Natural language

Short description: Language as naturally spoken by humans

Neuropsychology

Topics

* Brain regions
* Clinical neuropsychology
* Cognitive neuropsychology
* Cognitive neuroscience
* Dementia
* Human brain
* Neuroanatomy
* Neurophysiology
* Neuropsychological assessment
* Neuropsychological rehabilitation
* Traumatic brain injury

Brain functions

* Arousal
* Attention
* Consciousness
* Decision making
* Executive functions
* Natural language
* Learning
* Memory
* Motor coordination
* Perception
* Planning
* Problem solving
* Thought

People

* Alan Baddeley
* Arthur L. Benton
* David Bohm
* Antonio Damasio
* Phineas Gage
* Norman Geschwind
* Elkhonon Goldberg
* Patricia Goldman-Rakic
* Donald O. Hebb
* Kenneth Heilman
* Eric Kandel
* Edith Kaplan
* Muriel Lezak
* Benjamin Libet
* Rodolfo Llinás
* Alexander Luria
* Brenda Milner
* Karl H. Pribram
* Pasko Rakic
* Oliver Sacks
* Mark Rosenzweig
* Roger W. Sperry
* Hans-Lukas Teuber
* Henry Molaison ("H.M.", patient)
* K.C. (patient)

Tests

* Benton Visual Retention Test
* Continuous Performance Task
* Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
* Hayling and Brixton tests
* Lexical Decision Task
* Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery
* Mini–Mental State Examination
* Rey–Osterrieth complex figure
* Stroop Test
* Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
* Wechsler Memory Scale
* Wisconsin Card Sorting Task

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In neuropsychology, linguistics, and philosophy of language, a natural language or ordinary language is any language that occurs naturally in a human community by a process of use, repetition, and change without conscious planning or premeditation. It can take different forms, namely either a spoken language or a sign language. Natural languages are distinguished from constructed and formal languages such as those used to program computers or to study logic.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Defining natural language
* 2 Controlled languages
* 3 International constructed languages
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 References

## Defining natural language

Natural language can be broadly defined as different from

* artificial and constructed languages, e.g. computer programming languages
* constructed international auxiliary languages
* non-human communication systems in nature such as whale and other marine mammal vocalizations or honey bees' waggle dance.[2]

All varieties of world languages are natural languages, including those that are associated with linguistic prescriptivism or language regulation. (Nonstandard dialects can be viewed as a wild type in comparison with standard languages.) An official language with a regulating academy such as Standard French, overseen by the Académie Française, is classified as a natural language (e.g. in the field of natural language processing), as its prescriptive aspects do not make it constructed enough to be a constructed language or controlled enough to be a controlled natural language.

## Controlled languages

Main page: Controlled natural language

Controlled natural languages are subsets of natural languages whose grammars and dictionaries have been restricted in order to reduce ambiguity and complexity. This may be accomplished by decreasing usage of superlative or adverbial forms, or irregular verbs. Typical purposes for developing and implementing a controlled natural language are to aid understanding by non-native speakers or to ease computer processing. An example of a widely-used controlled natural language is Simplified Technical English, which was originally developed for aerospace and avionics industry manuals.

## International constructed languages

Main page: International auxiliary language

Being constructed, International auxiliary languages such as Esperanto and Interlingua are not considered natural languages, with the possible exception of true native speakers of such languages.[3] Natural languages evolve, through fluctuations in vocabulary and syntax, to incrementally improve human communication. In contrast, Esperanto was created by Polish ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in the late 19th century.

Some natural languages have become organically "standardized" through the synthesis of two or more pre-existing natural languages over a relatively short period of time through the development of a pidgin, which is not considered a language, into a stable creole language. A creole such as Haitian Creole has its own grammar, vocabulary and literature. It is spoken by over 10 million people worldwide and is one of the two official languages of the Republic of Haiti.

As of 1996, there were 350 attested families with one or more native speakers of Esperanto. Latino sine flexione, another international auxiliary language, is no longer widely spoken.

## See also

* Social:Language acquisition
* Philosophy:Origin of language - First formation of language

## Notes

1. ↑ Lyons, John (1991). Natural Language and Universal Grammar. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-0521246965. https://archive.org/details/naturallanguageu0000lyon.
2. ↑ Norris, Paul F (25 August 2011). "The Honeybee Waggle Dance – Is it a Language?". https://animalwise.org/2011/08/25/the-honeybee-waggle-dance-–-is-it-a-language/.
3. ↑ Gopsill, F. P., "A historical overview of international languages". In International languages: A matter for Interlingua. Sheffield, England: British Interlingua Society, 1990.

## References

* ter Meulen, Alice, 2001, "Logic and Natural Language", in Goble, Lou, ed., The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic. Blackwell.

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