual approach in explaining each article of the faith: one, directed at Christians, where he uses quotes from the Bible and, occasionally, from works of other Church Fathers, and the second, directed both at members of non-Christian religions and at atheists, for whom he employs Aristotelian logic and dialectics.

The decisions of fourteen later councils that Catholics hold as dogmatic and a small number of decrees promulgated by popes exercising papal infallibility (for examples, see Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary) are considered as being a part of the Catholic Church's sacred body of doctrine.

### Judaism

In the Jewish commentary tradition, dogma is a principle by which the Rabbanim can try the proofs of faith about the existence of God and truth; [12] dogma is what is necessarily true for rational thinking.[13] In Jewish Kabbalah, a dogma is an archetype of the Pardes or Torah Nistar, the secrets of Bible. In the relation between "logical thinking" and "rational Kabbalah" the "Partzuf" is the means to identify "dogma".[clarification needed]

### Buddhism

Main article: Philosophy:View (Buddhism)

View or position (Pali diṭṭhi, Sanskrit dṛṣṭi) is a central idea in Buddhism that corresponds with the Western notion of dogma.[14] In Buddhist thought, a view is not a simple, abstract collection of propositions, but a charged interpretation of experience which intensely shapes and affects thought, sensation, and action.[15] Having the proper mental attitude toward views is therefore considered an integral part of the Buddhist path, as sometimes correct views need to be put into practice and incorrect views abandoned, while at other times all views are seen as obstacles to enlightenment.[16]

### Islam

Main article: Religion:Taqlid

Taqlid (Arabic تَقْليد taqlīd) is a term in Islam that refers to conforming to the teachings of a particular person. Classical usage of the term differs between Sunni Islam and Shia Islam. In Sunni Islam, taqlid refers to the unjustified conformity to the teachings of a person without inquiring or thinking about said teachings, rather than the justified conformity of a layperson to the teaching of mujtahid (a person who is qualified for independent reasoning). In Shia Islam, taqlid refers to the general conformity of non-mujtahid to the teaching of mujtahid, without a negative connotation. The discrepancy corresponds to differing views on Shia views on the Imamate and Sunni imams.Taqlid can be seen as a form of dogma, as no particular scholar can always be correct, so their rulings should not be taken uncritically.[17]

## See also

* Aging brain – biological basis of cognitive flexibility during human lifespan
* Axiom - Statement that is taken to be true
* Biology:Central dogma of molecular biology - Explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system
* Religion:Dogmatic theology
* Escalation of commitment - A human behavior pattern in which the participant takes on increasingly greater risk
* Faith – Confidence or trust, often characterized as without evidence
* Pseudoskepticism - Philosophical position that appears to be skeptic but is actually dogmatic
* Philosophy:Standard social science model - Alleged model of social science thought

## References

1. ↑ "Dogma". http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05089a.htm.
2. ↑ "Yes, liberal democracy is struggling, and the progressive left isn't helping". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/03/22/yes-liberal-democracy-is-struggling-progressive-left-isnt-helping/.
3. ↑ "Challenging the Dogmas of Right and Left". https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/09/challenging-the-dogmas-of-right-and-left/540093/.
4. ↑ "dogma". Merriam-Webster.com. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Inc.. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dogma.
5. ↑ "Dogma". http://www.dictionary.com/browse/dogma.
6. ↑ Sextus Empiricus, 'Outlines of Pyrrhonism', I. 13.
7. ↑ Sextus Empiricus, 'Outlines of Pyrrhonism', I. 14.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Blackburn 2016, p. 139.
9. ↑ Stanglin 2009, p. 240.
10. ↑ O'Collins 1983, pp. 162–163.
11. ↑ McKim 2001, p. 350.
12. ↑ Joseph Albo, Sefer HaIkkarim
13. ↑ "Fons Vitae" of Solomon ibn Gabirol
14. ↑ Fuller 2005, p. 1.
15. ↑ Lusthaus, Dan (2002). Buddhist Phenomenology. Routledge. p. 242, n. 46. http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/buddhist_phenomenology_-_a_pholosophical_investigation_of_yogacara_buddhism_and_the_cheng_wei-shih_lun.pdf. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
16. ↑ Fuller 2005, pp. 1–2.
17. ↑ "Imitation (taqleed), following the evidence (daleel) – and was Ibn Hazm a Hanbali?". https://islamqa.info/en/answers/23280/imitation-taqleed-following-the-evidence-daleel-and-was-ibn-hazm-a-hanbali. ""No one has the right to follow an imam blindly and never accept anything but his worlds. Rather what he must do is accept that which is in accordance with the truth, whether it is from his imam or anyone else.""

## Bibliography

* Blackburn, Simon (2016). "Dogma". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198735304. https://books.google.com/books?id=Mno8CwAAQBAJ.
* Fuller, Paul (2005). The Notion of Diṭṭhi in Theravāda Buddhism: The Point of View. Routledge. http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The Notion of Ditthi in Theravada Buddhism_Fuller.pdf.
* McKim, D.K. (2001). "Dogma". in Elwell, Walter A.. Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0801020759. https://books.google.com/books?id=yu846j61u0wC.
* O'Collins, Gerald (1983). "Dogma". in Richardson, Alan; Bowden, John. The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664227487. https://books.google.com/books?id=PN7UMUTBBPAC.
* Stanglin, K.D. (2009). "Dogma". in Dyrness, William A.; Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti. Global Dictionary of Theology: A Resource for the Worldwide Church. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0830878116. https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqkZnDSeo4C.

## External links

| Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article Dogma.

|

* Dogma – Strong's N.T. Greek Lexicon
* Il Domani – terribile o radioso? – del Dogma , a book by Enrico Maria Radaelli with a Preface by Roger Scruton and comments by Brunero Gherardini, Alessandro Gnocchi-Mario Palmaro, and Mario Oliveri (Roma 2012)
* Irenaeus. Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching. pp. 70–75. [online] available at: Christian Classics ethereal library St. Irenaeus: Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching – Christian Classics Ethereal Library [Accessed 20 June 2017]

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Conformity

Group pressures|

* Authoritarian personality
* Bandwagon effect
* Collectivism
* Coercive persuasion
* Consensus reality
* Deplatforming
* Contagion
* Behavioral
* Crime
* Hysterical
* Suicide
* FOMO
* Groupthink
* Hazing
* Herd mentality
* Indoctrination
* Invented tradition
* Memory conformity
* Milieu control
* Mobbing
* Nationalism
* Normalization
* Normative social influence
* Ostracism
* Patriotism
* Peer pressure
* Pluralistic ignorance
* Propaganda
* Rally 'round the flag effect
* Right-wing authoritarianism
* Scapegoating
* Shunning
* Social influence
* Socialization
* Spiral of silence
* Teasing
* Tyranny of the majority
* Xeer

Conforming oneself|

* Compliance
* Countersignaling
* Herd behavior
* Internalization
* Social proof
* Obedience

Experiments|

* Asch conformity experiments
* Breaching experiment
* Milgram experiment
* Stanford prison experiment

Counterconformity|

* Alternative media and journalism
* Anti-authoritarianism
* Antisocial tendencies
* Auto-segregation
* Civil disobedience
* Cosmopolitanism
* Counterculture
* Culture jamming
* Deviance
* Devil's advocate
* Eclecticism
* Eccentricity
* Hermit
* Idiosyncrasy
* Individualism
* Rebellion
* Red team
* Ritual clown
* Satire
* Shock value

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