Meditation music

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Meditation music is music performed to aid in the practice of meditation. It can have a specific religious content, but also more recently has been associated with modern composers who use meditation techniques in their process of composition, or who compose such music with no particular religious group as a focus. The concept also includes music performed as an act of meditation.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Relational effects
* 3 Christian meditation music
* 4 Zen meditation music
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 6.1 Cited sources
* 7 Further reading

## History

Modern meditation music in the 20th century began when composers such as John Cage, Stuart Dempster, Pauline Oliveros, Terry Riley, La Monte Young and Lawrence Ball began to combine meditation techniques and concepts, and music. Specific works include Karlheinz Stockhausen's Inori (1974), Mantra (1970), Hymnen (1966–67), Stimmung (1968), and Aus den sieben Tagen (1968), and Ben Johnston, whose Visions and Spells (a realization of Vigil (1976)), requires a meditation period prior to performance. R. Murray Schafer's concepts of clairaudience (clean hearing) as well as the ones found in his The Tuning of the World (1977) are meditative.[1]

Stockhausen describes Aus den sieben Tagen as "intuitive music" and in the piece "Es" from this cycle the performers are instructed to play only when not thinking or in a state of nonthinking (Von Gunden asserts that this is contradictory and should be "think about your playing"). John Cage was influenced by Zen and pieces such as Imaginary Landscape No. 4 for twelve radios are "meditations that measure the passing of time".[2]

## Relational effects

Music can provide many psychological benefits including stress reduction, improved memory, and general improvement to cognitive performance.[3] Research shows that the activity of listening to music can aid in detaching a person from their surroundings and help focus on their own thoughts and actions.[4] When applied specifically to a meditative setting, music can aid in mindfulness, visualization, and contemplation. According to the NHS, these qualities can increase personal awareness and help identify signs of stress and anxiety.[5] Practicing mindfulness can help a person be more observant of their present thoughts and actions.[6] Research shows that meditation music can improve confidence during the practice of meditation.[7]

In a July 2018 study, volunteers between ages 60–80 who were listening to healing music and meditating for 1–2 hours a day and eating a sugar-free healthy diet exhibited sharper memory and cognitive skills with happy and cheerful behavioral patterns compared to those who were not.[8]

Meditation music can help improve focus while doing mechanical tasks. A June 2019 study that observed neurosurgeons performing microsurgical training bypasses with and without meditation music showed a slight improvement in the total time utilized by novice surgeons. While the total time utilized by experienced surgeons remained unchanged, the thread length used in the training bypasses was significantly different for both surgeons.[9]

Meditation music can have positive effects on people recovering from drug addiction. In general, spiritual meditation may promote addiction recovery as well as improve the psychological and mental health outcomes of drug addiction; this includes reducing depression, anxiety and stress symptoms.[10] In a January 2020 study, it was concluded that meditation music conducted by Young-Dong Kim can be useful therapy to prevent the reinstatement of methamphetamine addiction during abstinence in rats.[11]

## Christian meditation music

Some Christian faiths, particularly the Catholic Church, reject meditation practice from outside their traditions, particularly new-age music.[12][13][14][15] However, the Olivier Messiaen piece referenced above is explicitly Christian, and Messiaen himself was a practicing Catholic and a church organist.[clarification needed] Olivier Messiaen's Quartet for the End of Time (1941).

## Zen meditation music

Specific works include Tony Scott's Music for Zen Meditation.[citation needed]

## See also

* Aesthetics of music
* Avant-garde music
* Introspection

## References

1. ↑ Von Gunden 1983, pp. 103–104.
2. ↑ Von Gunden 1983, p. 104.
3. ↑ Thoma, Myriam V.; La Marca, Roberto; Brönnimann, Rebecca; Finkel, Linda; Ehlert, Ulrike; Nater, Urs M. (2013-08-05). "The Effect of Music on the Human Stress Response". PLOS ONE 8 (8): e70156. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070156. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 23940541. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...870156T.
4. ↑ "The magic of mindfulness" (in en). 2013-09-01. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-magic-of-mindfulness.
5. ↑ "Mindfulness" (in en). 2021-02-01. https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/self-help/tips-and-support/mindfulness/.
6. ↑ PhD, James Cartreine (2018-11-06). "Mindfulness apps: How well do they work?" (in en). https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/mindfulness-apps-how-well-do-they-work-2018110615306.
7. ↑ "Meditation Music: The Science Behind How Music Helps us to Relax" (in en-US). 2017-08-17. https://blog.therachat.io/meditation-music/.
8. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in en). https://csu-un.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=PC&vid=01CALS_UNO:01CALS_UNO&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&tab=LibraryCatalog&docid=cdi_elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_jalz_2018_07_019.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https://csu-un.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context;=PC&vid;=01CALS_UNO:01CALS_UNO&search;_scope=MyInst_and_CI&tab;=LibraryCatalog&docid;=cdi_elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_jalz_2018_07_019&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Philosophy:Meditation_music">
9. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in en). https://csu-un.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=PC&vid=01CALS_UNO:01CALS_UNO&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&tab=LibraryCatalog&docid=cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2245646090.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https://csu-un.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context;=PC&vid;=01CALS_UNO:01CALS_UNO&search;_scope=MyInst_and_CI&tab;=LibraryCatalog&docid;=cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2245646090&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Philosophy:Meditation_music">
10. ↑ Kadri, Rozeeda; Husain, Rohayah; Omar, Syed Hadzrullathfi Syed (October 2020). "Impact of Spiritual Meditation on Drug Addiction Recovery and Wellbeing: A Systematic Review". International Journal of Human and Health Sciences 04 No. 04 October’20 (4): 237. doi:10.31344/ijhhs.v4i4.208. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cd20/255967583b6a23e264df5c73390938a4431c.pdf.
11. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in en). https://csu-un.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=PC&vid=01CALS_UNO:01CALS_UNO&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&tab=LibraryCatalog&docid=cdi_crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neulet_2019_134620.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https://csu-un.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context;=PC&vid;=01CALS_UNO:01CALS_UNO&search;_scope=MyInst_and_CI&tab;=LibraryCatalog&docid;=cdi_crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neulet_2019_134620&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Philosophy:Meditation_music">
12. ↑ Anon. 2003.
13. ↑ Arie 2003.
14. ↑ Krumboltz and Chan 2005, p. 358.
15. ↑ Pontifical Council for Culture, and Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue 2003.

### Cited sources

* Anon. (2003). "Vatican Book Is Offering Reflections On 'New Age'". The New York Times (4 February).
* Arie, Sophie (2003). "Beware New Age, Vatican Tells Flock". The Guardian (Thursday 30 January).
* Krumboltz, John D., and Anne Chan (2005). "Professional Issues in Vocational Psychology". In Handbook of Vocational Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice, third edition, edited by W. Bruce Walsh and Mark L. Savickas, 345–68. Contemporary Topics in Vocational Psychology. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 978-0-8058-4517-4.
* Pontifical Council for Culture, and Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue (2003). "Jesus Christ the Bearer of the Water Of Life: A Christian Reflection on the 'New Age'". Vatican website (accessed 2 January 2014).
* Von Gunden, Heidi (1983). The Music of Pauline Oliveros. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-1600-8.

## Further reading

* Johnson, Tom (1976). "Meditate on Sound", Village Voice (May 24).

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Meditation

Main topics|

* Brain activity and meditation
* History of meditation
* Meditation in popular culture
* Mind–body interventions
* Research on meditation

Traditions|

* Anapanasati (Buddhist breathing meditation)
* Buddhist meditation
* Christian meditation
* Taoist meditation
* Dancemeditation
* Dhyāna (Buddhist meditation)
* Dhyāna (Hindu meditation)
* Islamic meditation
* Jain meditation
* Jewish meditation
* Muraqabah (Sufi meditation)
* New Age meditation
* Naam Japo (Sikism meditation)
* Neigong
* Pranayama (yoga breathing practice)
* Qigong
* Shikantaza (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)
* Silva Method
* Tantra
* Transcendental meditation (TM)
* Vipassanā (Silent meditation)
* Yoga
* Zazen (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)
* Zhan zhuang (Qigong standing meditation)
* 5Rhythms

Techniques|

* Biofeedback
* Brainwave entrainment
* Breathing
* Chanting
* Concentration
* Emptiness
* Guided meditation
* Higher consciousness
* Mantra
* Mindfulness
* Mudra
* Music
* Oneness
* Poetry
* Postures
* Prayer
* Relaxation
* Samyama
* Sexuality
* Silence
* Sound
* Trance
* Visualization

Leaders|

* Focused attention
* Thich Nhat Hanh
* Open awareness
* Jon Kabat-Zinn
* Sam Harris
* Multiple methods
* Pema Chödrön
* Susan Piver
* S. N. Goenka
* Joseph Goldstein
* Yuval Harari
* 14th Dalai Lama
* Matthieu Ricard
* Sharon Salzberg
* Daniel Goleman
* Thubten Chodron
* Martine Batchelor
* Stephen Batchelor

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