Kleshas (Buddhism)

Short description: In Buddhism, mental states that cloud the mind

Translations of
kleshas

English| afflictions,
destructive emotions,
disturbing emotions,
negative emotions,
mind poisons,
etc.
Sanskrit| क्लेश (kleśa)
Pali| (kilesa)
Burmese| ကိလေသာ
(IPA: [kḭlèθà])
Chinese| 煩惱
(Pinyin: fánnǎo)
Japanese| 煩悩
(rōmaji: bonnō)
Khmer| កិលេស
(UNGEGN: kĕlés)
Korean| 번뇌
(RR: beonnoe)
Mongolian| нисванис (nisvanis)
Tibetan| ཉོན་མོངས།
(Wylie: nyon mongs;
THL: nyönmong)
Thai| กิเลส
(RTGS: Kilet)
Vietnamese| phiền não
Glossary of Buddhism

Kleshas (Sanskrit: क्लेश, romanized: kleśa; Pali: किलेस kilesa; Standard Tibetan: ཉོན་མོངས། nyon mongs), in Buddhism, are mental states that cloud the mind and manifest in unwholesome actions. Kleshas include states of mind such as anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, desire, depression, etc. Contemporary translators use a variety of English words to translate the term kleshas, such as: afflictions, defilements, destructive emotions, disturbing emotions, negative emotions, mind poisons, and neuroses.

In the contemporary Mahayana and Theravada Buddhist traditions, the three kleshas of ignorance, attachment, and aversion are identified as the root or source of all other kleshas. These are referred to as the three poisons in the Mahayana tradition, or as the three unwholesome roots in the Theravada tradition.

While the early Buddhist texts of the Pali Canon do not specifically enumerate the three root kleshas, the three poisons (and the kleshas generally) came to be seen as the very roots of samsaric existence.

## Contents

* 1 Pali literature
* 1.1 Sutta Piṭaka: mental hindrances
* 1.2 Abhidhamma: ten defilements and unwholesome roots
* 1.3 Visuddhimagga: round of defilements
* 2 Sanskrit Sravaka and Mahayana literature
* 2.1 Three poisons
* 2.2 Five poisons
* 2.3 Six root kleshas of the Abhidharma
* 2.4 Mahaparinirvana Sutra
* 2.5 Two obscurations
* 3 Contemporary glosses
* 4 Overcoming the kleshas
* 5 Alternative translations
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Sources
* 9 External links

## Pali literature

In the Pali Canon's discourses (sutta), kilesa is often associated with the various passions that defile bodily and mental states. In the Pali Canon's Abhidhamma and post-canonical Pali literature, ten defilements are identified, the first three of which – greed, hate, delusion – are considered to be the "roots" of suffering.

### Sutta Piṭaka: mental hindrances

In the Pali Canon's Sutta Piṭaka, kilesa and its correlate upakkilesa[1] are affective obstacles to the pursuit of direct knowledge (abhijñā) and wisdom (pañña).

For instance, the Samyutta Nikaya includes a collection of ten discourses (SN 27, Kilesa-saṃyutta) that state that any association of "desire-passion" (chanda-rāgo) with the body or mind[2] is a "defilement of mind" (cittasse'so upakkileso):

"Monks, any desire-passion with regard to the eye is a defilement of the mind. Any desire-passion with regard to the ear... the nose... the tongue... the body... the intellect is a defilement of the mind. When, with regard to these six bases, the defilements of awareness are abandoned, then the mind is inclined to renunciation. The mind fostered by renunciation feels malleable for the direct knowing of those qualities worth realizing."[3]

More broadly, the five hindrances – sensual desire (kāmacchanda), anger (byāpāda), sloth-torpor (thīna-middha), restlessness-worry (uddhacca-kukkucca), and doubt (vicikicchā) – are frequently associated with kilesa in the following (or a similar) manner:

[A]ll those Blessed Ones had first abandoned the five hindrances,
defilements of the mind that weaken wisdom ...[4] |  | sabbe te bhagavanto pañcanīvaraṇe pahāya
cetaso upakkilese paññāya dubbalīkaraṇe ... .[5]

|
|

Additionally, in the Khuddaka Nikaya's Niddesa, kilesa is identified as a component of or synonymous with craving (taṇhā) and lust (rāga).[6]

### Abhidhamma: ten defilements and unwholesome roots

While the Sutta Pitaka does not offer a list of kilesa, the Abhidhamma Pitaka's Dhammasangani (Dhs. 1229ff.) and Vibhanga (Vbh. XII) as well as in the post-canonical Visuddhimagga (Vsm. XXII 49, 65) enumerate ten defilements (dasa kilesa-vatthūni) as follows:

1. greed (lobha)
2. hate (dosa)
3. delusion (moha)
4. conceit (māna)
5. wrong views (micchāditthi)
6. doubt (vicikicchā)
7. torpor (thīnaṃ)
8. restlessness (uddhaccaṃ)
9. shamelessness (ahirikaṃ)
10. recklessness (anottappaṃ)[7]

The Vibhanga also includes an eightfold list (aṭṭha kilesa-vatthūni) composed of the first eight of the above ten.[8]

Throughout Pali literature, the first three kilesa in the above tenfold Abhidhamma list (lobha dosa moha) are known as the "unwholesome roots" (akusala-mūla or the root of akusala); and, their opposites (alobha adosa amoha) are the three "wholesome roots" (kusala-mūla or the root of kusala).[9] The presence of such a wholesome or unwholesome root during a mental, verbal or bodily action conditions future states of consciousness and associated mental factors (see Karma).[10]

### Visuddhimagga: round of defilements

|  |

|
|

12 Factors |  | 3 Rounds
aging-death  |  | aspects of
vipāka
(results)[11]
↑ |
birth  |
↑ |  | ↑
becoming  |  | kamma
↑ |  | ↑
clinging  |  | kilesa
↑ |
craving  |
↑ |  | ↑
feeling  |  | vipāka
(results)
↑ |
contact  |
↑ |
sense bases  |
↑ |
name-form  |
↑ |
consciousness  |
↑ |  | ↑
formations  |  | kamma
↑ |  | ↑
ignorance  |  | kilesa
Figure: The "three rounds" of
Dependent Origination (Vsm. XVII, 298).

The 5th-century CE commentarial Visuddhimagga, in its discussion of "Dependent Origination" (Pali: paticca-samuppada) (Vsm. XVII), presents different expository methods for understanding this teaching's twelve factors (nidana). One method (Vsm. XVII, 298) divides the twelve factors into three "rounds" (vaṭṭa):

* the "round of defilements" (kilesa-vaṭṭa)
* the "round of kamma" (kamma-vaṭṭa)
* the "round of results" (vipāka-vaṭṭa).[12][13]

In this framework (see Figure to the right, starting from the bottom of the Figure), kilesa ("ignorance") conditions kamma ("formations") which conditions results ("consciousness" through "feelings") which in turn condition kilesa ("craving" and "clinging") which condition kamma ("becoming") and so on.[11] Buddhaghosa (Vsm. XVII, 298) concludes:

So this Wheel of Becoming, having a triple round with these three rounds, should be understood to spin, revolving again and again, forever; for the conditions are not cut off as long as the round of defilements is not cut off.[12]

As can be seen, in this framework, the round of defilements consists of:

* ignorance (avijjā)
* craving (taṇhā)
* clinging (ūpādānā).[12]

Elsewhere in the Visuddhimagga (Vsm. XXII, 88), in the context of the four noble persons (ariya-puggala, see Four stages of enlightenment), the text refers to a precursor to the attainment of nibbana as being the complete eradication of "the defilements that are the root of the round" (vaṭṭa-mūla-kilesā).[14]

## Sanskrit Sravaka and Mahayana literature

### Three poisons

The three kleshas of ignorance, attachment and aversion are referred to as the three poisons (Skt. triviṣa) in the Mahayana tradition and as the three unwholesome roots (Pāli, akusala-mūla; Skt. akuśala-mūla ) in the Theravada tradition. These three poisons (or unwholesome roots) are considered to be the root of all the other kleshas.

### Five poisons

In the Mahayana tradition, the five main kleshas are referred to as the five poisons (Sanskrit: pañca kleśaviṣa; Tibetan-Wylie: dug lnga).

The five poisons consist of the three poisons with two additional poisons: pride and jealousy. Altogether, the five poisons are:[15][16]

Poison/Klesha  | Sanskrit  | Pali  | Tibetan[15] | Description  | Alternate translations

|
|
|
|
|

Ignorance  | moha
avidya | moha
avijja | gti mug
ma rig pa | Lack of discernment; not understanding the way of things  | Confusion, bewilderment, delusion
Attachment  | rāga | lobha | 'dod chags | Attachment or desire for what we like  | Desire, passion
Aversion  | dvesha | dosa | zhe sdang | Aversion for what we don't like, or for what prevents us from getting what we like  | Anger, hatred
Pride  | māna | māna | nga rgyal | Having an inflated opinion of oneself and a disrespectful attitude toward others  | Arrogance, Conceit
Envy  | irshya | issā | phrag dog | Being unable to bear the accomplishments or good fortune of others  | Jealousy

### Six root kleshas of the Abhidharma

The Abhidharma-kośa identifies six root kleshas (mūlakleśa):

* Attachment (raga)
* Anger (pratigha)
* Ignorance (avidya)
* Pride/Conceit (māna)
* Doubt (vicikitsa)
* Wrong view/False view/Opinionatedness (dṛiṣṭi)[17]

In the context of the Yogācāra school of Buddhism, Muller (2004: p. 207) states that the Six Klesha arise due to the "...reification of an 'imagined self' (Sanskrit: satkāya-dṛṣṭi)".[18]

### Mahaparinirvana Sutra

The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra lists approximately 50 kleshas, including those of attachment, aversion, stupidity, jealousy, pride, heedlessness, haughtiness, ill-will, quarrelsomeness, wrong livelihood, deceit, consorting with immoral friends, attachment to pleasure, to sleep, to eating, and to yawning; delighting in excessive talking and uttering lies, as well as thoughts of harm.[citation needed]

### Two obscurations

Mahayana literature often features an enumeration of "two obscurations" (Wylie: sgrib gnyis), the "obscuration of conflicting emotions" (Sanskrit: kleśa-avaraṇa, Wylie: nyon-mongs-pa'i sgrib-ma) and the "obscuration concerning the knowable" (Sanskrit: jñeya-avaraṇa, Wylie: shes-bya'i sgrib-ma).[19]

## Contemporary glosses

Contemporary translators have used many different English words to translate the term kleshas,[20] such as: afflictions, passions, destructive emotions, disturbing emotions, etc.

The following table provides brief descriptions of the term kleshas given by various contemporary Buddhist teachers and scholars:

English/Sanskrit term used[21] | Description  | Source

|
|

Afflictive emotions  | ... those mind states that cause suffering, such as depression, fear, hatred, anger, jealousy and so on – it's a long list!  | Joseph Goldstein. The Emerging Western Buddhism: An Interview with Joseph Goldstein.
Afflictive emotions  | In general, any defilement or emotion which obscures the mind. They are often summarized as three: ignorance, attachment and aversion. All other negative predispositions are produced on the basis of these three.  | Khenchen Konchog Gyaltshen (2009). A Complete Guide to the Buddhist Path. p. 451 (from the glossary)
Afflictions  | Mental factors that produce states of mental torment both immediately and in the long term. The five principal kleshas, which are sometimes called poisons, are attachment, aversion, ignorance, pride, and jealousy.  | Longchen Yeshe Dorje (Kangyur Rinpoche) (2010). Treasury of Precious Qualities. p. 492 (from the glossary)
Conditioning Factors or Mental Afflictions  | The processes that not only describe what we perceive, but also determine our responses.  | Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche (2008). The Joy of Living. p. 115
Mental afflictions  | In Tibetan a mental affliction is defined as a mental process that has the function of disrupting the equilibrium of the mind. They all have that in common, whether or not there is a strong emotional component to it.  | Goleman, Daniel (2008). Destructive Emotions: A Scientific Dialogue with the Dalai Lama. Kindle Locations 2553–2555.
Destructive emotions  | Fundamentally, a destructive emotion—which is also referred to as an ‘obscuring’ or ‘afflictive’ mental factor—is something that prevents the mind from ascertaining reality as it is. With a destructive emotion, there will always be a gap between the way things appear and the ways things are.  | Goleman, Daniel (2008). Destructive Emotions: A Scientific Dialogue with the Dalai Lama. Kindle Locations 1779–1781.
Defilements  | These are unskilful factors such as greed, hate, delusion, opinionatedness and lack of moral concern. Whereas the term ‘hindrance’ refers to five sticking points, ‘defilement’ is often used without any definite list, but to refer to any function of the mind which is led by unskilful factors.  | Ajahn Sucitto (2011). Meditation, A Way of Awakening. Amaravati Publications. p. 263\. (from the glossary)
Kleshas  | Kleshas are the strong conflicting emotions that spin off and heighten when we get caught by aversion and attraction.  | Pema Chodron. Signs of Spiritual Progress. Shambhala Sun.
Kleshas  | Kleshas are properties that dull the mind and are the basis for all unwholesome actions. The three main kleshas are passion, aggression, and ignorance.  | Chögyam Trungpa. The Truth of Suffering and the Path of Liberation. Edited by Judy L. Lief. Shambhala. p. 134 (from the glossary)
Kleshas  | The basic idea is that certain powerful reactions have the capacity to take hold of us and drive our behavior. We believe in these reactions more than we believe in anything else, and they become the means by which we both hide from ourselves and attempt to cope with a world of ceaseless change and unpredictability. The three poisons of greed, hatred, and ignorance are the classic Buddhist examples, but others include conceit, skeptical doubt, and so-called "speculative" views ...  | Mark Epstein. Going on Being: Buddhism and the Way of Change, a Positive Psychology for the West. http://www.quietspaces.com/kleshas.html
Kleshas  | The emotional obscurations (in contrast to intellectual obscurations), usually translated as "poisons" or "defilements." The three main klesas are ignorance, hatred, and desire. The five klesas include these three along with pride and envy.  |

Thrangu Rinpoche (1993). The Practice of Tranquility & Insight: A Guide to Tibetan Buddhist Mediation (p. 152). Snow Lion. Kindle Edition. p. 152 (from the glossary)

## Overcoming the kleshas

All Buddhist schools teach that through Tranquility (Samatha) meditation the kilesas are pacified, though not eradicated, and through Insight (Vipassana) the true nature of the kilesas and the mind itself is understood. When the empty nature of the Self and the Mind is fully understood, there is no longer a root for the disturbing emotions to be attached to, and the disturbing emotions lose their power to distract the mind.[citation needed]

## Alternative translations

The term kleshas has been translated into English as:

* Afflictions
* Mental afflictions
* Mental disturbances
* Afflictive emotions
* Conditioning factors
* Destructive emotions
* Defiled emotions
* Defilements
* Dissonant emotions
* Disturbing emotions
* Disturbing emotions and attitudes
* Negative emotions
* Dissonant mental states
* Kleshas
* Passions
* Poisons
* Mind poisons
* Worldly desires[22]

## See also

* Āsava
* Five hindrances
* Mental factors (Buddhism)
* Ten fetters (Buddhism)
* Three poisons (Buddhism)
* Bhavacakra
* Maya (illusion)
* Buddhism and psychology
* Kleshas (Hinduism)
* Six Enemies (Hinduism)
* Five Thieves (Sikhism)
* Kashaya (Jainism)
* Seven deadly sins

## References

1. ↑ Beyond the etymological relationship between and semantic closeness of kilesa and upakkilesa (e.g., see Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921–25, p. 139, entry for upakkilesa at [1]), the below-referenced Samyutta Nikaya collection entitled "Kilesa-saṃyutta" (SN 27) does not use kilesa in its actual suttas but, in fact, upakkilesa. Bodhi (2000), pp. 1012–14, 1100 n. 273, specifically makes note of the lexical differences between these two Pali words and chooses to translate kilesa as "defilement" and upakkilesa as "corruption." Similar, in Bodhi (2000), p. 1642, SN 47.12, upakkilesa is translated as "corruption" whereas, as indicated below, in Bodhi (2005), p. 416, this same Pali word in the same sutta is translated as "defilement." Consistent with Bodhi (2005), as seen below, Thanissaro (1994) also translates upakkilesa as "defilement." The related correlate sankilesa (or saṅkilesa) is also translated as "defilement" by Bodhi (e.g., 2000, pp. 903–4; 2005, pp. 55–6), Thanissaro (2004) and Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-5, entry for "Sankilesa"). In SN 22.60 (Bodhi, 2000, pp. 903–4), sankilesa is contextualized by: "By being enamoured with [form], [beings] are captivated by it, and by being captivated by it they are defiled." In this sutta, sankilesa is juxtaposed with purification (visuddhi) which is contextualized by: "Experiencing revulsion [in the impermanence of form's pleasure], [beings] become dispassionate, and through dispassion they are purified."
2. ↑ In particular, this saṃyutta contextualizes kilesa vis-à-vis the six internal and external "sense bases" (ayatana) and their mental concomitants (the six classes of consciousness, contact, feeling and craving, see the section on the "six sextets"), the six primary "elements" (dhātu, cf. mahābhūta), and the five "aggregates" (khandha).
3. ↑ SN 27.1 (trans. Thanissaro, 1994). Note that the phrase that Thanissaro translates as "defilement of awareness" here is cetaso upakkileso; Bodhi (2000), p. 1012, simply translates this as "mental corruption" (underlining added for clarity).
4. ↑ Translation from Bodhi (2005), p. 416. Bodhi (2005, pp. 417, 457 n. 58) states that this is from SN 47.12, as well as DN 16 and DN 28. A similar phrase can be found in DN 28, etc.
5. ↑ Pali, based on a search for "pahāya cetaso upakkilese," retrieved from "BodhgayaNews" at http://www.bodhgayanews.net/pitakaresults.php?title=&start=0&to=10&searchstring=pahāya cetaso upakkilese[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}] (32 matches found).
6. ↑ See Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–5), pp. 216–7, entry for "Kilesa," retrieved 2008-02-09 from "University of Chicago" at [2].
7. ↑ Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–5), p. 217; and, Nyanatiloka (1988), entry for "kilesa," retrieved 2008-02-09 from "BuddhaSasana" at http://www.buddhanet.net/budsas/ebud/bud-dict/dic3_k.htm .
8. ↑ Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 217.
9. ↑ In addition to frequent reference in the Abhidhamma and post-canonical Pali literature, references to the unwholesome roots (akusala-mūla) are sprinkled throughout the Sutta Pitaka. For instance, in the Digha Nikaya, it can be found in DN 33 (D iii.215) and DN 34 (D iii.275); in the Majjhima Nikaya, it is the first of several topics discussed by Ven. Sariputta in the well-known Sammādiṭṭhi Sutta ("Right View Discourse," MN 9); and, in the Itivuttaka, a brief discourse on three unwholesome roots starts off the "Section of the Threes" (Iti. 50). However, in none of these Sutta Pitaka texts are the three unwholesome roots referred to as kilesa. Such an association appears to begin in the Abhidhamma texts.
10. ↑ Nyanatiloka (1988), entry for "mūla," retrieved 2008-02-09 from "BuddhaSasana" at http://www.buddhanet.net/budsas/ebud/bud-dict/dic3_m.htm.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Strictly speaking, in this framework the Visuddhimagga (Vsm. XVII, 298) does not explicitly identify "birth" (jāti) and "aging-death" (jarāmaraṇa) with results (vipāka). Nonetheless, in the preceding paragraph (Vsm. XVII, 297), Buddhaghosa writes: "And in the future fivefold fruit: the five beginning with consciousness. These are expressed by the term 'birth'. But 'ageing-and-death' is the ageing and the death of these [five] themselves" (Ñāṇamoli, 1991, p. 599, v. 297; square-brackets in original). Thus, "birth" and "ageing and death" become correlates or expressions of the five-fold "results" sequence.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Ñāṇamoli (1991), p. 599, v. 298.
13. ↑ Cf. the paracanonical Nettipakaraṇa's "round of suffering, round of action, round of defilements" (dukkhavaṭṭo kammavaṭṭo kilesavaṭṭo) (Nett. i.95)."Archived copy". http://www.bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=15231.
14. ↑ Ñāṇamoli (1991), p. 715.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Padmakara (1998), p. 336, 414. (from the glossary)
16. ↑ Longchen Yeshe Dorje (Kangyur Rinpoche) (2010). p. 492
17. ↑ Guenther (1975), Kindle Location 321.
18. ↑ Muller (2004).
19. ↑ Dorje, Jikdrel Yeshe (Dudjom Rinpoche, author), translated and edited: Gyurme Dorje and Matthew Kapstein (1991). The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Fundamentals and History. Boston, USA: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-199-8, p. 107(Enumerations).
20. ↑ Epstein, Mark (2009) http://www.quietspaces.com/kleshas.html
21. ↑ This column indicates the English words used by each of these teachers as a translation for the term kleshas.
22. ↑ Translation of the Japanese the term Bonno: "WWWJDIC: Text/Word Translation". http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/cgi-bin/wwwjdic.cgi?9T.

## Sources

* Bodhi, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000). The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya. Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-331-1.
* Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005). In the Buddha's Words. Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-491-1.
* Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press, 2003, 2004. Source: http://www.answers.com/topic/kle-a (accessed: January 5, 2008).
* Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse (2011). What Makes You Not a Buddhist. Kindle Edition. Shambhala
* Epstein, Mark (2009). Going on Being: Buddhism and the Way of Change, a Positive Psychology for the West. Wisdom.
* Goldstein, Joseph. The Emerging Western Buddhism: An Interview with Joseph Goldstein. Insight Meditation Society website.
* Goleman, Daniel (2008). Destructive Emotions: A Scientific Dialogue with the Dalai Lama. Bantam. Kindle Edition.
* Guenther, Herbert V. & Leslie S. Kawamura (1975), Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding" Dharma Publishing. Kindle Edition.
* Khenchen Konchog Gyaltshen (2009). A Complete Guide to the Buddhist Path. Snow Lion.
* Longchen Yeshe Dorje (Kangyur Rinpoche) (2010). Treasury of Precious Qualities. Revised edition. Paperback. Shambhala.
* Muller, Charles (2004). The Yogācāra Two Hindrances and Their Reinterpretations in East Asia. Toyo Gakuen University. Source: http://www.acmuller.net/articles/reinterpretations_of_the_hindrances.html (accessed: January 5, 2008)
* Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu (trans.) (1991), The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga. Seattle: BPS Pariyatti. ISBN 1-928706-00-2.
* Nyanatiloka Mahathera (1988). Buddhist Dictionary. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. An on-line search engine is available from "BuddhaSasana" at http://www.buddhanet.net/budsas/ebud/bud-dict/dic_idx.htm .
* Padmakara Translation Group (translator) (1998). The Words of My Perfect Teacher, by Patrul Rinpoche. Altamira.
* Patañjali (undated; author); Gabriel Pradīpaka & Andrés Muni (translators) (2007). Yogasūtra. Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20071222115211/http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit_pronunciation/pronunciation7.html (accessed: November 23, 2007).
* Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921–5). The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. An on-line search engine is available from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1994). Upakkilesa Samyutta: Defilements (SN 27.1–10). Retrieved 2008-02-10 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn27/sn27.001-010.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2004). Ariyapariyesana Sutta: The Noble Search (MN 26). Retrieved 2010-03-20 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html.
* Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche (2007). The Joy of Living. Kindle Edition. Harmony.

## External links

* The Demons of Defilement: (Kilesa Mara), by Ajaan Lee Dhammadharo
* List of ten kilesa (palikanon.com)
* How to Cure 'Destructive Emotions' – an interview with Daniel Goleman

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