Dual state (model)

The dual state is a model in which the functioning of a state is divided into a normative state, which operates according to set rules and regulations, and a prerogative state, "which exercises unlimited arbitrariness and violence unchecked by any legal guarantees".[1] It was invented by Ernst Fraenkel to describe the functioning of the Nazi state especially law in Nazi Germany. Although it was originally intended as an analysis of authoritarian states, some elements of the prerogative state are present in democracies.[2][3][4] The model has also been applied to other states such as Israel,[5] the United States,[6][7] South Africa,[8] Fascist Italy,[9] twenty-first century China[10][11] and Russia.[12][13][14]

## References

1. ↑ Fraenkel 2018, p. 17.
2. ↑ Markovits, Inga (2006). "Transitions to Constitutional Democracies: The German Democratic Republic". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 603 (1): 140–154. doi:10.1177/0002716205282408.
3. ↑ Suntrup, Jan Christoph (2020). "Between prerogative power and legality – reading Ernst Fraenkel's The Dual State as an analytical tool for present authoritarian rule". Jurisprudence 11 (3): 335–359. doi:10.1080/20403313.2020.1734337.
4. ↑ Schotel, Bas (2021). "Administrative Law as a Dual State. Authoritarian Elements of Administrative Law" (in en). Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 13 (1): 195–222. doi:10.1007/s40803-021-00156-4. ISSN 1876-4053.
5. ↑ Mehozay, Yoav (2016) (in en). Between the Rule of Law and States of Emergency: The Fluid Jurisprudence of the Israeli Regime. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-6340-7.
6. ↑ Tushnet, Mark (2022). "The Dual State in the United States: The Case of Lynching and Legal Lynchings" (in en). The Law & Ethics of Human Rights 16 (1): 41–59. doi:10.1515/lehr-2022-2003. ISSN 1938-2545. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/lehr-2022-2003/html.
7. ↑ Saito, Natsu Taylor (2007) (in en). From Chinese Exclusion to Guantánamo Bay: Plenary Power and the Prerogative State. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-0-87081-851-6.
8. ↑ Meierhenrich, Jens (2008) (in en). The Legacies of Law: Long-Run Consequences of Legal Development in South Africa, 1652–2000. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-47517-4.
9. ↑ Costa, Pietro (2022). "The Fascist Regime between 'Law' and 'Politics': A Case of 'Dual State'?". Giornale di Storia Costituzionale 43: 93. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/giordi43&div=9&id=&page=.
10. ↑ Pils, Eva (2014) (in en). China's Human Rights Lawyers: Advocacy and Resistance. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-45068-8.
11. ↑ Fu, Hualing (2022). "Between the Prerogative and the Normative States: The Evolving Power to Detain in China's Political-Legal System" (in en). The Law & Ethics of Human Rights 16 (1): 61–97. doi:10.1515/lehr-2022-2006. ISSN 1938-2545. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/lehr-2022-2006/html?lang=en.
12. ↑ Sakwa, Richard (2010). "The revenge of the Caucasus: Chechenization and the dual state in Russia". Nationalities Papers 38 (5): 601–622. doi:10.1080/00905992.2010.498468.
13. ↑ Sakwa, Richard (2010) (in en). The Crisis of Russian Democracy: The Dual State, Factionalism and the Medvedev Succession. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76842-9.
14. ↑ Sakwa, Richard (2010). "The Dual State in Russia". Post-Soviet Affairs 26 (3): 185–206. doi:10.2747/1060-586X.26.3.185.

## Further reading

* Fraenkel, Ernst (2018). Meierhenrich, Jens. ed (in en). The Dual State: A Contribution to the Theory of Dictatorship. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-102533-4.

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