Glossary of Buddhism

Short description: none

Part of a series on

Buddhism

History

* Timeline
* Gautama Buddha
* Pre-sectarian Buddhism
* Councils
* Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
* Decline in the Indian subcontinent
* Later Buddhists
* Buddhist modernism

* Dharma
* Concepts

* Four Noble Truths
* Noble Eightfold Path
* Dharma wheel
* Five Aggregates
* Impermanence
* Suffering
* Not-self
* Dependent Origination
* Middle Way
* Emptiness
* Morality
* Karma
* Rebirth
* Saṃsāra
* Cosmology

Buddhist texts

* Buddhavacana
* Early Buddhist Texts
* Tripiṭaka
* Mahayana Sutras
* Pāli Canon
* Tibetan canon
* Chinese canon

Practices

* Three Jewels
* Buddhist Paths to liberation
* Five precepts
* Perfections
* Meditation
* Philosophical reasoning
* Devotional practices
* Merit making
* Recollections
* Mindfulness
* Wisdom
* Sublime abidings
* Aids to Enlightenment
* Monasticism
* Lay life
* Buddhist chant
* Pilgrimage

Nirvāṇa

* Awakening
* Four Stages
* Arhat
* Pratyekabuddha
* Bodhisattva
* Buddha

Traditions

* Theravāda
* Pāli
* Mahāyāna
* Hinayana
* Chinese
* Vajrayāna
* Tibetan
* Navayana
* Newar

Buddhism by country

* Bhutan
* Cambodia
* China
* India
* Japan
* Korea
* Laos
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Russia
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Tibet
* Vietnam

* Outline

* v
* t
* e

Some Buddhist terms and concepts lack direct translations into English that cover the breadth of the original term. Below are given a number of important Buddhist terms, short definitions, and the languages in which they appear. In this list, an attempt has been made to organize terms by their original form and give translations and synonyms in other languages along with the definition.

Languages and traditions dealt with here:

* English (EN) – Buddhism in the West
* Pāli (PI) – Theravada
* Sanskrit (SA) – primarily Mahayana
* Bengali (BN) – Theravada
* Sinhala (SI) – Theravada
* Burmese (MY) – Theravada
* Karen (KAR) – Theravada
* Khmer (KM) – Theravada
* Mon (MNW) – Theravada
* Mongolian (MN) – primarily Vajrayana
* Shan (SHN) – Theravada
* Tibetan (BO) – Tibetan Buddhism
* Dzongkha (DZ) – Tibetan Buddhism
* Thai (TH) – primarily Theravada
* Lao (LO) – Theravada
* CJKV languages
* Chinese (ZH) – Chinese Buddhism
* Cantonese (YUE) – Buddhism in Hong Kong
* Mandarin (CMN) – Buddhism in China
* Taiwanese Hokkien (NAN) – Buddhism in Taiwan
* Japanese (JA) – Japanese Buddhism
* Korean (KO) – Korean Buddhism
* Vietnamese (VI) – Mahayana/Theravada
* Javanese (JV) – Mahayana/Theravada

Template:Compact TOC

## Contents

* 1 A
* 2 B
* 3 C
* 4 D
* 5 F
* 6 G
* 7 H
* 8 I
* 9 J
* 10 K
* 11 L
* 12 M
* 13 N
* 14 O
* 15 P
* 16 R
* 17 S
* 18 T
* 19 U
* 20 V
* 21 Y
* 22 Z
* 23 See also
* 24 References
* 25 External links

## A

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

abhidharma Scholarly teachings of the Buddha. A category of scriptures that attempts to use Buddhist teachings to create a systematic, abstract description of all worldly phenomena.  |

* abhi is "above" or "about", dhamma is "teaching"
* Pāli: abhidhamma
* Sanskrit: abhidharma

* Bur: အဘိဓမ္မာ abhidhamma (my)
* Khmer: អភិធម្ម âphĭthômm
* Tib: ཆོས་མངོན་པ chos mngon pa
* Mn: их ном, билиг ухаан; ikh nom, bilig ukhaan
* Thai: อภิธรรม a-pi-tam
* 阿毘達磨／阿毗昙
* Cn: Āpídámó
* Jp: Abidatsuma
* Ko: 아비달마, Abidalma
* Vi: a-tì-đạt-ma, thắng pháp

Avataṃsakasūtra "Garland Scripture" A Mahāyāna sutra which discusses the Bodhisattva path and a variety of teachings.  |

* Sanskrit: Avataṃsakasūtra

* 大方廣佛華嚴經 / 華嚴經

Abhidhamma Pitaka The third basket of the Tripitaka canon, the reorganization of all doctrines in a systematic way.  |

* Pāli: Abhidhamma-piṭaka
* Sanskrit: Abhidharma-piṭaka

* Bur: အဘိဓမ္မာပိဋကတ် Abidhamma Pitakat (my)
* Khmer: អភិធម្មបិដក âphĭthômm bĕdâk
* Mon: အဘိဓဝ်ပိတကတ (mnw)
* Thai: อภิธรรมปิฎก a-pi-tam-pi-dok
* 論藏, 論蔵
* Cn: Lùnzàng
* Jp: Ronzō
* Ko: 논장, Nonjang
* Vi: Luận tạng, Tạng luận, tạng thứ ba trong ba tạng là kinh, luật và luận
* Mn: Илт ном, Ilt nom

Abhiniṣkramaṇasūtra "Sūtra of the Great Renunciation" A translation of the Chinese text Fo Benxing Ji Jing, a biography of the Buddha.  |

* Sanskrit: Abhiniṣkramaṇasūtra

* 佛本行集經

Acharya, lit. "teacher", A teacher who has demonstrated a deep understanding of the Dhamma, and is entrusted with the responsibility of guiding novice Bhikkus.  |

* Pāli: ācariya[1]
* Sanskrit: ācārya

* Bur: ဆရာ saya (my)
* Shan: ဢႃႇၸရီႉယႃႉ atsariya (shn)
* Thai: อาจารย์ ajahn
* 阿闍梨 or 阿闍梨耶
* Cn: āshélí or āshélíyē
* Jp: ajari or ajariya
* Ko: 아사리, asari or 아사리야 asariya
* Vi: a-xà-lê or a-xà-lê-da or giáo thọ sư

Adbhutadharmaparyāyasūtra Part of the Gilgit Manuscripts, it is about merit making through the building of stupas, images, and relics.  |

* Sanskrit: Adbhutadharmaparyāyasūtra,

* 甚稀有經 or 未曾有經
* Cn: Shen xiyou jing

Adhigamadharma "The Dharma of Realization" A practical application of the Buddhist scriptures through higher discipline, higher mindfulness, and higher wisdom. Contrasted with Āgamadharma, a word for the scriptures, usually called the tripitaka.  |  |

* 證法

adhitthana Determination, resolution, or will. One of the Ten Perfections.  |

* Pāli: Adhiṭṭhāna
* Sanskrit: अधिष्ठान

* Bur: အဓိဋ္ဌာန် (my)
* Thai: อธิษฐาน ah-tid-taan
* 決心 or 決意
* Cn: Juéxīn, juéyì
* Jp: kesshin
* Ko: 결심, gyeolsim or 결의, gyeolui
* Vi: nguyện lực

Āgama A category of early Buddhist texts preserved in Chinese. In Theravada, the term nikāya is used.  |

* Sanskrit: Āgama

* Pāli: Āgama (but usually called Nikāya)
* 阿含
* Cn: Āhán
* Jp: Agon
* Ko: 아함, Aham
* Vi: A-hàm

Āgamadharma "The Dharma of Transmission". A word for the tripitaka. Contrasted with adhigamadharma, which is the practical application of scripture.  |

* Sanskrit: Āgamadharma

* 教法

ahimsa The devotion to non-violence and respect for all forms of life. Practitioners of ahimsa are often vegetarians or vegans.  |

* Sanskrit: ahiṃsā
* Pāli: ahiṃsā

* Thai: อหิงสา 'ah-hing-sa'
* 不害
* Cn: bù hài
* Jp: fugai
* Ko: 불해, bulhae
* Vi: bất hại

Akshobhya One of the Five Tathāgatas or Five Wisdom Buddhas, along with Ratnasambhava, Amitābha, Vairocana, and Amoghasiddhi.  |

* Sanskrit: Akṣobhya

* Mn: ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠦᠰᠢ
ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂
ᠦᠯᠦ
ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ;
Үл Хөдлөгч, Хөдөлшгүй;
* 阿閦如來
* Cn: Āchùrúlái
* Jp: Ashuku Nyorai
* Vi: A-súc Như Lai

Ködelüsi ügei, Ülü hödelügci

akuśalakarmapatha In Tibetan Buddhism. A list of ten unwholesome courses of action. These are killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, slander or malicious speech, offensive or harsh speech, frivolous prattle, covetousness, ill will, and wrong view.  |

* Sanskrit: akuśalakarmapatha

alayavijnana Store consciousness (alayavijnana) is a fundamental Yogacara concept, sometimes observed in other schools of Mahayana Buddhism, representing the deepest level of mind that stores all karmic "seeds" (experiences, actions, and memories). It operates continuously, day and night, processing information and influencing future behavior.  |

* Sanskrit: ālayavijñāna

* Tib: ཀུན་གཞི་རྣམ་པར་ཤེས་པ་
kun gzhi rnam par shes pa
* 阿賴耶識, 阿頼耶識
* Cn: ālàiyēshí
* Jp: araya-shiki
* Ko: 아뢰야식, aroeyasik
* Vi: a-lại-da thức

Amitabha Lit. "The Buddha of Infinite Light". The main buddha of the Pure Land school, but is popular in other Mahayana sects as well. The image is of light as the form of wisdom, which has no form. Also interpreted as the Tathagata of Unhindered Light that Penetrates the Ten Quarters by Tan Luan, Shinran and others  |

* Sanskrit: amitābha (lit. "limitless light") and amitāyus (lit. "limitless life")

* 阿彌陀 or 阿彌陀佛, 阿弥陀 or 阿弥陀仏
* Cn: Ēmítuó or Ēmítuó fó
* Jp: Amida or Amida-butsu
* Ko: 아미타, Amita or 아미타불, Amitabul
* Tw: O͘-mí-tô͘-hu̍t
* Vi: A-Di-Đà,  A-Di-Đà Phật, or Phật A-Di-Đà
* Tib: འོད་དཔག་མེད།
* Mn: ᠠᠮᠢᠨᠳᠠᠸᠠ᠂
ᠴᠠᠭᠯᠠᠰᠢ
ᠦᠭᠡᠢ
ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠦ;
Аминдаваа, Цаглашгүй гэрэлт;
Amindava, Tsaglasi ügei gereltü

Amitābhasūtra |

* Sanskrit: Amitābhasūtra

* 阿彌陀經

Amoghasiddhi |

* Sanskrit: Amoghasiddhi

* Tib: Dön yö drub pa
* Mn: ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ
ᠨᠥᠭᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂
ᠦᠢᠢᠯᠡ
ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡ᠋᠌᠋᠋ᠺᠴᠢ;
Төгс Нөгчигсөн, Үйл Бүтээгч;
Tegüs nögcigsen, Üyile Bütügegci

anagārika A white-clothed student in the Theravada tradition who, for a few months, awaits being considered for sāmaṇera ordination. An anagārika takes the eight precepts, and in some cases, may choose to remain in this position for years to directly support the sangha.  |

* Pāli: anāgarika

* Thai: อนาคาริก a-na-ka-rik

anapanasati Mindfulness of the breath meditation  |

* Pāli: ānāpānasati
* Sanskrit: ānāpānasmṛti
* Bur: အာနာပါန anapana (my)

anatta The principle denial of the soul in any phenomena. See also negative theology.  |

* Pāli: anattā
* Sanskrit: anātman

* Bur: အနတ္တ anatta (my)
* Shan: ဢၼတ်ႉတႃႉ (shn)
* 無我
* Cn: wúwǒ
* Jp: muga
* Ko: 무아, mua
* Tw: bû-ngó͘
* Vi: vô ngã

anicca Impermanence  |

* Pāli: anicca
* Sanskrit: anitya

* Bur: အနိစ္စ aneissa (my)
* Shan: ဢၼိၵ်ႈၸႃႉ (shn)
* Thai: อนิจจา anijja
* 無常
* Cn: wúcháng
* Jp: mujō
* Ko: 무상, musang
* Tw: bû-siông
* Vi: vô thường

anitya Impermanence, synonym to anicca  |  |
anuttara Unsurpassing  |

* Pāli: anuttara
* Sanskrit: anuttara

* 阿耨多羅／阿耨多罗 (無上／无上)
* Cn: Ānòuduōluó ("wǔshàng")
* Jp: anokutara
* Ko: 아뇩다라, anyokdara
* Vi: A-nậu-đà-la (vô thượng)

anuttara samyak sambodhi, unsurpassable, complete, perfect enlightenment; unsurpassable, right, and full enlightenment  |

* Pāli:
* Sanskrit:

* Khmer: អនុត្តរសម្មាសម្ពោធិ ânŭttârôsâmméasâmpoŭthĭ
* Tib:,
* 阿耨多罗三藐三菩提 (or 無上正等正覺)
* Cn: ānòuduōluó sānmiǎosānpútí (or wúshàng zhèngděng zhèngjué)
* Jp: anokutara sanmyakusanbodai
* Ko: 아뇩다라삼먁삼보리, Anyokdara sammyak sambori
* Vi: A-nậu-đà-la tam-miệu tam-bồ-đề, Vô-thượng chánh-đẳng chánh-giác, Sáng-suốt giác-ngộ hoàn-toàn

arhat, lit. "the Worthy One", A living person who has reached Enlightenment  |

* Pāli: arahat or arahant
* Sanskrit: arhat or arhant

* Bur: ရဟန္တာ yahanda (my)
* Shan: ရႁၢၼ်းတႃႇ rahanta (shn)
* Tib: དགྲ་ཅོམ་པ་, dgra com pa
* Mn: архад, arkhad
* Thai: อรหันต์ uh-ra-hann
* 阿羅漢
* Cn: āluóhàn
* Jp: arakan
* Ko: 아라한, arahan
* Tw: a-lô-hàn
* Vi: a-la-hán

ārūpyarāga |

* Sanskrit: ārūpyarāga

* 無色貪

asura "nongods,"  |

* Sanskrit: asura

* Thai: อสูร asula
* 阿修羅
* Cn: āxiūluó
* Jp: ashuran
* Ko: 아수라, asura
* Tw: A-siu-lô
* Vi: A Tu La

atman literally "self", sometimes "soul" or "ego". In Buddhism, the predominant teaching is the negating doctrine of anatman, that there is no permanent, persisting atman, and that belief in atman is the prime consequence of ignorance, the foundation of samsara |

* Pāli: atta
* Sanskrit: ātman

* Bur: အတ္တ atta (my)
* 我
* Cn: wǒ
* Jp: ga
* Ko: 아, a
* Tw: ngó͘
* Vi: ngã

Avalokitesvara, lit. "One Who Hears the Suffering Cries of the World", The bodhisattva of compassion (see also Guan Yin)  |

* Sanskrit: Avalokiteśvara
* Bur: လောကနတ် lawka nat (my)

* Tib: སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས་ spyan ras gzigs
* Mn: Жанрайсиг, Janraisig
* 觀世音 or 觀音
* Cn: Guānshì Yīn or Guān Yīn
* Jp: Kanzeon or Kannon
* Ko: 관세음, Gwanse-eum or 관음, Gwaneum
* Tw: Koan-sè-im or Koan-im
* Vi: "Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát", "Quán Thế Âm Bồ Tát' or "Quan Âm"

avidya "ignorance" or "delusion"  |

* Sanskrit: avidyā pāli: "avijjā

* Pāli: avijjā
* Bur: အဝိဇ္ဇာ aweizza (my)
* Shan: ဢဝိၵ်ႉၸႃႇ awitsa ([ʔa wik˥ tsaː˨])
* Thai: อวิชชา aa-wit-sha
* Tib: མ་རིག་པ་ ma rig-pa
* 無明
* Cn: wúmíng
* Jp: mumyō
* Ko: 무명, mumyeong
* Tw: Bû-bêng
* Vi: vô minh

Template:Compact TOC

## B

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

bardo, lit. "intermediate state" or "in-between state", According to Tibetan tradition, the state of existence intermediate between two lives  |

* Tib: བར་མ་དོའི་སྲིད་པ་ bar ma do'i srid pa

* Sanskrit: antarābhava
* Mn: зуурд, zuurd
* 中有,中陰身
* Cn: zhongyǒu
* Jp: chūu
* Ko: 중유 jungyu or 바르도 bareudo
* Vi: trung hữu, trung ấm thân, thân trung-ấm

bhavacakra/bhavacakka A circular symbolic representation of samsara, also known as Wheel of becoming  |

* Pāli: bhavacakka
* Sanskrit: bhava-cakra

* Bur: ဘဝစက် bawa set (my)
* Mon: ဘဝစက် (mnw)
* Shan: ၽဝႃႉၸၢၵ်ႈ (shn)
* Tib: སྲིད་པའི་འཁོར་ལ
* Mn: Орчлонгийн хүрдэн, Orchlongiin khurden
* 有輪
* Cn: yǒulún
* Jp: ariwa
* Ko: 유륜, yuryun
* Vi: hữu luân

bhante The polite particle used to refer to Buddhist monks in the Theravada tradition. Bhante literally means "Venerable Sir."  |

* Pāli

* Bur: ဘန္တေ bhante (my)

bhava Becoming, being, existing; the 10th link of Pratitya-samutpada  |

* Pāli, Sanskrit: bhava

* Bur: ဘဝ bawa (my)
* Mon: ဘဝ (mnw)
* Shan: ၽဝႃႉ (shn)
* Thai: ภาวะ pa-wah
* 有(十二因緣)
* Cn: yǒu
* Jp: u
* Ko: 유, yu
* Tw: iú
* Vi: hữu (thập nhị nhân duyên)

bhikkhu/bhikshu, lit. "beggar", A Buddhist monk  |

* Pāli: bhikkhu
* Sanskrit: bhikṣu

* Bur: ဘိက္ခု bheikkhu (my)
* Shan: ၽိၵ်ႈၶူႇ ([pʰik˧ kʰu˨])
* Tib: དགེ་སློང་ dge slong
* Mn: гэлэн, gelen
* Thai: ภิกขุ bhikku
* 比丘
* Cn: bǐ qiū
* Jp: biku
* Ko: 비구, bigu or 스님 seunim, also 중, jung (pejorative)
* Tw: pí-khiu
* Vi: tì-kheo

bhikkhuni/bhikshuni A Buddhist nun  |

* from bhikkhu
* Pāli: bhikkhuni
* Sanskrit: bhikṣuni

* Bur: ဘိက္ခုနီ bheikkhuni (my)
* Shan: ၽိၵ်ႈၶူႇၼီႇ (shn)
* Kar: ဘံကူနံ or ဖံဝါ "beegoonee" or "hpeewah"
* Tib: དགེ་སློང་མ་ sde slong ma
* Mn: гэлэнмаа, gelenmaa
* Thai: ภิกษุณี bhiksuni
* 比丘尼
* Cn: bǐqiūní
* Jp: bikuni
* Ko: 비구니, biguni, 여승 (女僧), yeoseung
* Tw: pí-khiu-nî
* Vi: tỉ-khâu-ni, tỉ-khưu-ni or tì-kheo-ni, ni

bija, lit. "seed", A metaphor for the origin or cause of things, used in the teachings of the Yogacara school  |

* Sanskrit: bīja

* Bur: ဗီဇ biza (my)
* 種子
* Cn: zhŏngzi
* Jp: shūji
* Ko: 종자, jongja
* Vi: chủng tử, hạt giống, hột giống

bodhi Awakening or Enlightenment  |

* Pāli, Sanskrit: bodhi

* Bur: ဗောဓိ bawdhi (my)
* Shan: ပေႃးထီႉ ([pɔ˦ tʰi˥])
* Thai: โพธิ์ poe
* Tib: བྱང་ཆུབ byang chub
* Mn: бодь, bodi
* Tag: Budhi
* 菩提
* Cn: pútí
* Jp: bodai
* Ko: 보리, bori
* Tw: phô͘-thê
* Vi: bồ-đề, giác, giác ngộ

Bodhisattvapiṭaka "The Bodhisattva Basket"  |

* Sanskrit: Bodhisattvapiṭaka

* 菩薩藏經

Bodhi tree The Sacred Fig (Ficus religiosa) tree under which Gautama reached Enlightenment  |

* from bodhi above

* Bur: ဗောဓိညောင် bawdhi nyaung (my)
* Shan: ၺွင်ႇပေႃးထီႉ (shn)
* 菩提樹
* Cn: Pútíshù
* Jp: Bodaiju
* Ko: 보리수, Borisu
* Vi: Bồ-đề thụ, Bồ-đề thọ, cây Bồ-đề

Bodhicaryāvatāra "Introduction to the Practice of Enlightenment," written by Śāntideva (685-763)  |

* Sanskrit: Bodhicaryāvatāra

* 菩提行經

bodhicitta The motivation of a bodhisattva |

* Pāli, Sanskrit: bodhicitta

* Bur: ဗောဓိစိတ္တ bawdhi seitta (my)
* Tib: བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སེམས་, byang chub kyi sems
* Mn: бодь сэтгэл, bodi setgel
* 菩提心
* Cn: pútíxīn
* Jp: bodaishin
* Ko: 보리심, borisim
* Tw: phô͘-thê-sim
* Vi: bồ-đề tâm

bodhisattva One with the intention to become a Buddha in order to liberate all other sentient beings from suffering  |

* Pāli: bodhisatta
* Sanskrit: bodhisattva

* Bur: ဗောဓိသတ် bawdhi that (my)
* Mon: တြုံ လၟောဝ် ကျာ် (mnw)
* Thai: โพธิสัตว์ poe-ti-satt
* Tib: བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ, byang chub sems dpaʼ
* Mn: бодьсад(ва), bodisad(va)
* 菩薩
* Cn: púsà
* Jp: bosatsu
* Ko: 보살, bosal
* Tw: Phô͘-sat
* Vi: bồ-tát

Boghda Holy, living Buddha, living Boddhisattva. The title of Jebtsundamba Khutuktu; also title used with the names of highest Buddhist masters, e.g. boghda Tsongkhapa, Panchen boghda |

* Shan: ၽၵ်ႈၵဝႃႇ ([pʰak˧ ka˩ waː˨])
* Mn: богд, bogd

* Tib: བོག་ད་ bogda

Buddha A Buddha; also, the Buddha Siddhārtha Gautama.  |

* from √budh: to awaken
* Pāli, Sanskrit: buddha

* Bur: ဗုဒ္ဓ bodha (my)
* Shan: ပုၵ်ႉထႃႉ ([puk˥ tʰaː˥])
* Tib: སངས་རྒྱས sangs rgyas
* Mn: бурхан, burhan
* 佛, 仏, 仏陀
* Cn: fó
* Jp: butsu or hotoke or budda
* Ko: 불, Bul or 부처, Bucheo
* Vi: Phật or Bụt

buddha nature The uncreated and deathless Buddhic element or principle concealed within all sentient beings to achieve Awakening; the innate (latent) Buddha essence (esp. in the Tathagatagarbha sutras, Tendai/Tiantai, Nichiren thought)  |

* Sanskrit: buddha-dhatu, buddha-svabhāva, "tathagata-dhatu", or tathagatagarbha.

* 佛性, 仏性
* Cn: fóxìng
* Jp: busshō
* Ko: 불성, bulseong
* Vi: Phật tính, Phật tánh, Cái tánh sáng-suốt giác-ngộ hoàn-toàn

Buddhism The religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Gautama Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in ancient India during the 6th or 5th century BCE  |

* from √budh: to awaken
* Pāli: buddha-sāsana
* Sanskrit: buddha-sāsana

* Bur: ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ boddha batha (my)
* Shan: ပုၵ်ႉထႃႉၽႃႇသႃႇ (shn)
* Mon: ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ (mnw)
* Tib: ནང་བསྟན།
* Mn: Бурханы Шашин, Burhanii Shashin
* 佛教, 仏教
* Cn: Fójiào
* Jp: bukkyō
* Ko: 불교, bulgyo
* Vi: Phật-giáo

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## C

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

cetana Volition  |

* Pāli: cetana

* Bur: စေတနာ sedana (my)

Cetiya A reliquary holding holy objects of veneration  |

* Pāli: cetiya
* Sanskrit: caitya

* Bur: စေတီ zedi (my)
* Khmer:
* Mon: စေတဳ setaow (mnw)
* Shan: ၸေႇတီႇ tseti (shn)
* Sin: චෛත්‍යය chaithya
* Thai: เจดีย์ chetiya
* Tib: མཆོད་རྟེན༏ mchod rten (chorten)
* 塔
* Zh: Ta
* Vi: Tháp
* Ko: Tap
* Jp: 卒塔婆 sotōba

chanda intention, interest, desire to act, aspiration  |

* Pāli: chanda
* Sanskrit: chanda

* Tib: འདུན་པ།

## D

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

dakini A supernatural female with volatile temperament who serves as a muse for spiritual practice. Dakinis are often depicted naked to represent the truth  |

* Sanskrit: ḍākinī

* Tibetan: མཁའ་འགྲོ་མ་, Wylie: mkha' 'gro ma
* Mn: дагина, dagina
* 空行女, 荼枳尼天
* Cn: kong xing mu
* Jp: Dakini-ten
* Ko: 다키니 dakini or 공행녀 gonghaengnyeo
* Vi: không hành nữ

Dalai Lama, lit. "the lama with wisdom like an ocean", secular and spiritual leader of Tibet as nominated by the Mongols  |

* Mn: далай, dalai, lit. "ocean"
* Tibetan: ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་ taa-la'i bla-ma

* 達賴喇嘛
* Cn: Dálài Lǎma
* Jp: Darai Rama
* Ko: 달라이 라마 dalai nama
* Vi: Đạt Lai Lạt Ma or Đạt-lại Lạt-ma

dana Generosity or giving; in Buddhism, it also refers to the practice of cultivating generosity  |

* Pāli, Sanskrit: dāna

* Bur: ဒါန dana (my)
* Mon: ဒါန (mnw) or ဒါန် ([tàn])
* Thai: ทาน taan
* 布施
* Cn: bùshī
* Jp: fuse
* Ko: 보시 bosi
* Vi: bố thí
* Mn: өглөг

deva many different types of non-human beings who share the characteristics of being more powerful, longer-lived, and, in general, living more contentedly than the average human being  |

* Pāli and Sanskrit: deva

* Bur: ဒေဝ dewa (my)
* Khmer: ទេព or preah (ព្រះ)
* Mn: тэнгэр tenger
* Mon: ဒေဝတဴ tewetao ([tèwətao])
* Shan: တေႇဝႃႇ ([a˨ wɔ˨])
* 天
* Zh: tiān
* Ko: cheon
* Jp: ten
* Vi: thiên

dependent origination, see Pratityasamutpada  |

* Pāli: paṭicca-samuppāda
* Sanskrit: pratītya-samutpāda

* Bur: ပဋိစ္စသမုပ္ပါဒ် padeissa thamopad (my)
* Tib: rten.cing.'brel.bar.'byung.ba
* Mn: шүтэн барилдлага shuten barildlaga
* 因縁, also 緣起, 縁起
* Cn: yīnyuan, also yuánqǐ
* Jp: innen, also engi
* Ko: 인연 inyeon, also 연기 yeongi
* Vi: nhân duyên, duyên khởi

dhamma/dharma Often refers to the doctrines and teachings of the faith, but it may have broader uses. Also, it is an important technical term meaning something like "phenomenological constituent." This leads to the potential for confusion, puns, and double entendres, as the latter meaning often has negative connotations  |

* from √dhṛ: to hold
* Pāli: dhamma
* Sanskrit: dharma

* Bur: ဓမ္မ dhamma (my)
* Mon: ဓဝ် ([thò])
* Thai: ธรรมะ tharrma
* Tibetan: ཆོས་, Wylie: chos
* Mn: дээдийн ном, deediin nom
* 法
* Cn: fă
* Jp: hō
* Ko: beop
* Vi: pháp

dhamma name/dharma name A Dharma name or Dhamma name is a new name traditionally bestowed by a Buddhist monastic, given to newly ordained monks, nuns, and laity during both lay and monastic Buddhist initiation ritual in Mahayana Buddhism and monastic ordination in Theravada Buddhism (where it may also be called a Sangha name). Dhamma names are usually considered aspirational, not descriptive.  |

* from √dhṛ: to hold
* Pāli: dhamma
* Sanskrit: dharma

* Bur: ဘွဲ့ (my)
* Thai: ฉายา
* Mn: номын нэр, nomyn ner
* Zh:
* Traditional: 法名 or 法號
* Simplified: 法名 or 法号
* Pinyin: fǎmíng or fǎhào
* Ja:
* Kanji: 戒名
* Rōmaji: kaimyō
* Ko:
* Hangeul: 법명
* Hanja: 法名
* RR: beopmyeong

dhammavinaya The dharma and vinaya (roughly "doctrine and discipline") considered together. This term essentially means the whole teachings of Buddhism as taught to monks  |  |

* Mn: суртгаал номхотгол, surtgaal nomkhotgol

dhammacakka/dharmacakra A symbolic representation of the dharma, also known as the Wheel of Dharma  |

* Sanskrit: dharmacakra
* Pāli: dhammacakka

* Bur: ဓမ္မစကြာ dhamma sekya (my)
* Tibetan: ཆོས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོ, Wylie: chos kyi ʼkhor lo
* Mn: номын хүрдэн, momiin khurden
* 法輪
* Cn: Fǎlún
* Jp: hōrin
* Ko: beomnyun
* Vi: pháp luân

Dhammapada a versified Buddhist scripture traditionally ascribed to the Buddha  |

* Pāli: dhammapada
* Sanskrit: dharmapada

* Bur: ဓမ္မပဒ dhammapada (my)
* 法句經
* Chinese: 法句经; pinyin: Fǎjù jīng
* Jp: hokkukyō (shin. 法句経)
* Ko: beopgugyeong
* Vi: kinh pháp cú

dhammapala/dharmapala A fearsome deity, known as protector of the Dharma  |

* Sanskrit: dharmapāla
* Pāli: dhammapāla

* Tib: ཆོས་སྐྱོང་ chos skyong
* Mn: догшид, dogshid; хангал, khangal
* 護法
* Cn: hùfǎ
* Jp: gohō
* Ko: hobeop
* Vi: Hộ Pháp

Dhyana, see jhana  |

* Pāli: jhāna
* Sanskrit: dhyāna

* Bur: ဈာန် zan (my)
* Mon: ဇျာန် ([chàn])
* Mn: дияан, diyan
* 禪 or 禪那, 禅 or 禅那
* Cn: Chán or Chánnà
* Jp: Zen or Zenna
* Ko: Seon
* Vi: Thiền or Thiền-na

Dīpankara Buddha |

* Pāli: Dīpamkara
* Sanskrit: Dīpankara

* Bur: ဒီပင်္ကရာ dipankara (my)
* Thai: พระทีปังกรพุทธเจ้า
* 燃燈佛
* Cn: Rándēng Fo
* Jp: Nentōbutsu
* Vi: Nhiên-đăng Phật

doan In Zen, a term for person sounding the bell that marks the beginning and end of Zazen |

* Japanese: 堂行 dōan

dokusan A private meeting between a Zen student and the master. It is an important element in Rinzai Zen training, as it provides an opportunity for the student to demonstrate understanding  |

* Japanese: 独参 dokusan

* 獨參
* Cn: dúcān
* Ko: dokcham
* Vi: độc tham

dudie official certificate for monks and nuns issued by government  |  |

* 度牒
* Cn: dùdié
* Jp: dochō
* Ko: 도첩, docheop
* Vi: độ điệp

dukkha Suffering, dissatisfaction, unsatisfactoriness, stress  |

* Pāli: dukkha
* Sanskrit: duḥkha

* Bur: ဒုက္ခ doukkha (my)
* Shan: တုၵ်ႉၶႃႉ ([tuk˥ kʰaː˥])
* Thai: ทุกข์ took
* Tib: སྡུག་བསྔལ་ sdug bsngal
* Mn: зовлон, zovlon
* 苦
* Cn: kǔ
* Jp: ku
* Ko: go
* Vi: khổ

dveṣa aversion  |

* Sanskrit: dveṣa

* 瞋

dzogchen The natural, intrinsic state of every sentient being  |

* Tibetan: རྫོགས་པ་ཆེན་པོ་ rdzogs pa chen po

* Sanskrit: atiyoga
* 大究竟
* Cn: dàjiūjìng
* Jp: daikukyō
* Ko: daegugyeong
* Vi: đại cứu cánh

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## F

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
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Five Five-Hundred-Year Periods Five sub-divisions of the three periods following the Buddha's passing (三時繫念 Cn: sānshí; Jp: sanji; Vi: tam thời), significant for many Mahayana adherents:

1. Age of enlightenment (解脱堅固 Cn: jiětuō jiāngù; Jp: gedatsu kengo)
2. Age of meditation (禅定堅固 Cn: chándìng jiāngù; Jp: zenjō kengo)
These two ages comprise the Former Day of the Law (正法時期 Cn: zhèngfǎ; Jp: shōbō)
3. Age of reading, reciting, and listening (読誦多聞堅固 Cn: sòngduōwén jiāngù; Jp: dokuju tamon kengo)
4. Age of building temples and stupas (多造塔寺堅固 Cn: duōzào tǎsì jiāngù; Jp: tazō tōji kengo)
These two ages comprise the Middle Day of the Law (像法時期 Cn: xiàngfǎ; Jp: zōhō)
5. Age of conflict (闘諍堅固 Cn: zhēng jiāngù; Jp: tōjō kengo), an age characterized by unrest, strife, famine, and other natural and human-made disasters.
This age corresponds to the beginning of the Latter Day of the Law (末法時期 Cn: mòfǎ; Jp: mappō) when the (historical) Buddha's teachings would lose all power of salvation and perish (白法隠没 Cn: báifǎméi; Jp: byakuhō onmotsu) and a new Buddha would appear to save the people.

* The three periods and the five five-hundred year periods are described in the Sutra of the Great Assembly (大集 Cn: dàjí; Jp: Daishutu-kyō, Daijuku-kyō, Daijikkyō, or Daishukkyō).

|  |

* 五箇五百歲, 五箇五百歳
* Cn: 五箇五百歲 wǔ ge wǔbǎi suì
* Jp: 五箇の五百歳 go no gohyaku sai
* Vi: ??

Four Noble Truths

1. Truth of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, stress) (Sanskrit: duḥkhāryasatya; Bur: ဒုက္ခ dokkha; Thai: ทุกข์; 苦諦 Cn: kǔdì; Jp: kutai; Vi: khổ đế; Mn: зовлон, zovlon)
2. Truth of the origin (samudaya) of dukkha (Sanskrit: samudayāryasatya; Bur: သမုဒယ thamodaya; Thai: สมุทัย; 集諦 Cn: jídì; Jp: jittai; Vi: tập khổ đế; Mn: зовлонгийн шалтгаан, zovlongiin shaltgaan)
3. Truth of the cessation (nirodha) of dukkha (Sanskrit: duḥkhanirodhāryasatya; Bur: နိရောဓ niyawdha; Thai: นิโรธ; 滅諦 Cn: mièdì; Jp: mettai; Vi: diệt khổ đế; Mn: гэтлэх, getlekh)
4. The path (marga) that leads out of dukkha (Sanskrit: duḥkhanirodhagāminī pratipad; Bur: မဂ် meg; Thai: มรรค; 道諦 Cn: dàodì; Jp: dōtai; Vi: đạo đế; Mn: мөр, mör)

|  |

* Pāli: cattāri ariya-saccāni
* Sanskrit: चत्वारि आर्यसत्यानि catvāry āryasatyāni
* Bur: သစ္စာလေးပါး thissa lei ba (my)
* Khmr: អរិយសច្ចៈទាំង៤
* 四諦, 四聖諦, 苦集滅道
* Cn: Sìdì
* Jp: shitai, shishōtai, kujūmetsudō
* Vi: Tứ diệu đế
* Thai: อริยสัจ 4
* Mn: Хутагтын дөрвөн үнэн, khutagtiin dörvön unen

fukudo In Zen, term for person who strikes the han  |

* Japanese: 副堂 fukudō

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## G

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

gasshō A position used for greeting, with the palms together and fingers pointing upwards in prayer position; used in various Buddhist traditions, but also used in numerous cultures throughout Asia. It expresses greeting, request, thankfulness, reverence and prayer. Also considered a mudra or inkei of Japanese Shingon. See also: Añjali Mudrā, Namaste, Sampeah and Wai. Shaolin monks use half a gassho using only one arm to greet.

In Japan, it is used not only during rituals concerning Buddhism but also as a gesture to appease the opposite party when making apologies or asking for permission or favors. In addition, there are cases where a person greets them during a greeting before and after a meal, which is a custom derived from Buddhism. In Shinto, they clap hands together as hands, but then lower their hands, bow and worship (in Shinto worship, they do not share hands).

* Japanese: 合掌 gasshō

* Sanskrit: anjali
* 合掌
* Cn: hézhǎng (more common to say 合十 héshí)
* Vi: hiệp chưởng

Gautama Buddha |

* Pāli: Gotama
* Sanskrit: Gautama

* Bur: ဂေါတမ (my)
* 瞿曇 悉達多
* Jp: Kudon Shiddatta

geshe A Tibetan Buddhist academic degree in the Gelug tradition, awarded at the conclusion of lengthy studies often lasting nine years or more  |

* Tibetan: དགེ་ཤེས་

* Mn: гэвш gevsh
* 格西

gongan, lit. "public case", A meditative method developed in the Chán/Seon/Zen traditions, generally consisting of a problem that defies solution by means of rational thought; see koan |

* Chinese 公案 gōng-àn

* 公案
* Jp: kōan
* Ko: gong'an
* Tw: kong-àn
* Vi: công án

Guan Yin The bodhisattva of compassion in East Asian Buddhism, with full name being Guan Shi Yin. Guan Yin is considered to be the female form of Avalokiteshvara but has been given many more distinctive characteristics.  |

* Chinese 觀音 Guān Yīn or 觀世音 Guān Shì Yīn

* 觀音 or 觀世音
* Jp: Kannon or Kanzeon
* Ko: Gwaneum or Gwanse-eum
* Tw: Koan-im or Koan-sè-im
* Vi: Quan Âm or Quan Thế Âm

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## H

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

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han In Zen monasteries, wooden board that is struck announcing sunrise, sunset and the end of the day  |

* Japanese: 板

Hinayana, lit. "small vehicle", A coinage by the Mahayana for the Buddhist doctrines concerned with the achievement of Nirvana as a Śrāvakabuddha or a Pratyekabuddha, as opposed to a Samyaksambuddha. While sometime thought as derogatory, it means in fact that the Hinayana doctrine is made to save but 1 individual, the one who follows its teachings, just like a 1 place vehicle, while the Mahayana allow the monk to take other people along with him, like a bus or a great plane.  |

* Sanskrit: hīnayāna

* Bur: ဟီနယာန hinayana (my)
* 小乘
* Cn: Xiǎoshèng
* Jp: 小乗 Shōjō
* Tw: sió-sēng
* Vi: Tiểu thừa
* Mn: Бага хөлгөн, Baga hölgön

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## I

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

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Ino, Jp. lit. "bringer of joy to the assembly." Originally from Sanskrit karmadana, lit. bestower of conduct [karma]. In Zen, the supervisor of the meditation hall [sodo]. One of the six senior temple administrators.  |

* Japanese: 維那

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## J

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
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Jetavana |  |

* 衹樹給孤獨園

jhana Meditative contemplation; more often associated with śamatha practices than vipaśyana. See also: shamata, samadhi, samapatti  |

* from √dhyā: to think of, to contemplate, meditate on
* Pāli: jhāna
* Sanskrit: dhyāna

* Bur: ဈာန် zan (my)
* Mon: ဇျာန် ([chàn])
* Thai: ฌาน chaan
* Sinhala: ජාන jhāna
* 禪 or 禪那, 禅 or 禅那
* Cn: Chán or Chánnà
* Jp: Zen or Zenna
* Ko: Seon
* Tw: Siân
* Vi: Thiền or Thiền-na
* Mn: дияан, diyan

jisha In Zen, a senior priest's attendant  |

* Japanese: 侍者 jisha

jukai Zen public ordination ceremony wherein a lay student receives certain Buddhist precepts.  |

* Chinese: 受戒, shou jie
* Korean: 수계, sugye

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## K

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

Kakusandha Buddha |

* Pāli: Kakusandha
* Sanskrit: Krakkucchanda

* Bur: ကကုသန် Kakuthan (my)
* 拘留孙佛
* Zh: Jūliúsūn Fó
* Vi: Câu-lưu-tôn Phật

karma, lit. "action", or more specifically, an action that is driven by intention (cetanā) which leads to future consequences (vipāka). In Buddhist thought, this is a deed done deliberately through body, speech or mind, which leads to residual effects in the present or future. It is a central belief within the Buddhist tradition and is synonymous with causality (cause and effect).  |

* from √kri: to do
* Sanskrit: karma
* Pāli: kamma

* Bur: ကံ kan (my) or ကြမ္မာ kyamma (my)
* Mon: ကံ ([kɔm])
* Shan: ၵျၢမ်ႇမႃႇ ([kjaːm˨ maː˨]) or ၵၢမ်ႇ ([kaːm˨])
* Thai: กรรม gum
* Tib: ལས, las
* Mn: үйлийн үр, uiliin ür
* 業¹, 因果²
* Cn: ¹yè, comm.: ²yīnguǒ
* Jp: gō, inga
* Ko: 업 eob
* Vi: nghiệp

Karmasiddhiprakaraṇa |

* Sanskrit: Karmasiddhiprakaraṇa

* 大乘成業論

Kassapa Buddha |

* Pāli: Kassapa

Sanskrit: Kasyapa

* Bur: ကဿပ Kathapa (my)
* 迦葉佛
* Cn: Jiāyè Fó
* Jp: Kashōbutsu
* Vi: Ca-diếp Phật

kensho In Zen, enlightenment; has the same meaning as satōri, but is customary used for an initial awakening experience  |

* Japanese: 見性 kenshō

* 見性
* Cn: jiànxìng
* Tw: kiàn-sèng
* Vi: kiến tính, kiến tánh

khyenpo, also khenpo, An academic degree similar to a doctorate in theology, philosophy, and psychology  |

* Tibetan

khanti patience  |

* Pali: khanti

* Bur: ခန္တီ khanti (my)
* Shan: ၶၼ်ႇထီႇ ([kʰan˨ tʰi˨])
* Thai: ขันติ kanti
* 忍
* Cn: rěn, 忍辱 rěnrù, 孱提 chántí
* Tw: jím
* Vi: nhẫn (trong lục ba-la-mật)

kinhin Zen walking meditation  |

* Japanese: 経行 kinhin or kyōgyō

* 經行
* Cn: jīngxíng
* Vi: kinh hành

koan A story, question, problem or statement generally inaccessible to rational understanding, yet may be accessible to Intuition  |

* Japanese: 公案 kōan

* 公案
* Cn: gōng-àn
* Ko: gong'an
* Vi: công án

kṣaṇa instant  |

* Sanskrit: kṣaṇa

* 剎那
* Cn: 刹那 chànà
* Jp: 刹那 setsuna
* Ko: 찰나 challa
* Tw: 剎那 chhat-ná
* Vi: sát na

kṣaṇasaṃpad opportune birth, born at a time when either a Buddha is living and teaching on earth or when a Buddha's teaching is available  |

* Sanskrit: kṣaṇasaṃpad

ksanti The practice of exercising patience toward behaviour or situations that might not necessarily deserve it--it is seen as a conscious choice to actively give patience as a gift, rather than being in a state of oppression in which one feels obligated to act in such a way.  |

* Sanskrit: kṣānti

* 忍, 忍辱
* Cn: rěn, 忍辱 rěnrù, 孱提 chántí
* Jp: 忍辱 ninniku
* Tw: jím
* Vi: nhẫn (trong lục ba-la-mật)

Kṣitigarbha "Earth Store," one of the eight great Bodhisattvas.  |

* Sanskrit: Kṣitigarbha

* 地藏菩薩

Kṣitigarbhasūtra "The Scripture on Kṣitigarbha"  |

* Sanskrit: Kṣitigarbhasūtra

* 地藏菩薩本願經

kleśa afflictions  |

* Sanskrit: kleśa

* 煩惱

Koṇāgamana Buddha |

* Pāli and Sanskrit: Koṇāgamana

* Bur: ကောဏာဂုံ Kawnagon (my)
* 拘那含佛
* Zh: Jūnàhán Fó
* Vi: Câu-na-hàm-mâu-ni Phật

Kumbhāṇḍa |

* Sanskrit: Kumbhāṇḍa
* Pāli: Kumbhaṇḍa

* Thai: กุมภัณฑ์ gum-pan
* Tib: གྲུལ་བུམ་ (grul bum)
* 鳩槃荼 or 鳩盤拏
* Ko: 구반다 gubanda
* Zh: Jiū pán tú
* Jp: kubanda
* Vi: Cưu bàn trà

kuśalakarmapatha wholesome courses of action  |

* Sanskrit: kuśalakarmapatha

kuśalamūla roots of virtue, wholesome faculties;  |

* Sanskrit: kuśalamūla

* 善根

kyosaku In Zen, a flattened stick used to strike the shoulders during zazen, to help overcome fatigue or reach satori |

* Japanese: 警策 kyōsaku, called keisaku in Rinzai

* 香板
* Cn: xiangban
* kr: jukbi(죽비)

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## L

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

lakṣaṇa characteristics, marks  |

* Sanskrit: lakṣaṇa

* 相

Lam rim chen mo "Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path" written by Guru Tsongkhapa in 1402  |  |

* 菩提道次廣論

Lalitavistara  |

* Tibetan: Rgya cher rol pa

* 方廣大莊嚴經 / 普曜經

lama A Tibetan teacher or master; equivalent to Sanskrit "guru"  |

* Tibetan: བླ་མ་ bla ma

* Sanskrit: guru
* 喇嘛
* Cn: lǎma
* Jp: rama
* Vi: lạt-ma
* Mn: лам, lam

lineage The official record of the historical descent of dharma teachings from one teacher to another; by extension, may refer to a tradition  |  |

* 傳承

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## M

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

Mahābodhi Temple \- "Temple of the Great Awakening", the great stūpa at Bodhgayā where Shakyamuni Buddha attain enlightenment.  |  |

* 大菩提寺

Madhyamaka Buddhist philosophical school, founded by Nagarjuna. Members of this school are called Madhyamikas  |

* Sanskrit: mādhyamika

* Tib: དབུ་མ་པ་ dbu ma pa
* Mn: төв үзэл, töv üzel
* 中觀宗, 中観派
* Cn: Zhōngguānzōng
* Jp: Chūganha
* Vi: Trung quán tông

mahabhuta four great elements in traditional Buddhist thought  |

* Pāli and Sanskrit: Mahābhūta

* Bur: မဟာဘုတ် Mahabhot (my)
* 四大

mahamudra A method of direct introduction the understanding of sunyata, of samsara and that the two are inseparable  |

* Sanskrit: mahāmudrā

* Bur: မဟာမုဒြာ maha modra (my)
* Tib: ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ཆེན་པོ་ chag-je chen-po
* Mn: махамудра, mahamudra
* 大手印
* Cn: dàshŏuyìn
* Jp: daishuin
* Vi: đại thủ ấn

Mahāprajñāpāramitāsūtra "Sutra on the Great Perfection of Wisdom"  |

* Sanskrit: Mahāprajñāpāramitāsūtra

* 大般若波羅蜜多經

mahasiddha litt. great spiritual accomplishment. A yogi in Tantric Buddhism, often associated with the highest levels of enlightenment  |

* Sanskrit: mahāsiddha

* Bur: မဟာသိဒ္ဒ maha theidda (my)
* Thai: มหายาน
* 大成就
* Cn: dàchéngjiù
* Jp: daijōju
* Vi: đại thành tựu

Mahāvadānasūtra | Sanskrit: Mahāvadānasūtra |

* 大本經

Mahayana, lit. "great vehicle", A major branch of Buddhism practiced in China, Tibet, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan. Main goal is to achieve buddhahood or samyaksambuddha  |

* Sanskrit: mahāyāna

* Bur: မဟာယာန mahayana (my)
* 大乘 or 大乗
* Cn: Dàshèng
* Jp: Daijō
* Vi: Đại thừa
* Mn: Ikh khölgön

Maitreya The Buddha of the future epoch  |

* Pāli: Metteyya
* Sanskrit: Maitreya

* Bur: အရိမေတ္တေယျ arimetteya (my)
* Shan: ဢရီႉမိတ်ႈတေႇယႃႉ ([ʔa˩ ri˥ mit˧ ta˨ jɔ˥])
* Tib: བྱམས་པ, byams pa
* Mn: Майдар, maidar
* 彌勒 or 彌勒佛, 弥勒 or 弥勒仏
* Cn: Mílè or Mílè Fó
* Jp: Miroku or Miroku-butsu
* Vi: Di-lặc or Phật Di-lặc

makyo In Zen, unpleasant or distracting thoughts or illusions that occur during zazen |

* Japanese: 魔境 makyō

* Vi: ma chướng

Māna conceit, arrogance, misconception  |

* Pāli and Sanskrit: Māna

* Bur: မာန mana (my)
* Mon: မာန် man ([màn])
* Shan: မႃႇၼႃႉ ([maː˨ naː˥])
* 慢
* Jp: man

manas-vijñāna seventh of the eight counsciousnesses |

* Sanskrit: manas-vijñāna

* 末那識
* Cn: Mònàshí

mandala a spiritual and ritual symbol representing the Universe  |

* Sanskrit:  मण्डल Maṇḍala (lit. "circle")

* 曼荼羅
* Cn: màntúluó
* Jp: mandara
* Vi: mạn-đà-la

maṅgala auspiciousness  |

* Sanskrit: maṅgala

* 吉祥

mantra Chant used primarily to aid concentration, to reach enlightenment. The best-known Buddhist mantra is possibly Om mani padme hum |

* Sanskrit: mantra

* Thai: มนตร์ moan
* Mn: маань, тарни; maani, tarni
* 咒, 真言
* Cn: zou
* Jp: shingon, ju
* Vi: chân âm, thần chú

Mappo The "degenerate" Latter Day of the Law. A time period supposed to begin 2,000 years after Sakyamuni Buddha's passing and last for "10,000 years"; follows the two 1,000-year periods of Former Day of the Law (正法 Cn: zhèngfǎ; Jp: shōbō) and of Middle Day of the Law (像法 Cn: xiàngfǎ; Jp: zōhō). During this degenerate age, chaos will prevail and the people will be unable to attain enlightenment through the word of Sakyamuni Buddha. See the Three periods  |

* Japanese: 末法 mappō

* 末法
* Cn: mòfǎ
* Vi: mạt pháp

merit |

* Pāli: puñña
* Sanskrit: puṇya

* Bur: ကုသိုလ် kutho (my)
* Mon: ကုသဵု (mnw) or ပိုန် ([pɒn])
* Shan: ပုင်ႇၺႃႇ (shn) or ၵူႉသူဝ်ႇ ([ku˥ sʰo˨]) or ၵူႉသလႃႉ ([ku˥ sʰa˩ laː˥])
* 功徳
* Jp: kudoku

mettā loving kindness  |

* Pāli: mettā
* Sanskrit: maitrī

* Bur: မေတ္တာ myitta (my)
* Mon: မေတ္တာ ([mètta])
* Shan: မိတ်ႈတႃႇ ([mit˧ taː˨]) or မႅတ်ႈတႃႇ ([mɛt˧ taː˨])
* Thai: เมตตา metta
* Tib: བྱམས་པ་ byams pa
* 慈
* Ch: Cí
* Jp: ji
* Vi: từ

Middle Way The practice of avoidance of extreme views and lifestyle choices  |

* Pāli: majjhimāpaṭipadā
* Sanskrit: madhyamāpratipad

* Bur: မဇ္ဇိမပဋိပဒါ myizima badi bada (my)
* 中道
* Ch: zhōngdào
* Jp: chūdō
* Vi: trung đạo
* Mn: дундаж зам мөр, dundaj zam mör

(right) mindfulness The practice whereby a person is intentionally aware of his or her thoughts and actions in the present moment, non-judgmentally. The 7th step of the Noble Eightfold Path |  |

* Pāli: (sammā)-sati
* Sanskrit: (samyag)-smṛti
* Bur: သတိ thadi (my)
* Thai: สัมมาสติ samma-sati
* 正念
* Cn: zhèngniàn
* Jp: shōnen
* Vi: chính niệm, chánh niệm

moksha Liberation  |

* Sanskrit: mokṣa

* Pāli: vimutti
* Bur: ဝိမုတ္တိ wimouti (my)
* 解脱
* Cn: jiětuō
* Jp: gedatsu
* Vi: giải thoát

mokugyo A wooden drum carved from one piece, usually in the form of a fish  |

* Japanese: 木魚 mokugyo

* 木魚
* Cn: mùyú
* Vi: mõ

mondo In Zen, a short dialogue between teacher and student  |

* Japanese: 問答 mondō

* 問答
* Cn: wèndǎ
* Vi:

mudra lit. "seal", A gesture made with hands and fingers in meditation  |

* Sanskrit: mudrā

* Bur: မုဒြာ modra (my)
* Tib: ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ phyag rgya
* Mn: чагжаа, chagjaa
* 手印
* Cn: sohyìn (commonly only yìn)
* Jp: shuin
* Vi: ấn

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## N

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

namo An exclamation showing reverence; devotion. Often placed in front of the name of an object of veneration, e.g., a Buddha's name or a sutra (Nam(u) Myōhō Renge Kyō), to express devotion to it. Defined in Sino-Japanese as 帰命 kimyō: to base one's life upon, to devote (or submit) one's life to

Derivatives:

* Namo Amitabha

* Pāli: namo
* Sanskrit: namaḥ or namas

Derivatives:

* Sanskrit: namo-'mitābhāya

* Bur: နမော namaw (my)
* Tib: ཕྱག་འཚལ་(ལོ), chag tsal (lo)
* Mn: мөргөмү, mörgömü
* 南無
* Cn: nánmó
* Jp: namu or nam
* Ko: namu
* Vi: nam-mô

Derivatives:

* 南無阿弥陀佛
* Cn: Nánmó Ēmítuó fó
* Jp: Namu Amida butsu
* Ko:  Namu Amita Bul
* Vi: Nam-mô A-di-đà Phật
* 南無觀世音菩薩
* Cn:  Nánmó Guán Syr Yín Pū Sá
* Jp:  Namu Kanzeon Bosatsu
* Ko:  Namu Gwan Se Eum Bo Sal
* Vi:  Nam-mô Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát

Naraka realm of hell  |

* Pāli: niraya
* Sanskrit: nāraka

* 地獄
* Cn: Dìyù

nekkhamma renunciation  |

* Pāli:
* Sanskrit:

* Bur: နိက္ခမ neikhama (my)
* Thai: เนกขัมมะ nekkamma
* Mn: магад гарахуй, magad garahui
* 出世
* Cn: Chūshì
* Jp: shusse
* Vi: xuất thế

Nirvana/Nibbana Extinction or extinguishing; ultimate enlightenment in the Buddhist tradition  |

* from niḥ-√vā: to extinguish
* Pāli: nibbāna
* Sanskrit: nirvana

* Bur: နိဗ္ဗာန် neibban (my)
* Thai: นิพพาน nípphaan
* Tib: མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ, mya-ngan-las-'das-pa
* Mn: нирван, nirvan
* 涅槃
* Cn: Nièpán
* Jp: Nehan
* Ko: Yeolban
* Vi: Niết-bàn

Nikaya, lit. "volume", The Buddhist texts in Pāli  |

* Pāli: nikāya

* Sanskrit: Āgama
* Bur: နိကာယ nikaya (my)
* 部經
* Cn: Bùjīng
* Jp: bukyō
* Vi: Bộ kinh

Noble Eightfold Path

1. Right View (Pāli: sammā-diṭṭhi; Sanskrit: samyag-dṛṣṭi; 正見 Cn: zhèngjiàn; Vi: chính kiến)
2. Right Thought (Pāli: sammā-saṅkappa; Sanskrit: samyak-saṃkalpa; 正思唯 Cn: zhèngsīwéi; Vi: chính tư duy)
These 2 constitute the path of Wisdom (Pāli: paññā; Sanskrit: prajñā)
3. Right Speech (Pāli: sammā-vācā; Sanskrit: samyag-vāk; 正語 Cn: zhèngyǔ; Vi: chính ngữ)
4. Right Action (Pāli: sammā-kammanta; Sanskrit: samyak-karmānta; 正業 Cn: zhèngyè; Vi: chính nghiệp)
5. Right Living (Pāli: sammā-ājīva; Sanskrit: samyag-ājīva; 正命 Cn: zhèngmìng; Vi: chính mệnh)
These 3 constitute the path of Virtue (Pāli: sīla; Sanskrit: śīla)
6. Right Effort (Pāli: sammā-vāyāma; Sanskrit: samyag-vyāyāma; 正精進 Cn: zhèngjīngjìn; Vi: chính tinh tiến)
7. Right Mindfulness (Pāli: sammā-sati; Sanskrit: samyag-smṛti; 正念 Cn: zhèngniàn; Vi: chính niệm)
8. Right Concentration (Pāli: sammā-samādhi; Sanskrit: samyak-samādhi; 正定 Cn: zhèngdìng; Vi: chính định)
The last 3 constitute the path of Concentration (Pāli, Sanskrit: samādhi)

* Pāli: aṭṭhāṅgika-magga
* Sanskrit: aṣṭāṅgika-mārga

* Bur: မဂ္ဂင် meggin (my)
* Thai: อริยมรรค ariya-mak
* 八正道
* Cn: Bāzhèngdào
* Jp: Hasshōdō
* Ko: Paljeongdo
* Vi: Bát chính đạo

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## O

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

oryoki A set of bowls used in a Zen eating ceremony  |

* Japanese: 応量器 ōryōki

osho A term used to address a monk of the Zen Buddhist tradition. Originally reserved for high-ranking monks, it has since been appropriated for everyday use when addressing any male member of the Zen clergy  |

* Japanese: 和尚 oshō

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## P

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

pabbajja, (a layperson) leaving home to join a community of monks and nuns (lit. "to go forth")  |

* Sanskrit: pravrajya
* Pali: Pabbajja

* 出家
* Cn: chūjiā
* Jp: shukke
* Vi: xuất gia

panca skandha The five constituent elements into which an individual is analyzed. They are:

1. "form": Pāli, Sanskrit: rūpa; Bu: ရူပ yupa; 色 Cn: sè; Jp: shiki
2. "sensation": Pāli, Sanskrit: vedanā; Bu: ဝေဒန wedana; 受 Cn: shòu; Jp: ju
3. "cognition": Pāli: saññā; Sanskrit: saṃjñā; Bu: သညာ thinnya; 想 Cn: xiàng; Jp: sō
4. "mental formations": Pāli: saṅkhāra; Sanskrit: saṃskāra; Bu: သင်္ခါရ thinkhaya; 行 Cn: xíng; Jp: gyō
5. "consciousness": Pāli: viññāṇa; Sanskrit: vijñāna; Bu: ဝိညာဉ် winyin; 識 Cn: shí; Jp: shiki

* Sanskrit: pañca skandha
* Pāli: pañca khandha

* Bur: ခန္ဒာငါးပါး khanda nga ba (my)
* Shan: ႁႃႈ ၶၼ်ႇထႃႇ ([haː˧ kʰan˨ tʰaː˨])
* 五蘊, 五陰, 五薀
* Cn: wǔyùn
* Jp: go-on, sometimes go-un
* Vi: ngũ uẩn

Panchen Lama The second highest ranking lama in the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism. after the Dalai Lama  |

* Tibetan: པན་ཆེན་བླ་མ་ pan-chen bla-ma

* Sanskrit: paṇḍitaguru
* Mn: Банчин Богд, Banchin Bogd
* 班禪喇嘛
* Cn: Bānchán Lǎma
* Jp: ??
* Vi: Ban-thiền Lạt-ma

paññā, see prajna |

* Sanskrit:

* Bur: ပညာ pyinnya (my)
* Mon: ပညာ (mnw)
* Shan: ပိင်ႇၺႃႇ (shn)
* Tibetan: ཤེས་རབ་ shes rab
* Mn: билиг, bilig
* 智慧 or 知恵 or 般若
* Cn: Zhìhuì, zhīhuì, bōrě
* Jp: chie,hannya
* Vi: bát-nhã

paramartha Absolute, as opposed to merely conventional, truth or reality; see also samvrti  |

* Sanskrit: paramārtha

* Bur: ပရမတ် paramat (my)
* Thai: ปรมัตถ์ paramutt
* 真諦
* Jp: shintai

paramita, lit. "reaching the other shore," usually rendered in English as "perfection." The Mahayana practices for obtaining enlightenment; giving, ethics, patience, effort, concentration and wisdom  |

* Pāli: pāramī
* Sanskrit: pāramitā

* Bur: ပါရမီ parami (my)
* Mon: ပါရမဳ (mnw)
* Thai: บารมี baramee
* Mn: барамид, baramid
* 波羅蜜 or 波羅蜜多
* Cn: bōluómì or bōluómìduō
* Jp: haramitsu or haramita
* Vi: ba-la-mật or ba-la-mật-đa

parinibbana/parinirvana The final nibbana/nirvana  |

* from nibbana/nirvana above
* Pāli: parinibbāna
* Sanskrit: parinirvāṇa

* Bur: ပရိနိဗ္ဗာန် pareineibban (my)
* Thai: ปรินิพพาน pari-nippaan
* 般涅槃
* Cn: bōnièpán
* Jp: hatsunehan
* Vi: bát-niết-bàn

Perfection of Wisdom |

* from pāramitā ("perfection") above and prajñā/paññā ("wisdom") below
* Sanskrit: prajñāpāramitā
* Pāli: paññāparami

* Bur: ပညာပါရမီ pyinnya parami (my)
* Mon: ပညာပါရမဳ (mnw)
* Mn: билиг барамид, bilig baramid
* 般若波羅蜜 or 般若波羅蜜多
* Cn: bōrě-bōluómì or bōrě-bōluómìduō
* Jp: hannya-haramitsu or hannya-haramita
* Vi: bát-nhã-ba-la-mật or bát-nhã-ba-la-mật-đa

Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch Sermon of the sixth patriarch of Zen Buddhism  |  |

* 六祖壇經

Pointing-out instruction The direct introduction to the nature of mind in the lineages of Essence Mahamudra and Dzogchen. A root guru is the master who gives the 'pointing-out instruction' so that the disciple recognizes the nature of mind  |

* Tibetan: ངོ་སྤྲོད་ ngo-sprod

prajna/paññā "wisdom", "insight"  |

* Pāli: paññā
* Sanskrit: prajñā

* Bur: ပညာ pyinnya (my)
* Thai: ปัญญา pun-ya
* Tibetan: ཤེས་རབ་ shes rab
* Mn: хөтлөх, khötlökh
* 般若
* Cn: bōrě or bānruò
* Jp: hannya
* Vi: bát-nhã

pratisaraṇa "reliance"  |

* Sanskrit: pratisaraṇa

* 依

pratitya-samutpada "Dependent origination," the view that no phenomenon exists (or comes about) without depending on other phenomena or conditions contingent with it. In English also called "conditioned genesis," "dependent co-arising," "interdependent arising," etc.

A famous application of dependent origination is the Twelve Nidana, or 12 inter-dependences (Sanskrit: dvādaśāṅgapratītyasamutpāda; 十二因緣, 十二因縁 Cn: shíàr yīnyuán; Jp: jūni innen; Vi: thập nhị nhân duyên), which are:

1. Ignorance (Pāli: avijjā; Sanskrit: avidyā; 無明 Cn: wúmíng; Jp: mumyō; Vi: vô minh; Mn: мунхрахуй, munhrahui)
2. Ignorance creates Mental Formation (Pāli: saṅkhāra; Sanskrit: saṃskāra; 行 Cn: xíng; Jp: gyō; Vi: hành; Mn: хуран үйлдэхүй, khuran uildehui)
3. Mental Formation creates Consciousness (Pāli: viññāṇa; Sanskrit: vijñāna; 識 Cn: shí; Jp: shiki; Vi: thức; Mn: тийн мэдэхүй, tiin medehui)
4. Consciousness creates Name & Form (Pāli, Sanskrit: nāmarūpa; 名色 Cn: míngsè; Jp: myōshiki; Vi: danh sắc; Mn: нэр өнгө, ner öngö)
5. Name & Form create Sense Gates (Pāli: saḷāyatana; Sanskrit: ṣaḍāyatana; 六入 or 六処 Cn: liùrù; Jp: rokunyū or rokusho; Vi: lục nhập; Mn: төрөн түгэхүй, törön tugehui)
6. Sense Gates create Contact (Pāli: phassa; Sanskrit: sparśa; 觸, 触 Cn: chù; Jp: soku; Vi: xúc; Mn: хүрэлцэхүй, khureltsehui)
7. Contact creates Feeling (Pāli, Sanskrit: vedanā; 受 Cn: shòu; Jp: ju; Vi: thụ; Mn: сэрэхүй, serehui)
8. Feeling creates Craving (Pāli: taṇhā; Sanskrit: tṛṣṇā; 愛 Cn: ài; Jp: ai; Vi: ái; Mn: хурьцахуй, khuritsahui)
9. Craving creates Clinging (Pāli, Sanskrit: upādāna; 取 Cn: qǔ; Jp: shu; Vi: thủ; Mn: авахуй, avahui)
10. Clinging creates Becoming (Pāli, Sanskrit: bhava; 有 Cn: yǒu; Jp: u; Vi: hữu; Mn: сансар, sansar)
11. Becoming creates Birth (Pāli, Sanskrit: jāti; 生 Cn: shēng; Jp: shō; Vi: sinh; Mn: төрөхүй, töröhui )
12. Birth leads to Aging & Death (Pāli, Sanskrit: jarāmaraṇa; 老死 Cn: láosǐ; Jp: rōshi; Vi: lão tử; Mn: өтлөх үхэхүй, ötlöh uhehui)

* Pāli: paṭicca-samuppāda
* Sanskrit: pratitya-samutpāda

* Bur: ပဋိစ္စသမုပ္ပါဒ် padeissa thamopad (my)
* Tib: རྟེན་ཅིང་འབྲེལ་བར་འབྱུང་བ་ rten cing `brel bar `byung ba
* Mn: шүтэн барилдлага, shuten barildlaga
* 緣起 (thought to be an abbreviation for 因緣生起), 縁起
* Cn: yuánqǐ
* Jp: engi
* Tw: iân-khí
* Vi: duyên khởi
* Also called 因緣, 因縁
* Cn: yīnyuán
* Jp: innen
* Vi: nhân duyên

Pratyekabuddha/Paccekabuddha, lit. "a buddha by his own", A buddha who reaches enlightenment on his own  |

* Pāli: paccekabuddha
* Sanskrit: pratyekabuddha

* Bur: ပစ္စေကဗုဒ္ဓါ pyiseka boddha (my)
* 辟支佛
* Cn: Bìzhī Fó
* Jp: Hyakushibutsu
* Tw: phek-chi-hu̍t
* Vi: Bích-chi Phật

Pure Land Buddhism A large branch of Mahayana, dominantly in East Asia. The goal of Pure Land Buddhism is to be reborn in the Western sukhavati of Amitabha, either as a real place or within the mind, through the other-power of repeating the Buddha's name, nianfo or nembutsu.  |  |

* 净土宗(Ch), 浄土教(Jp)
* Cn: Jìngtǔ-zōng
* Jp: Jōdo-kyo
* Ko: Jeongtojong
* Tw: Chēng-thó͘-chong
* Vi: Tịnh độ tông

Puruṣa Man (ep. representative of the male gender); human being  |

* Pāli: purisa
* Sanskrit: puruṣa

* Tib: skyes pa
* 人
* Ch: rén
* Jp: hito

Template:Compact TOC

## R

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

rebirth The process of continuity of life after death  |

* Pāli: punabbhava
* Sanskrit: punarbhava

* 輪廻
* Cn: lunhui
* Jp: rinne
* Vi: luân hồi

Ratnasambhava |

* Sanskrit: Ratnasambhava

* Tib: རིན་ཆེན་འབྱུང་གནས Rinchen Jung ne
* Mn: ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠬᠣ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ;
Эрдэнэ гарахын орон, Төгс Эрдэнэ;
Erdeni garkhu yin oron, Tegüs Erdeni
* 寶生佛, 宝生如来
* Jp: Hōshō Nyorai
* Vi: Bảo-sanh Như Lai

refuge Usually in the form of "take refuge in the Three Jewels"  |

* Pāli: saraṇa
* Sanskrit: śaraṇa

* Bur: သရဏဂုံ tharanagon (my)
* Mn: аврал, avral
* Tib: skyabs
* Thai: สรณะ sorana
* 歸依
* Cn: guīyī
* Jp: kie
* Tw: kui-i
* Vi: quy y

Rigpa, the knowledge that ensues from recognizing one's nature  |

* Tibetan: རིག་པ (rig pa)

* Sanskrit: विद्या (vidyā)

Rinpoche, lit. "precious one", An honorific title for a respected Tibetan lama, such as a tulku |

* Tibetan: རིན་པོ་ཆེ་, rin-po-che

* Mn: римбүчий, rimbuchii
* 仁波切
* Cn: rénbōqiè
* Jp: リンポチェ rinpoche
* Vi: ??

Rinzai Zen sect emphasizing koan study; named for master Linji Yixuan |

* Japanese: 臨済宗 Rinzai-shū

* 臨濟宗
* Cn: Línjì-zōng
* Vi: Lâm Tế tông

Rohatsu A day traditionally honored as the day of the Buddha's enlightenment. While deep in meditation under a bodhi tree, he attained enlightenment upon seeing the morning star just at dawn; celebrated on the 8th day either of December or of the 12th month of the lunar calendar  |

* Japanese: 臘八 Rōhatsu or Rohachi

roshi, lit. "Master", An honorific given to Zen teachers in the Rinzai and Obaku sects.  |

* Japanese 老師 Rōshi

* 禅師
* Cn: chan shī (lit., old master)

Template:Compact TOC

## S

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

sacca truthfulness  |

* Sanskrit: Satya

* Burmese: သစ္စာ thissa (my)
* Khmer: សច្ចា
* UNGEGN: sâchcha
* ALA-LC: saccā
* IPA: km
* Mon: သစ္စ (mnw)
* Shan: သဵတ်ႈၸႃႇ (shn)
* Thai: สัจจะ sadja
* 真
* Cn: zhēn
* Jp: shin
* Vi:

Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra Lotus Sutra  | Sanskrit: Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra |

* 妙法蓮華經 / 法華經
* Cn: miàofǎ liánhuá jīng or fǎhuá jīng
* Jp: 妙法蓮華経 myōhō renge kyō or 法華経 hokekyō
* Tw: Biāu-hoat Liân-hôa Keng or Hoat-hôa-keng

ṣaḍgati "six destinies"  | Sanskrit: ṣaḍgati |

* 六趣

samanera/shramanera A male novice monk, who, after a year or until the ripe age of 20, will be considered for the higher Bhikkhu ordination  |

* Sanskrit: śrāmaṇera

* Burmese: (ရှင်)သာမဏေ (shin) thamane (my)
* Khmer: សាមណេរ
* UNGEGN: Samônér
* ALA-LC: Sāmaṇer
* IPA: km
* Mon: သာမ္မဏဳ ([samənɔe])
* Shan: သႃႇမၼေႇ ([sʰaː˨ mne˨])
* Thai: สามเณร sama-naen
* 沙彌
* Cn: shāmí
* Jp: shami
* Tw: sa-bi
* Vi: sa-di, chú tiểu

samatha Mental stabilization; tranquility meditation. Distinguished from vipassanā meditation  |

* Pāli: samatha
* Sanskrit: śamatha

* Bur: သမထ thamahta (my)
* Thai: สมถะ samatha
* 止
* Cn: zhǐ or 舍摩他 shěmótā
* Jp: サマタ samata or シャマタ shamata
* Vi: ??

samsara The cycle of birth and rebirth; the world as commonly experienced  |

* Pāli, Sanskrit: saṃsāra

* Bur: သံသရာ thanthaya (my)
* Thai: สังสารวัฏ sung-sara-wat
* Tib: འཁོར་བ khor ba
* Bur: သံသရာ
* Mn: орчлон, orchlon
* 輪迴, 輪廻
* Cn: lúnhúi
* Jp: rinne
* Tw: lûn-hôe
* Vi: luân hồi

samu Work, conceived as a part of Zen training.[2] |

* Japanese: 作務 samu

* 作務
* Cn: zuòwù
* Vi: ??

samvrti Conventional, as opposed to absolute, truth or reality; see also paramartha  |

* Sanskrit: saṃvriti

* Bur: သမ္မုတိ thamudi (my)
* Thai: สมมุติ sommoot
* 俗諦
* Jp: zokutai

sangha The community of Buddhist monks and nuns. Teachers and practitioners.  |

* Sanskrit: saṅgha

* Bur: သံဃာ thangha (my)
* Mon: သဳလ (mnw)
* Khmer: សង្ឃ
* UNGEGN: sângkh
* ALA-LC: sanggh
* IPA: km
* Shan: သၢင်ႇၶႃႇ (shn)
* Thai: สงฆ์ song
* Tib: ཚོགས་ཀ་མཆོག tsog gyu chog
* Mn: хуврагийн чуулган, khuvragiin chuulgan
* 僧團
* Cn: sēng tuan
* Jp: sō, sōryō
* Vi: tăng già

Sanlun Buddhist philosophical school based on the Madhyamaka school  |

* Chinese: 三論 sānlùn

* 三論宗
* Cn: Sānlùnzōng
* Jp: Sanron-shū
* Vi: Tam luận tông

sanzen A formal interview with a teacher in many traditions of Zen. Similar to dokusan  |

* Japanese

satori Awakening; understanding. A Japanese term for enlightenment  |

* Japanese: 悟り satori

* 悟
* Cn: wú
* Vi: ngộ

sayadaw Burmese meditation master  |

* Bur: ဆရာတော် sayadaw (my)

seichu In the Zen Buddhist calendar, a period of intensive, formal monastic training. It is typically characterized by week-long Daisesshins and periodic sanzen  |

* Japanese: 制中 seichu

sesshin A Zen retreat where practitioners meditate, eat and work together for several days  |

* Japanese: 接心, 摂心

* 佛七
* Cn: fóqī
* 坐臘/坐腊
* Cn: zuòlà

shikantaza Soto Zen. "Only concentrated on sitting" is the main practice of the Soto school of Japanese Zen Buddhism  |

* Japanese: 只管打座

* 默照
* Cn: mòzhào

shunyata Emptiness; see also Nagarjuna |

* Pāli: suññatā
* Sanskrit: śūnyatā

* Bur: သုည (my)
* Shan: သုင်ႇၺႃႉ ([sʰuŋ˨ ɲaː˥])
* Tib:  pa nyid
* Mn: хоосон чанар, khooson chanar
* 空
* Cn: kōng
* Jp: kū
* Tw: khong
* Vi: tính Không

Sikhī Buddha Buddha of Knowledge  |

* Pāli: Sikhī Buddha
* Sanskrit: Śikhīn Buddha

* Jp: Shiki Butsu

sila "morals", "morality", "ethics": precepts  |

* Pāli: sīla
* Sanskrit: śīla

* Bur: သီလ thila (my)
* Khmer: សីល
* UNGEGN: seil
* ALA-LC: sīl
* IPA: km
* Mon: သဳ (mnw)
* Shan: သီႇလႃႉ (shn)
* Thai: ศีล seen
* 尸羅, 戒
* Cn: jiè
* Jp: kai
* Tw: kài
* Vi: giới
* Mn: шагшаабад, shagshaabad

Sōtō Sect of Zen emphasizing shikantaza as the primary mode of practice; see also Dōgen |

* Japanese: 曹洞宗 Sōtō-shū

* 曹洞宗
* Cn: Cáodòng-zōng
* Vi: Tào Động tông

store consciousness The base consciousness (alayavijnana) taught in Yogacara Buddhism  |

* Pāli, Sanskrit: ālayavijñāna

* 阿頼耶識
* Cn: āyēshí
* Jp: arayashiki
* Vi: a-lại-da thức

Śrāvastī |

* Sanskrit: śrāvastī

* 舍衛國

sukha happiness; ease; pleasure; bliss  |

* Pāli: sukha
* Sanskrit: sukha

* Bur: သုခ
* Khmer: សុខ
* UNGEGN: sŏkh
* ALA-LC: sukh
* IPA: km
* Mon: ??
* Mn: ??
* 樂
* Cn: 乐 lè
* Jp: 楽 raku
* Tw: 樂 lo̍k
* Vi: ??

sutra Scripture; originally referred to short aphoristic sayings and collections thereof  |

* from √siv: to sew
* Sanskrit: sutra
* Pāli: sutta

* Bur: သုတ် thoht (my)
* Khmer: សូត្រ
* UNGEGN: sotr
* ALA-LC: sūtr
* IPA: km
* Mon: သုတ် ([sɔt])
* Mon: သုၵ်ႈ ([sʰuk˧])
* Thai: สูตร soothe
* Mn: судар, sudar
* 經, 経
* Cn: jīng
* Jp: kyō
* Tw: keng
* Vi: kinh

Śūraṃgamasamādhisūtra  |

* Sanskrit: Śūraṃgamasamādhisūtra

* 首楞嚴三昧經

Sutra Pitaka The second basket of the Tripiṭaka canon, the collection of all Buddha's teachings  |

* Pāli: Sutta-piṭaka
* Sanskrit: Sūtra-piṭaka

* Bur: သုတ် thoht (my)
* Mon: သုတ် ([sɔt])
* Mon: သုၵ်ႈ ([sʰuk˧])
* Mn: Судрын аймаг Sudriin aimag
* 經藏, 経蔵
* Cn: jīngcáng
* Jp: kyōzō
* Vi: Kinh tạng

Template:Compact TOC

## T

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

tangaryō A period of waiting for admission into a Zen monastery at the gate, lasting anywhere from one day to several weeks--depending on the quality of one's sitting. Refers to the room traveling monks stay in when visiting, or await admittance into the sōdō.  |

* Japanese: 旦過寮

tanha Craving or desire  |

* Pāli: taṇhā
* Sanskrit: tṛṣṇā

* Bur: တဏှာ tahna (my)
* Khmer: តណ្ហា
* UNGEGN: tânha
* ALA-LC: taṇhā
* IPA: km
* Thai: ตัณหา tunha
* Mn: хурьцахуй, khuritsahui
* 愛
* Cn: ài
* Jp: ai
* Kr: 애 ae
* Tw: ài
* Vi: ái

Tanto In Zen, one of the main temple leaders, lit."head of the tan." In a Zen temple, the Tanto is one of two officers (with the Godo) in charge monks' training.[2] |

* Japanese:単頭

tantra Esoteric religious practices, including yoga, mantra, etc. See also Vajrayana.  |

* Sanskrit: tantra

* Mn: тарнийн ёс, дандар, tarniin yos, dandar
* Cn: 续部 xùbù, 密续 mìxù, 怛特罗 dátèluó
* Jp: タントラ tantora
* Vi: đát-đặc-la

Tathagata one of the Buddha's ten epithets  |

* Sanskrit: tathāgata; The "Thus-Gone One"

* Bur: တထာဂတ tahtagata (my)
* Khmer: តថាគត
* UNGEGN: tâthakôt
* ALA-LC: tathāgat
* IPA: km
* Thai: ตถาคต tatha-kohd
* Mn: түүнчлэн ирсэн, tuunchlen irsen
* 如来
* Cn: rúlái
* Jp: nyorai
* Tw: Jû-lâi
* Vi: như lai

tathagatagarbha Buddha-nature or the seed of enlightenment  |

* Sanskrit: tathāgatagarbha

* 佛性, 仏性
* Cn: fóxìng
* Jp: busshō
* Also 覚性
* Cn: juéxìng
* Jp: kakushō
* Vi: giác tính
* Also 如来藏, 如来蔵
* Cn: rúláizàng
* Jp: nyuoraizō
* Vi: như lai tạng

teisho A presentation by a Zen master during a sesshin. Rather than an explanation or exposition in the traditional sense, it is intended as a demonstration of Zen realisation  |

* Japanese: 提唱 teishō

tenzo In Zen, the head cook for a sesshin. In Zen temples, the officer in charge of the kitchen  |

* Japanese: 典座 tenzo

* 典座
* Cn: diǎnzuò
* Vi: điển toạ

Tevijja Sutta Discourse of the Three-fold Knowledge  |

* Sanskrit: Tevijjasutta

* 三明經

Theravada, lit. "words of the elders", Most popular form of Buddhism in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka.  |

* Pāli: theravāda
* Sanskrit: sthaviravāda

* Bur: ထေရဝါဒ hterawada (my or my)
* Khmer: ថេរវាទ
* UNGEGN: thérôvéat
* ALA-LC: theravād
* IPA: km
* Thai: เถรวาท tera-waad
* 上座部
* Cn: shàngzuòbù
* Jp: jōzabu
* Vi: Thượng toạ bộ

thera or their, lit. "elder", Honorific applied to senior monks and nuns in the Theravada tradition.  |

* Pāli: thera

* Bur: ထေရ htera (my)

Three Jewels Three things that Buddhists take refuge in: the Buddha, his teachings (Dharma) and the community of realized practitioners (Sangha), and in return look toward for guidance (see also Refuge (Buddhism))  |

* Pāli: tiratana
* Sanskrit: triratna

* Bur: သရဏဂုံသုံးပါး tharanagon thon ba (my) OR ရတနာသုံးပါး yadana thon ba (my)
* Khmer: ត្រៃរតនៈ
* UNGEGN: trairôtâneă
* ALA-LC: trairatană
* IPA: km
* Thai: ไตรรัตน์ trai-rut
* Tib: དཀོན་མཆོག་གསུམ, dkon mchog gsum
* Mn: чухаг дээд гурав chuhag deed gurav
* 三寶
* Cn: sānbăo
* Jp: sanbō
* Vi: tam bảo

Three periods

* Three divisions of the time following the historical Buddha's passing: the Former (or Early) Day of the Law (正法 Cn: zhèngfǎ; Jp: shōbō), the first thousand years; the Middle Day of the Law (像法 Cn: xiàngfǎ; Jp: zōhō), the second thousand years; and the Latter Day of the Law (末法 Cn: mòfǎ; Jp: mappō), which is to last for 10,000 years.
* The three periods are significant to Mahayana adherents, particularly those who hold the Lotus Sutra in high regard; e.g., Tiantai (Tendai) and Nichiren Buddhists, who believe that different Buddhist teachings are valid (i.e., able to lead practitioners to enlightenment) in each period due to the different capacity to accept a teaching (機根 Cn: jīgēn; Jp: kikon) of the people born in each respective period.
* The three periods are further divided into five five-hundred year periods (五五百歳 Cn: wǔ wǔbǎi suì; Jp: go no gohyaku sai), the fifth and last of which was prophesied to be when the Buddhism of Sakyamuni would lose all power of salvation and a new Buddha would appear to save the people. This time period would be characterized by unrest, strife, famine, and other, natural disasters.
* The three periods and the five five-hundred year periods are described in the Sutra of the Great Assembly (大集経 Cn: dàjí jīng; Jp: Daishutu-kyō, Daijuku-kyō, Daijikkyō, or Daishukkyō). Descriptions of the three periods also appear in other sutras, some of which ascribe different lengths of time to them (although all agree that Mappō will last for 10,000 years).

|  |

* 三時
* Cn: Sānshí
* Jp: Sanji
* Vi: Tam thời

Three Poisons or Three Fires

The three primary causes of unskillful action that lead to the creation of "negative" karma; the three root kleshas:

1. Attachment (Pāli: lobha; Sanskrit: rāga; Tib.: འདོད་ཆགས་ 'dod chags)
2. Aversion (Pali: doha; Sanskrit: dveṣa; Tib.: ཞེ་སྡང་ zhe sdang; Mn: урин хилэн, urin khilen; 瞋 Cn: chēn; Jp: jin; Vi: sân)
3. Ignorance (Pāli: moha; Sanskrit: moha; Tib.: གཏི་མུག་ gti mug)

* Pāli: kilesa (Defilements)
* Sanskrit: kleśa

* Sanskrit: triviṣa
* Tib: düsum (Template:Wylie)
* Bur: မီးသုံးပါး mi thon ba (my)
* Mn: гурван хор, gurvan khor
* 三毒
* Cn: Sāndú
* Jp: Sandoku
* Vi: Tam độc

Tiantai/Tendai A Mahayana school of China that teaches the supremacy of the Lotus Sutra  |

* Chinese: 天台 tiāntái

* 天台宗
* Cn: tiāntái zōng
* Jp: tendai-shū
* Vi: Thiên Thai tông

trailõkya The 3 "regions" of the world:

1. Kamaloka or Kamadhatu: world of desires (Sanskrit, Pāli: kāmaloka, kāmadhātu; Tibetan: འདོད་ཁམས་ `dod khams; Mn: амармагийн орон, amarmagiin oron; 欲界 Cn: yùjiè, Jp: yokkai Vi: dục giới)
2. Rupaloka or Rupadhatu: world of form (Sanskrit: rūpaloka, rūpadhātu; Tibetan: གཟུགས་ཁམས་ gzugs khams; Mn: дүрстийн орон, durstiin oron; 色界 Cn: sèjiè; Jp: shikikai , Vi: sắc giới)
3. Arupaloka or Arupadhatu: world without form or desire (Sanskrit: arūpaloka, arūpadhātu; Tibetan: གཟུགས་མེད་ཁམས་ gzugs med khams; Mn: дүрсгүйн орон, dursquin oron; 無色界 Cn: wú sèjiè, Jp: mushikikai Vi: vô sắc giới)

* Sanskrit: triloka

* Pāli: tisso dhātuyo
* Tibetan: ཁམས་གསུམ་ khams gsum
* Mn: гурван орон, gurvan oron
* 三界
* Cn: sānjiè
* Jp: sangai
* Tw: Sam-kài
* Vi: tam giới

trikaya The 3 "bodies" of Buddha:

* Dharma-kaya (Sanskrit: dharmakāya; 法身 Cn: fǎshēn; Jp: hosshin; Vi: pháp thân)
* Sambhoga-kaya (Sanskrit: saṃbhogakāya; 報身 Cn: bàoshēn; Jp: hōshin; Vi: báo thân)
* Nirmana-kaya (Sanskrit: nirmāṇakāya; 應身,化身,応身 Cn: yìngshēn; Jp: ōjin; Vi: ứng thân)

* Sanskrit: trikāya

* 三身
* Cn: sānshēn
* Jp: sanjin
* Vi: tam thân

Triṃśikā  |

* Sanskrit: Triṃśikā

* 唯識三十論頌

Tripitaka The "Three Baskets"; canon containing the sacred texts for Buddhism (Pāli)

* Vinaya Pitaka (Pāli, Sanskrit: Vinaya-piṭaka; Tib: འདུལ་བའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ `dul ba`i sde snod; Mn: винайн аймаг сав vinain aimag sav; 律藏, 律蔵 Cn: lǜzàng; Jp: Ritsuzō; Vi: Luật tạng)
* Sutra Pitaka (Pāli: Sutta-piṭaka; Sanskrit: Sūtra-piṭaka; Tib: མདོ་སྡེའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ mdo sde`i sde snod; Mn: судрын аймаг сав sudriin aimag sav; 經藏, 経蔵 Cn: jīngzàng; Jp: Kyōzō; Vi: Kinh tạng)
* Abhidhamma Pitaka (Pāli: Abhidhamma-piṭaka; Sanskrit: Abhidharma-piṭaka; Tib: མངོན་པའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ mngon pa`i sde snod; Mn: авидармын аймаг сав avidarmiin aimag sav; 論藏, 論蔵 Cn: lùnzàng; Jp: Ronzō; Vi: Luận tạng)

* Pāli: tipiṭaka
* Sanskrit: tripiṭaka

* Burmese: တိပိဋက Tipitaka (my)
* Thai: ไตรปิฎก Traipidok
* སྡེ་སྣོད་་གསུམ, sde snod gsum
* Mn: гурван аймаг сав, gurvan aimag sav
* 三藏, 三蔵
* Cn: Sānzàng
* Jp: Sanzō
* Ko: Samjang
* Vi: Tam tạng

Triratna/Tiratana, see Three Jewels above  |

* Pāli: tiratana
* Sanskrit: triratna

* Tib: དཀོན་མཆོག་གསུམ, dkon mchog gsum
* Mn: гурван эрдэнэ, gurvan erdene

triviṣa three poisons  |

* Sanskrit: triviṣa

* 三毒

trsna, see tanha above  |  |
tulku A re-incarnated Tibetan teacher  |

* Tibetan: སྤྲུལ་སྐུ་ tulku

* Mn: хувилгаан, khuvilgaan
* 再來人 (轉世再來的藏系師長)
* Cn: Zài lái rén
* Jp: keshin
* Vi: hoá thân

Template:Compact TOC

## U

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

Udānavarga "Groups of Utterances"  |

* Sanskrit: Udānavarga

* 出㬬經

upadana Clinging; the 9th link of Pratitya-Samutpada; the Ninth Twelve Nidanas  |

* Pāli, Sanskrit: upādāna

* Bur: ဥပါဒါန် upadan (my)
* Khmer: ឧបទាន
* UNGEGN: ŭbâtéan
* ALA-LC: upadān
* IPA: km
* Shan: ဢူႉပႃႇတၢၼ်ႇ ([ʔu˥ paː˨ taːn˨])
* Thai: อุปาทาน u-pa-taan
* Tib: ལེན་པ, len pa
* Mn: авахуй, avahui
* 取(十二因緣第九支)
* Cn: qǔ
* Jp: shu
* Vi: thủ

Upajjhaya spiritual teacher  |

* Pāli: Upajjhaya
* Sanskrit: upādhyāy

* Bur: ဥပဇ္ဇာယ်ဆရာ Upyizesaya (my)

upasaka A lay follower of Buddhism  |

* Sanskrit: upāsaka

* Bur: ဥပါသကာ upathaka (my)
* Khmer: ឧបាសក
* UNGEGN: ŭbasâk
* ALA-LC: upāsak
* IPA: km
* Mon: ဥပါသကာ (mnw)
* Thai: อุบาสก u-ba-sok
* 近事男, 優婆塞
* Cn: jìnshìnán
* Jp: ubasoku
* Vi: cư sĩ

upasika A female lay follower  |

* from upasaka above
* Sanskrit: upāsika

* Bur: ဥပါသိကာ upathika (my)
* Khmer: ឧបាសិកា
* UNGEGN: ŭbasĕka
* ALA-LC: upāsikā
* IPA: km
* Thai: อุบาสิกา u-ba-sika
* 近事女, 優婆夷
* Cn: jìnshìnǚ
* Jp: ubai
* Vi: (nữ) cư sĩ

upaya Expedient though not necessarily ultimately true. Originally used as a polemical device against other schools - calling them "merely" expedient, lacking in ultimate truth, later used against one's own school to prevent students form forming attachments to doctrines

In Mahayana, exemplified by the Lotus Sutra, upaya are the useful means that Buddhas (and Buddhist teachers) use to free beings into enlightenment

* Sanskrit: upāya

* Bur: ဥပါယ် upe (my)
* Khmer: ឧបាយ
* UNGEGN: ŭbay
* ALA-LC: upāy
* IPA: km
* Tib: ཐབས, thabs
* Mn: арга, arga
* 方便
* Cn: fāngbiàn
* Jp: hōben
* Vi: phương tiện

upekkha equanimity  |

* Pāli: upekkhā
* Sanskrit: upekṣā

* Bur: ဥပက္ခာ upyikkha (my)
* Khmer: ឧបេក្ខា
* UNGEGN: ŭbékkha
* ALA-LC: upekkhā
* IPA: km
* Thai: อุเบกขา u-bek-kha
* Tib: བཏང་སྙོམས་, btang snyoms
* Mn: тэгшид барихуй, tegshid barihui
* 镇定，沉着, 捨
* Cn: Zhèndìng, chénzhuó
* Jp: sha

urna A concave circular dot on the forehead between the eyebrows  |

* Sanskrit: urna

* Mn: билгийн мэлмий, bilgiin melmii
* 白毫
* Jp: byakugō
* Vi: bạch hào

Template:Compact TOC

## V

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

Vajrayana, The third major branch, alongside Hinayana and Mahayana, according to Tibetan Buddhism's view of itself  |

* Sanskrit: vajrayāna, lit. "diamond vehicle"

* Bur: ဝဇိရယာန wazeirayana (my)
* Thai: วชิรญาณ wachira-yaan
* Mn: Очирт хөлгөн, ochirt khölgön
* 金剛乘
* Cn: Jīngāng shèng
* Jp: Kongō jō
* Vi: Kim cương thừa

Vairocana |

* Sanskrit: वैरोचन

* Tib: རྣམ་པར་སྣང་མཛད། rNam-par-snang mdzad
* Mn: ᠪᠢᠷᠦᠵᠠᠨ᠎ ᠠ᠂
ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠ
ᠭᠡᠢᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ
ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ᠂
ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ
ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠦ;
Бярузана, Машид Гийгүүлэн Зохиогч, Гэгээн Гэрэлт;
Biruzana, Masida Geyigülün Zohiyaghci, Gegegen Gereltü
* 毗盧遮那佛, 大日如來
* Cn: Pílúzhēnàfó
* Jp: Dainichi Nyorai, Birushana-butsu
* Vi: Đại Nhật Như Lai

Vāsanā habitual tendencies or dispositions  |

* Pāli and Sanskrit: Vāsanā

* Bur: ဝါသနာ wathana (my)
* Khmer: វាសនា
* UNGEGN: véasânéa
* ALA-LC: vāsanā
* IPA: km
* 習気
* Jp: jikke

Vinaya Pitaka, The first basket of the Tripitaka canon, which deals with the rules of monastic life  |

* Pāli, Sanskrit: vinaya-piṭaka, lit. "discipline basket"

* Bur: ဝိနည်းပိဋကတ် wini pitakat (my)
* Khmer: វិន័យបិដក
* UNGEGN: vĭnoăy bĕdâk
* ALA-LC: vinăy piṭak
* IPA: km
* Mon: ဝိနဲ (mnw)
* Shan: ဝီႉၼႄး (shn)
* Thai: วินัย wi-nai
* Tib: འདུལ་བའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ dul-bai sde-snod
* Mn: Винайн аймаг сав, vinain aimag sav
* 律藏
* Cn: Lǜzàng
* Jp: Ritsuzō
* Vi: Luật tạng

vipassana Usually translated as "Insight" meditation, most associated with the Theravāda tradition, but also present in some other traditions such as Tiantai. Often combined with śamatha meditation  |

* from vi-√dṛś: to see apart
* Pāli: vipassanā
* Sanskrit: vipaśyanā, vidarśanā

* Bur: ဝိပဿနာ wipathana (my)
* Khmer: វិបស្សនា
* UNGEGN: vĭbâssânéa
* ALA-LC: vipassanā
* IPA: km
* Shan: ဝီႉပၢတ်ႈသၼႃႇ ([wi˥ paːt˧ sʰa˩ naː˨])
* Thai: วิปัสสนา wipadsana
* Tib: ལྷག་མཐོངlhag mthong
* Mn: үлэмж үзэл, ulemj uzel
* 觀,観
* Cn: guān
* Jp: kan
* Vi: quán

viriya energy, enthusiastic perseverance  |

* from
* Pāli: viriya
* Sanskrit: vīrya,

* Khmer: វីរិយ
* UNGEGN: virĭy
* ALA-LC: vīriy
* IPA: km
* Tib: brtson-grus
* Thai: วิริยะ wiriya
* 能量
* Cn: néngliàng
* Jp: nōryō
* Vi: năng-lượng

Template:Compact TOC

## Y

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

yāna divisions or schools of Buddhism according to their type of practice (lit. "vehicle")  |

* Pāli: yāna
* Sanskrit: yāna

* Khmer: យាន
* UNGEGN: yéan
* ALA-LC: yān
* IPA: km
* 乘
* Cn: shèng
* Jp: jō
* Vi: thừa

Template:Compact TOC

## Z

Definition  | Etymology  | In other languages

|
|

zazen Sitting meditation as practiced in the Zen School of Buddhism |

* Japanese: 坐禅

* 坐禪
* Cn: zuòchán
* Kr: jwaseon
* Vi: toạ thiền

Zen School A branch of Mahayana originating in China that originally emphasizes non-dualism and intuition. Modern monastic forms have a strong emphasis on zazen (Korean) or on zazen combined with militaristic top-down hazing (Japanese)  |

* Japanese: 禅宗 Zen-shu

* 禪宗
* Cn: Chánzōng
* Vi: Thiền tông

zendo In Zen, a hall where zazen is practiced  |

* Japanese: 禅堂

* 禪堂
* Cn: chántáng
* Vi: thiền đường

Template:Compact TOC

## See also

* Buddhism
* Buddhist texts
* Glossary of Japanese Buddhism
* Diamond Realm

## References

1. ↑ Leighton / Okumura (1996). Dogen's Pure Standards for the Zen Community. Albany, NY: SUNY. p. 214. ISBN 0-7914-2710-2.
2. ↑ Leighton/ Okumura (1996). Dogen's Pure Standards for the Zen Community. Albany: SUNY. p. 231. ISBN 0-7914-2710-2.

## External links

* Pali Text Society Dictionary (Be sure to check the "Unicode font" option, and to have one; also, if looking for a word, choose "words that match")
* Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary
* Digital Dictionary of Buddhism (Login with userid "guest")
* Kadampa Glossary of Buddhist Terms
* Fo Guang Shan Glossary of Buddhist Terms (with Chinese translation)

* v
* t
* e

Topics in Buddhism

* Outline
* Glossary
* Index

Foundations|

* Four Noble Truths
* Three Jewels
* Buddha
* Dharma
* Sangha
* Noble Eightfold Path
* Nirvana
* Middle Way

The Buddha|

* Tathāgata
* Birthday
* Four sights
* Physical characteristics
* Footprint
* Relics
* Iconography in Laos and Thailand
* Films
* Miracles
* Family
* Suddhodāna (father)
* Māyā (mother)
* Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)
* Yaśodharā (wife)
* Rāhula (son)
* Ānanda (cousin)
* Devadatta (cousin)
* Places where the Buddha stayed
* Buddha in world religions

Bodhisattvas|

* Avalokiteśvara
* Guanyin
* Mañjuśrī
* Mahāsthāmaprāpta
* Ākāśagarbha
* Kṣitigarbha
* Samantabhadra
* Vajrapāṇi
* Skanda
* Tārā
* Metteyya/Maitreya

Disciples|

* Kaundinya
* Assaji
* Sāriputta
* Mahamoggallāna
* Ānanda
* Mahākassapa
* Aṅgulimāla
* Anuruddha
* Mahākaccana
* Nanda
* Subhūti
* Punna
* Upāli
* Mahapajapati Gotamī
* Khema
* Uppalavanna
* Asita
* Channa
* Yasa

Key concepts|

* Avidyā (Ignorance)
* Bardo
* Bodhicitta
* Buddha-nature
* Dhamma theory
* Dharma
* Enlightenment
* Five hindrances
* Indriya
* Karma
* Kleshas
* Mindstream
* Parinirvana
* Pratītyasamutpāda
* Rebirth
* Saṃsāra
* Saṅkhāra
* Skandha
* Śūnyatā
* Taṇhā (Craving)
* Tathātā
* Ten Fetters
* Three marks of existence
* Anicca
* Dukkha
* Anatta
* Two truths doctrine

Cosmology|

* Ten spiritual realms
* Six realms
* Deva realm
* Human realm
* Asura realm
* Hungry Ghost realm
* Animal realm
* Naraka
* Three planes of existence

Branches|

* Theravada
* Vajrayana
* Tibetan Buddhism
* Shingon
* Dzogchen
* Mahayana
* Zen
* Chinese Chan
* Japanese Zen
* Korean Seon
* Vietnamese Thiền
* Pure Land
* Tiantai
* Nichiren
* Madhyamaka
* Yogachara
* Navayana
* Early Buddhist schools
* Pre-sectarian Buddhism
* Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna

Practices|

* Bhavana
* Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
* Brahmavihara
* Mettā
* Karuṇā
* Mudita
* Upekkha
* Buddhābhiṣeka
* Dāna
* Devotion
* Dhyāna
* Faith
* Five Strengths
* Iddhipada
* Meditation
* Mantras
* Kammaṭṭhāna
* Recollection
* Smarana
* Anapanasati
* Samatha
* Vipassanā (Vipassana movement)
* Shikantaza
* Zazen
* Kōan
* Mandala
* Tonglen
* Tantra
* Tertön
* Terma
* Merit
* Mindfulness
* Satipatthana
* Nekkhamma
* Pāramitā
* Paritta
* Puja
* Offerings
* Prostration
* Chanting
* Refuge
* Satya
* Sacca
* Seven Factors of Enlightenment
* Sati
* Dhamma vicaya
* Pīti
* Passaddhi
* Śīla
* Five precepts
* Eight precepts
* Bodhisattva vow
* Pratimokṣa
* Threefold Training
* Śīla
* Samadhi
* Prajñā
* Vīrya
* Four Right Exertions

Nirvana|

* Bodhi
* Bodhisattva
* Buddhahood
* Pratyekabuddha
* Four stages of enlightenment
* Sotāpanna
* Sakadagami
* Anāgāmi
* Arhat

Monasticism|

* Bhikkhu
* Bhikkhunī
* Śrāmaṇera
* Śrāmaṇerī
* Anagarika
* Ajahn
* Sayadaw
* Zen master
* Rōshi
* Lama
* Rinpoche
* Geshe
* Tulku
* Householder
* Upāsaka and Upāsikā
* Śrāvaka
* The ten principal disciples
* Shaolin Monastery

Major figures|

* Gautama Buddha
* Buddhaghosa
* Nagasena
* Bodhidharma
* Nagarjuna
* Asanga
* Vasubandhu
* Buddhapālita
* Atiśa
* Padmasambhava
* Nichiren
* B. R. Ambedkar
* Songtsen Gampo
* Emperor Wen of Sui
* Dalai Lama
* Panchen Lama
* Karmapa
* Shamarpa
* Naropa
* Xuanzang
* Zhiyi

Texts|

* Early Buddhist Texts
* Tripiṭaka
* Mahayana sutras
* Pāli Canon
* Chinese Buddhist canon
* Tibetan Buddhist canon
* Dhammapada
* Sutra
* Vinaya
* Madhyamakālaṃkāra
* Abhidharmadīpa

Countries|

* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Cambodia
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Japan
* Korea
* Laos
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Russia
* Kalmykia
* Buryatia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Tibet
* Vietnam
* Middle East
* Iran
* Western countries
* Argentina
* Australia
* Brazil
* France
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Venezuela

History|

* Timeline
* Ashoka
* Buddhist councils
* History of Buddhism in India
* Decline of Buddhism in India
* Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution
* Greco-Buddhism
* Buddhism and the Roman world
* Buddhism in the West
* Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
* Persecution of Buddhists
* Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
* Buddhist crisis
* Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
* Buddhist modernism
* Vipassana movement
* 969 Movement
* Women in Buddhism

Philosophy|

* Abhidharma
* Atomism
* Buddhology
* Creator
* Buddhism and democracy
* Economics
* Eight Consciousnesses
* Engaged Buddhism
* Eschatology
* Ethics
* Evolution
* Humanism
* Logic
* Reality
* Secular Buddhism
* Socialism
* The unanswered questions

Culture|

* Architecture
* Temple
* Vihara
* Kyaung
* Wat
* Stupa
* Pagoda
* Burmese pagoda
* Candi
* Dzong architecture
* Japanese Buddhist architecture
* Korean Buddhist temples
* Thai temple art and architecture
* Tibetan Buddhist architecture
* Art
* Greco-Buddhist
* Bodhi Tree
* Budai
* Buddharupa
* Calendar
* Cuisine
* Funeral
* Holidays
* Vesak
* Uposatha
* Magha Puja
* Asalha Puja
* Vassa
* Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
* Kasaya
* Mahabodhi Temple
* Mantra
* Om mani padme hum
* Mudra
* Music
* Pilgrimage
* Lumbini
* Maya Devi Temple
* Bodh Gaya
* Sarnath
* Kushinagar
* Poetry
* Prayer beads
* Hama Yumi
* Prayer wheel
* Symbolism
* Dharmachakra
* Flag
* Bhavacakra
* Swastika
* Thangka
* Temple of the Tooth
* Vegetarianism

Miscellaneous|

* Abhijñā
* Amitābha
* Brahmā
* Dharma talk
* Hinayana
* Kalpa
* Koliya
* Lineage
* Māra
* Ṛddhi
* Siddhi
* Sacred languages
* Pāḷi
* Sanskrit

Comparison|

* Bahá'í Faith
* Christianity
* Influences
* Comparison
* East Asian religions
* Gnosticism
* Hinduism
* Jainism
* Judaism
* Psychology
* Science
* Theosophy
* Violence
* Western philosophy

Lists|

* Bodhisattvas
* Books
* Buddhas
* named
* Buddhists
* Suttas
* Sutras
* Temples
* Festivals

* Category

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