Personalism

Personalism is an intellectual stance that emphasizes the importance of the human person. Personalism exists in many different versions, and this makes it somewhat difficult to define as a philosophical and theological movement.[1] Friedrich Schleiermacher first used the term personalism (German: Personalismus) in print in 1799.[2] One can trace the concept back to earlier thinkers in various parts of the world.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Variants
* 2.1 Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev
* 2.2 Emmanuel Mounier
* 2.3 Catholic personalism
* 2.4 Boston personalism
* 2.5 California personalism
* 2.6 Critical personalism
* 2.7 Tartu school of personalism
* 3 Antecedents and influence
* 4 Notable personalists
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## Overview

Writing in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Thomas D. Williams[4] and Jan Olof Bengtsson[5][6] cite a plurality of "schools" holding to a "personalist" ethic and "Weltanschauung", arguing:

> Personalism exists in many different versions, and this makes it somewhat difficult to define as a philosophical and theological movement. Many philosophical schools have at their core one particular thinker or even one central work which serves as a canonical touchstone. Personalism is a more diffused and eclectic movement and has no such common reference point. It is, in point of fact, more proper to speak of many personalisms than one personalism. In 1947 Jacques Maritain could write that there are at least "a dozen personalist doctrines, which at times have nothing more in common than the word 'person.'" Moreover, because of their emphasis on the subjectivity of the person, some of the more important exponents of personalism have not undertaken systematic treatises of their theories.

> It is perhaps more proper to speak of personalism as a "current" or a broader "worldview", since it represents more than one school or one doctrine while at the same time the most important forms of personalism do display some central and essential commonalities. Most important of the latter is the general affirmation of the centrality of the person for philosophical thought. Personalism posits ultimate reality and value in personhood – human as well as (at least for most personalists) divine. It emphasizes the significance, uniqueness and inviolability of the person, as well as the person's essentially relational or social dimension. The title "personalism" can therefore legitimately be applied to any school of thought that focuses on the centrality of persons and their unique status among beings in general, and personalists normally acknowledge the indirect contributions of a wide range of thinkers throughout the history of philosophy who did not regard themselves as personalists. Personalists believe that the person should be the ontological and epistemological starting point of philosophical reflection. Many are concerned to investigate the experience, the status, and the dignity of the human being as person, and regard this as the starting-point for all subsequent philosophical analysis.[7]Template:Longquote

— Thomas D. Williams

Thus, according to Williams, one ought to keep in mind that although there may be dozens of theorists and social activists in the West adhering to the rubric "personalism," their particular foci may, in fact, be asymptotic, and even diverge at material junctures.

## Variants

### Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev

Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev (1874–1948) was a Russian religious and political philosopher who emphasized human freedom, subjectivity and creativity.[8]

### Emmanuel Mounier

In France, philosopher Emmanuel Mounier (1905–1950) was the leading proponent of personalism, around which he founded the review Esprit, which exists to this day. Under Jean-Marie Domenach's direction, it criticized the use of torture during the Algerian War. Personalism was seen as an alternative to both liberalism and Marxism, which respected human rights and the human personality without indulging in excessive collectivism. Mounier's personalism had an important influence in France, including in political movements, such as Marc Sangnier's Ligue de la jeune République (Young Republic League) founded in 1912.

### Catholic personalism

Part of a series on
Catholic philosophy

Aquinas, Scotus, and Ockham

Ethics

* Cardinal virtues
* Just price
* Just war
* Probabilism
* Natural law
* Personalism
* Social teaching
* Virtue ethics

Schools

* Augustinianism
* Cartesianism
* Molinism
* Occamism
* Salamanca
* Scholasticism
* Neo-scholasticism
* Scotism
* Thomism

Philosophers

Ancient

* Ambrose
* Athanasius the Great
* Augustine of Hippo
* Clement of Alexandria
* Cyprian of Carthage
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Gregory of Nyssa
* Irenaeus of Lyons
* Jerome
* John Chrysostom
* John of Damascus
* Justin Martyr
* Origen
* Paul the Apostle
* Tertullian

Postclassical

* Pseudo-Dionysius
* Boethius
* Isidore of Seville
* Scotus Eriugena
* Bede
* Anselm of Canterbury
* Hildegard of Bingen
* Peter Abelard
* Symeon the New Theologian
* Bernard of Clairvaux
* Hugh of Saint Victor
* Thomas Aquinas
* Benedict of Nursia
* Pope Gregory I
* Peter Lombard
* Bonaventure
* Albertus Magnus
* Duns Scotus
* Roger Bacon
* Giles of Rome
* James of Viterbo
* Giambattista Vico
* Gregory of Rimini
* William of Ockham
* Catherine of Siena
* Paul of Venice

Modern

* Baltasar Gracián
* Erasmus of Rotterdam
* Thomas Cajetan
* Nicholas of Cusa
* Luis de Molina
* Teresa of Ávila
* Thomas More
* Francis de Sales
* Francisco de Vitoria
* Domingo de Soto
* Martín de Azpilcueta
* Tomás de Mercado
* Antoine Arnauld
* René Descartes
* Robert Bellarmine
* Ignacy Krasicki
* Hugo Kołłątaj
* François Fénelon
* Alphonsus Liguori
* Nicolas Malebranche
* Blaise Pascal
* Francisco Suárez
* Giovanni Botero

Contemporary

* Pope Benedict XVI
* Pope John Paul II
* Mortimer J. Adler
* G. E. M. Anscombe
* Robert Barron
* Hans Urs von Balthasar
* G. K. Chesterton
* Yves Congar
* Edward Feser
* Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange
* Étienne Gilson
* René Girard
* Romano Guardini
* Dietrich von Hildebrand
* Faustina Kowalska
* Peter Kreeft
* Felicité de Lamennais
* Bernard Lonergan
* Marshall McLuhan
* Alasdair MacIntyre
* Gabriel Marcel
* Jacques Maritain
* Désiré Mercier
* Thomas Merton
* Oswald von Nell-Breuning
* John Henry Newman
* Erich Przywara
* Karl Rahner
* Antonio Rosmini
* Edith Stein
* Eleonore Stump
* Charles Taylor

* v
* t
* e

Following on the writings of Dorothy Day, a distinctively Christian personalism developed in the 20th century.[9] Its main theorist was the Polish philosopher Karol Wojtyła (later Pope John Paul II). In his work, Love and Responsibility, first published in 1960, Wojtyła proposed what he termed 'the personalistic norm':

> This norm, in its negative aspect, states that the person is the kind of good which does not admit of use and cannot be treated as an object of use and as such the means to an end. In its positive form the personalistic norm confirms this: the person is a good towards which the only proper and adequate attitude is love[10]

This brand of personalism has come to be known as "Thomistic" because of its efforts to square modern notions regarding the person with the teachings of Thomas Aquinas.[11] Wojtyła was influenced by the ethical personalism of German phenomenologist Max Scheler.[12]

A first principle of Christian personalism is that persons are not to be used, but to be respected and loved. In Gaudium et spes, the Second Vatican Council formulated what has come to be considered the key expression of this personalism: "man is the only creature on earth that God willed for its own sake and he cannot fully find himself except through a sincere gift of himself".[13]

This formula for self-fulfillment offers a key for overcoming the dichotomy frequently felt between personal "realization" and the needs or demands of social life. Personalism also implies inter-personalism, as Benedict XVI stresses in Caritas in veritate:

> As a spiritual being, the human creature is defined through interpersonal relations. The more authentically he or she lives these relations, the more his or her own personal identity matures. It is not by isolation that man establishes his worth, but by placing himself in relation with others and with God.[14]

Renowned laity contribute significantly to the modern Catholic disposition on personalism as well. For example, Dietrich von Hildebrand noted:

> [Moral values] can only grow out of conscious, free attitudes; man himself must essentially cooperate for their realization. They can only develop through his conscious, free abandonment of himself to genuine values. In proportion to man’s capacity to grasp values, in so far as he sees the fullness of the world of values with a clear and fresh vision, in so far as his abandonment to this world is pure and unconditional, will he be rich in moral values.”[15]

### Boston personalism

Personalism flourished in the early 20th century at Boston University in a movement known as Boston personalism led by theologian Borden Parker Bowne. Bowne emphasized the person as the fundamental category for explaining reality and asserted that only persons are real. He stood in opposition to certain forms of materialism which would describe persons as mere particles of matter. For example, against the argument that persons are insignificant specks of dust in the vast universe, Bowne would say that it is impossible for the entire universe to exist apart from a person to experience it. Ontologically speaking, the person is "larger" than the universe because the universe is but one small aspect of the person who experiences it. Personalism affirms the existence of the soul. Most personalists assert that God is real and that God is a person (or as in Christian trinitarianism, three 'persons', although it is important to note that the nonstandard meaning of the word 'person' in this theological context is significantly different from Bowne's usage).

Bowne also held that persons have value (see axiology, value theory, and ethics). In declaring the absolute value of personhood, he stood firmly against certain forms of philosophical naturalism (including social Darwinism) which sought to reduce the value of persons. He also stood against certain forms of positivism which sought to render ethical and theological discourse meaningless and dismiss talk of God a priori.

Georgia Harkness was a major Boston personalist theologian.[16][17][18][19] Francis John McConnell was a major second-generation advocate of Boston personalism who sought to apply the philosophy to social problems of his time.[20]

### California personalism

George Holmes Howison taught a metaphysical theory called personal idealism[21] or California personalism. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the moral freedom experienced by persons. To deny the freedom to pursue the ideals of truth, beauty, and "benignant love" is to undermine every profound human venture, including science, morality, and philosophy. Thus, even the personalistic idealism of Borden Parker Bowne and Edgar S. Brightman and the realistic personal theism of Thomas Aquinas are inadequate, for they make finite persons dependent for their existence upon an infinite Person and support this view by an unintelligible doctrine of creatio ex nihilo.[22]

The Personal Idealism of Howison was explained in his book The Limits of Evolution and Other Essays Illustrating the Metaphysical Theory of Personal Idealism. Howison created a radically democratic notion of personal idealism that extended all the way to God, who was no more the ultimate monarch, no longer the only ruler and creator of the universe, but the ultimate democrat in eternal relation to other eternal persons. Howison found few disciples among the religious, for whom his thought was heretical; the non-religious, on the other hand, considered his proposals too religious; only J. M. E. McTaggart's idealist atheism or Thomas Davidson's apeirotheism seem to resemble Howison's personal idealism.[23]

### Critical personalism

Critical personalism is a German development. Based on humanistic considerations (e.g. Spaemann), African Theories on Personhood (e.g. Wiredu) receptions of communitarian theories (e.g. Taylor) and empirical findings of developmental, social and personality psychology it addresses the issue of the development of personhood in community. Each person does not only reach a certain position within community but also forms an individual personality over his or her life span. In doing so, they determine a relationship to their selves and to other people. The development of personality appears as a way to take responsibility in community. Communities are thought of as by nature infinitely diverse associations, which are not characterised by fixed values, but rather by the fact that they constantly communicate about values as they constantly arise due to actual praxis. On the basis of discourse ethics (Habermas, Apel) and the methodology of critical mediation,[24] critical personalism in given social contexts reflects on communication practices and the societal conditions for personality development.

### Tartu school of personalism

German philosopher Gustav Teichmüller (1832–1888) founded the personalism school when he came to Tartu in 1871. The core of the group consisted of the first Latvian philosopher Jēkabs Osis (1860–1920),[25] the Russian philosopher Yevgeni Bobrov (1867–1933), the Lithuanian Włodzimierz Szyłkarski (1884–1960), and the Polish thinker Wincenty Lutosławski (1863–1954).[26] This group of philosophers came together to revise German idealism and fight materialistic tendencies. Teichmüller criticised Hegel and Kant’s followers. He believed in a new doctrine that would reveal and justify the importance of an individual personality as the only true source of existence. Teichmüller significantly influenced Russian and Latvian[27] philosophical thought.

## Antecedents and influence

Philosopher Immanuel Kant, though not formally considered a personalist, made an important contribution to the personalist cause by declaring that a person is not to be valued merely as a means to the ends of other people, but that he possesses dignity (an absolute inner worth) and is to be valued as an end in himself.

Catholic philosopher and theologian John Henry Newman, has been posited as a main proponent of personalism by John Crosby of Franciscan University in his book Personalist Papers. Crosby notes Newman's personal approach to faith, as outlined in Grammar of Assent as a main source of Newman's personalism.[28]

Martin Luther King Jr. was greatly influenced by personalism in his studies at Boston University. King came to agree with the position that only personality is real. It solidified his understanding of God as a personal god. It also gave him a metaphysical basis for his belief that all human personality has dignity and worth.[29] In fact, Rufus Burrow highlights King: “‘I think I have discovered the highest good,’ he said. ‘It is love. This principle stands at the center of the cosmos. As John says, “God is love.” He who loves is participating in the being of God. He who hates does not know God.’”[30]

Paul Ricœur explicitly sought to support personalist movement by developing its theoretical foundation and expanding it with a new personalist social ethic.[31]: 3 However, he later had significant disagreements with Mounier and criticized other personalist writers for insufficient conceptual clarity. Ricœur also disagreed with the other personalists in asserting the significance of justice as a value in its own right and gave this primary in the public sphere, whereas Mounier characterized all relationships including public and political ones in terms of love and friendship.[31]

Pope John Paul II was also influenced by the personalism advocated by Christian existentialist philosopher Søren Kierkegaard. Before his election to the Roman papacy, he wrote The Acting Person (sometimes mistranslated as Person and Act), a philosophical work suffused with personalism.[32] Though he remained well within the traditional stream of Catholic social and individual morality, his explanation of the origins of moral norms, as expressed in his encyclicals on economics and on sexual morality, for instance, was largely drawn from a personalist perspective.[33] His writings as Roman pontiff, of course, influenced a generation of Catholic theologians who have since taken up personalist perspectives on the theology of the family and social order.

## Notable personalists

Start your work from where you live, with the small concrete needs right around you. Help ease tension in your workplace. Help feed the person right in front of you. Personalism holds that we each have a deep personal obligation to live simply, to look after the needs of our brothers and sisters, and to share in the happiness and misery they are suffering.

David Brooks, The Road to Character. 2015.

* Randall Auxier
* Willem Banning
* Martin Buber
* Edgar S. Brightman
* Borden Parker Bowne
* Bernard Charbonneau
* Dorothy Day[34][35]
* Jacques Ellul
* Ralph Tyler Flewelling
* George Holmes Howison
* Bogumil Gacka
* Albert C. Knudson
* Edvard Kocbek
* Milan Komar
* Feliks Koneczny
* Edwin Lewis
* Nikolay Lossky
* John Macmurray
* Gabriel Marcel
* Peter Maurin
* J. M. E. McTaggart
* Walter George Muelder
* A. J. Muste
* Ngô Đình Diệm[36]
* Ngô Đình Nhu[37][38]
* Madame Ngô Đình Nhu
* Michael O'Brien[39]
* Constantin Rădulescu-Motru
* Charles Renouvier
* Herman Van Rompuy[lower-alpha 1]
* Denis de Rougemont
* Francisco de Sá Carneiro[44]
* Robert Spaemann
* F. C. S. Schiller
* William Stern
* Gustav Teichmüller
* Pierre Trudeau[45]
* Max Stirner[46]
* Dietrich von Hildebrand
* Pope John Paul II[47][48][49][50][51][52]

## See also

* Juan Manuel Burgos
* Christian and atheistic existentialism
* Communitarianism
* Existential Thomism
* Individualism
* Charles Liebman on Jewish personalism
* The Personalist, a journal dedicated to personalism from about 1920 to 1979, now the Pacific Philosophical Quarterly
* Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party (Can Lao Party), a South Vietnamese party founded and led by Ngô Đình Nhu for use as an instrument of control for the presidency of his brother Ngô Đình Diệm
* Francisco Rolão Preto
* Speculative theism

## Notes

1. ↑ Herman Van Rompuy, former Prime Minister of Belgium and President of the European Council, frequently referred to personalism and wrote extensively about Catholic personalist philosophy.[40][41][42][43]

## References

1. ↑ Williams, Thomas D.. "Personalism". in Zalta, Edward N.. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/personalism/.
2. ↑ F. D. E. Schleiermacher Über die Religion (1799), Hrsg. v. Andreas Arndt. Meiner, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-7873-1690-6 In the original German language: der Personalismus.
3. ↑ Thomas O. Buford, Personalism, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
4. ↑ "Thomas D. Williams, PhD - Theologian, Author, Consultant - Scholarly Articles". http://ww.thomasdwilliams.com/scholarly_articles.html.
5. ↑ "Publications". 4 August 2010. https://janolofbengtsson.com/publications/.
6. ↑ "Jan Bengtsson (Lund University) - PhilPeople". https://philpeople.org/profiles/jan-bengtsson.
7. ↑ Williams, Thomas D.; Bengtsson, Jan Olof (2020). "Personalism". in Zalta, Edward N.. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2020 ed.). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2020/entries/personalism/. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
8. ↑ Richardson, David Bonner (1968). "Existentialism: A Personalist Philosophy of History". Berdyaev's Philosophy of History. pp. 90–137. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-8870-8_3. ISBN 978-94-011-8210-2. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-8870-8_3.
9. ↑ McCook, Kathleen. “Social Justice, Personalism, and the Practice of Librarianship,” Catholic Library World 72 (Winter, 2001): 80-84.
10. ↑ Love and Responsibility (Ignatius Press, 1993), pg. 41
11. ↑ Williams, Thomas D.. "What Is Thomistic Personalism?". Alpha Omega. http://www.uprait.org/archivio_pdf/ao42_williams1.pdf.
12. ↑ Personalism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
13. ↑ Gaudium et spes, no. 24. This apparently paradoxical idea - if you seek your life selfishly, you will lose it; if you are generous in giving it, you will find it - is rooted in the gospel: cf. Mt. 16:25; Mk 8:35; Lk 17:33.
14. ↑ Caritas in veritate, #53
15. ↑ Dietrich von Hildebrand, Fundamental Moral Attitudes, retrieved 2019, https://web.archive.org/web/20190531043632/https://www.ewtn.com/library/theology.funmor.htm
16. ↑ Miles, R. (2010). Georgia Harkness: The Remaking of a Liberal Theologian. Library of theological ethics. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22667-1. [page needed]
17. ↑ Burrow, R. (1999). Personalism: a Critical Introduction. St. Louis, MO: Chalice Press. ISBN 978-0-8272-3055-2. [page needed]
18. ↑ Deats, P.; Robb, C. (1986). The Boston Personalist Tradition in Philosophy, Social Ethics, and Theology. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-177-1. [page needed]
19. ↑ Carpenter, Dianne E. (1988). Georgia Harkness's Distinctive Personalistic Synthesis (Thesis). hdl:2144/38009.[page needed]
20. ↑ Burrow, Rufus Jr. (1993). "Francis John McConnell and personalistic social ethics". Methodist History 31 (2).
21. ↑ "George Holmes Howison". http://www.howison.us/george_holmes_howison.htm.
22. ↑ "Research Howison, George Holmes (1834-1916)". Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://www.bookrags.com/research/howison-george-holmes-18341916-eoph/.
23. ↑ McLachlan, James (2006). "George Holmes Howison: The City of God and Personal Idealism". The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 20 (3): 224–242. Project MUSE 209478.
24. ↑ Geiselhart, Klaus (2020). "Truth and academia in times of fake news, alternative facts and filter bubbles: A pragmatist notion of critique as mediation". in Wills, Jane; Lake, Robert W.. The power of pragmatism: Knowledge production and social inquiry. Manchester University Press. pp. 139–156. ISBN 978-1-5261-3494-3.
25. ↑ Hiršs, A (2015). "THE FIRST LATVIAN PHILOSOPHER JĒKABS OSIS AND THE SEARCH FOR SUBSTANCE" (in en). Trames. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 19 (2): 95. doi:10.3176/tr.2015.2.01. ISSN 1406-0922. http://www.kirj.ee/?id=26002&tpl=1061&c_tpl=1064.
26. ↑ Hiršs, Andris (2024-10-23). "Influence of personalism on Latvian theory up to the early twentieth century: substantiality and panentheism" (in en). Studies in East European Thought. doi:10.1007/s11212-024-09678-7. ISSN 1573-0948. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11212-024-09678-7.
27. ↑ Hiršs, Andris (2023-10-18). "Tendencies in the Historiography of Latvian Philosophy". Problemos 104: 21–35. doi:10.15388/Problemos.2023.104.2. ISSN 2424-6158. https://zurnalai.vu.lt//problemos/article/view/33373.
28. ↑ Crosby, John (2003). Personalist Papers. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 280. ISBN 978-0-8132-1317-0.
29. ↑ "My Pilgrimage to Nonviolence". https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/my-pilgrimage-nonviolence.
30. ↑ p.32, “Martin Luther King, Jr., Personalism, and Moral Law,” Rufus Burrow, Jr., The Asbury Theological Journal: Vol. 52: No. 2, 1997. https://place.asburyseminary.edu/asburyjournal/vol52/iss2/4
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Deweer, Dries (2013). "Ricœur and the Pertinence of a Political Education: On Crisis and Commitment". Archivio di Filosofia 81 (1/2): 71–79.
32. ↑ Wojtyla, Karol (1979-02-28). The Acting Person. Springer. ISBN 978-90-277-0985-1.
33. ↑ see Doran, Kevin P. Solidarity: A Synthesis of Personalism and Communalism in the Thought of Karol Wojtyła/John Paul II. New York: Peter Lang, 1996. ISBN 0-8204-3071-4
34. ↑ Dorothy Day interviews on YouTube; with Christopher Closeup (1971) and Hubert Jessup/WCVB-TV Boston (1974) where she discusses her personalist views
35. ↑ Revolution of the Heart: The Dorthy Day Story. Maryland Public Television. March 6, 2020. (Personalism: minute 13:15+). https://www.pbs.org/video/revolution-of-the-heart-the-dorothy-day-story-lwz697/. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
36. ↑ Kolko, Gabriel, Anatomy of a War pages 83-84, ISBN 1-56584-218-9
37. ↑ Karnow, Stanley, Vietnam: A History p. 259
38. ↑ Nguyen, Duy Lap. The Unimagined Community: Imperialism and Culture in South Vietnam. Manchester University Press, 2020, pages 51-152
39. ↑ O'Brien, Michael (2019). The Family & the New Totalitarianism. Divine Providence Press. ISBN 9780991583263.
40. ↑ Foret, FranÇois (22 August 2011). "Theories of European integration and religion: A critical assessment". in Foret, François; Itçaina, Xabier. Politics of Religion in Western Europe. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203803851. ISBN 978-0-203-80385-1. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/99765/1/ch09.pdf.
41. ↑ Crosby, John F. (1 November 2006). "The Witness of Dietrich von Hildebrand". First Things (168): 7–9. https://www.firstthings.com/article/2006/12/the-witness-of-dietrich-von-hildebrand.
42. ↑ Gourlay, Thomas V. (9 February 2018). "Book Review: Dietrich von Hildebrand, Liturgy and PersonalityLiturgy and Personality. By von HildebrandDietrich. Steubenville, OH: Hildebrand Press, 2016. Pp. 160. US$17.99. ISBN 9781939773005.". The Downside Review 136 (2): 137–138. doi:10.1177/0012580618758961.
43. ↑ Kitzinger, Denis (2011). "Towards a Model of Transnational Agency: the Case of Dietrich von Hildebrand". The International History Review 33 (4): 669–686. doi:10.1080/07075332.2011.620740.
44. ↑ "X CONGRESSO da TSD - Trabalhadores Social Democratas (Social Democratic Workers)" (in pt). p. 7. http://www.tsdnacional.com/pdf/mocao-sn.pdf.
45. ↑ John English (2006-10-06). Citizen of the World. Knopf Canada. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-676-97521-5.
46. ↑ The False Principle of Our Education " I rather say, we need from now on a personal education (not the impressing of convictions). If one wants to call again those who follow this principle -ists, then, in my opinion, one may call them personalists."
47. ↑ Gronbacher, Gregory M. A. (Spring 1998). "The need for economic personalism". Journal of Markets & Morality 1 (1): 1–35. Gale A186469651 ProQuest 1438897603. https://www.marketsandmorality.com/index.php/mandm/article/view/660.
48. ↑ Schmitz, Kenneth L. (1993). At the Center of the Human Drama: The Philosophical Anthropology of Karol Wojtyła/Pope John Paul II. CUA Press. p. 35f. ISBN 978-0-8132-0780-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=li2fr5PLBjEC&pg=PA35.
49. ↑ Lawler, R. D. (1982). The Christian Personalism of Pope John Paul II (Vol. 1). Franciscan Pr.
50. ↑ Woznicki, Andrew N. (1980). A Christian Humanism: Karol Wojtyla's Existential Personalism. Mariel Publications. OCLC 567903880. [page needed]
51. ↑ Doran, K. (1996). Solidarity: a synthesis of personalism and communalism in the thought of Karol Wojtyla/John Paul II (Vol. 190). Peter Lang Pub Inc.[page needed]
52. ↑ Cooper, J. W. (1995). Body, soul, and life everlasting: biblical anthropology and the monism-dualism debate. Vancouver: Regent College Bookstore.[page needed]

## Further reading

* Andris, Hiršs (2024). "Influence of Personalism on Latvian Theory up to the Early Twentieth Century: Substantiality and Panentheism". Studies in East European Thought. doi:10.1007/s11212-024-09678-7.
* Bengtsson, Jan Olof (2006). The Worldview of Personalism. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297191.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-929719-1.
* Bengtsson, Jan Olof (2008). "Reply to Phillip Ferreira". The Pluralist 3 (2): 47–61. doi:10.2307/20708936.
* Bengtsson, Jan Olof (2013). "Personalism". Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions. pp. 1626–1634. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_1689. ISBN 978-1-4020-8264-1.
* Burrow, Rufus Jr. (Spring 1999). "Afrikan American Contributions to Personalism". Encounter 60.2: 145–167.
* De Tavernier, Johan (30 September 2009). "The Historical Roots of Personalism". Ethical Perspectives 16 (3): 361–392. doi:10.2143/ep.16.3.2042719.
* Schmiesing, Kevin (December 2000). "A History of Personalism". SSRN 1851661.
* Williams, Thomas D. (2005). Who Is My Neighbor? Personalism and the Foundations of Human Rights. Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-1391-0.

## External links

* "Personalism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://www.iep.utm.edu/personal.
* Personalism: A Critical Introduction By Rufus Burrow
* Emmanuel Mounier and Personalism
* Personalism: A Brief Account. Department of Philosophy, University of Central Florida, includes link to personalism bibliography
* http://www.personalism.pl Personalism Magazine (Lublin, Poland)];
* History of Personalism—Acton Institute; also articles on Economic personalism
* A Presentation of Personalism; by Bogumił Gacka

Template:Social philosophy

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalism. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Philosophy:Personalism&oldid=4240456"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template