Postmodernist film

Short description: Film genre

Postmodernist film is a classification for works that articulate the themes and ideas of postmodernism through the medium of cinema. Some of the goals of postmodernist film are to subvert the mainstream conventions of narrative structure and characterization, and to test the audience's suspension of disbelief.[1][2][3] Typically, such films also break down the cultural divide between high and low art and often upend typical portrayals of gender, race, class, genre, and time with the goal of creating something that does not abide by traditional narrative expression.[4]

## Contents

* 1 Specific elements
* 2 Specific postmodern examples
* 2.1 Once Upon a Time in the West
* 2.2 Blade Runner
* 2.3 Pulp Fiction
* 2.4 Other selected examples
* 3 List of notable postmodernist filmmakers
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Specific elements

Modernist film came to maturity in the era between WWI and WWII with characteristics such as montage and symbolic imagery, and often took the form of expressionist cinema and surrealist cinema (as seen in the works of Fritz Lang and Luis Buñuel)[5] while postmodernist film – similar to postmodernism as a whole – is a reaction to the modernist works and to their tendencies (such as nostalgia and angst).[6] Modernist cinema has been said to have "explored and exposed the formal concerns of the medium by placing them at the forefront of consciousness. Modernist cinema questions and made visible the meaning-production practices of film."[7] The auteur theory and idea of an author creating a work from their singular vision was a cultural advancement that coincided with the further maturation of modernist cinema. It has been said that "To investigate the transparency of the image is modernist but to undermine its reference to reality is to engage with the aesthetics of postmodernism."[8][9] The modernist film has more faith in the author, the individual, and the accessibility of reality itself (and is generally more sincere in tone[10]) than the postmodernist film.

Postmodernism is in many ways interested in the liminal space that would be typically ignored by more modernist or traditionally narrative offerings. Henri Bergson writes in his book Creative Evolution, "The obscurity is cleared up, the contradiction vanishes, as soon as we place ourselves along the transition, in order to distinguish states in it by making cross cuts therein in thoughts. The reason is that there is more in the transition than the series of states, that is to say, the possible cuts--more in the movement than the series of position, that is to say, the possible stops."[11]

Postmodernist film is often separated from modernist cinema and traditional narrative film[6] by three key characteristics. One of them is an extensive use of homage or pastiche.[7] The second element is meta-reference or self-reflexivity, highlighting the construction and relation of the image to other images in media and not to any kind of external reality.[7] A self-referential film calls the viewer's attention – either through characters' knowledge of their own fictional nature, or through visuals – that the film itself is only a film. This is sometimes achieved by emphasizing the unnatural look of an image which seems contrived. Another technique used to achieve meta-reference is the use of intertextuality, in which the film's characters reference or discuss other works of fiction. Additionally, many postmodern films tell stories that unfold out of chronological order, deconstructing or fragmenting time so as to highlight the fact that what is appearing on screen is constructed. A third common element is a bridging of the gap between highbrow and lowbrow activities and artistic styles[2][3][7] – e.g., a parody of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling in which Adam is reaching for a McDonald's burger rather than the hand of God. The use of homage and pastiche can, in and of itself, result in a fusion of high and low art.

Lastly, contradictions of all sorts – whether it be in visual technique, characters' morals, etc. – are crucial to postmodernism.[2][12]

## Specific postmodern examples

### Once Upon a Time in the West

Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West has often been referred to by critics as an example of a postmodern Western.[13][14] The 1968 spaghetti Western revolves around a beautiful widow, a mysterious gunslinger playing a harmonica, a ruthless villain, and a lovable but hard-nosed bandit who just escaped from jail. The story was developed by Leone, Bernardo Bertolucci, and Dario Argento by watching classic American Westerns, and the final product is a deliberate attempt to both pay homage to and subvert Western genre conventions and audience expectations. Among the most notable examples of intertextuality are the plot similarities to Johnny Guitar, the visual reference to High Noon of a clock stopped at high noon in the middle of a gunfight, and the casting of Henry Fonda as the story's sadistic antagonist which was a deliberate subversion of Fonda's image as a hero established in such films as My Darling Clementine and Fort Apache, both directed by John Ford.[15][16][17]

### Blade Runner

Ridley Scott's Blade Runner might be the best-known postmodernist film.[7] Scott's 1982 film is about a future dystopia where "replicants" (human cyborgs) have been invented and are deemed dangerous enough to hunt down when they escape. There is tremendous effacement of boundaries between genres and cultures, and styles that are generally more separate, along with the fusion of disparate styles and times, a common trope in postmodernist cinema.[2][7] The fusion of noir and science-fiction is another example of the film deconstructing cinema and genre.[10] This embodies the postmodern tendency to destroy boundaries and genres into a self-reflexive product. The 2017 Academy Award-winning sequel Blade Runner 2049 also tackled postmodern anxieties.[18]

### Pulp Fiction

Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction is another example of a postmodernist film.[19][20][21][10] The Palme d'Or-winning film tells the interweaving stories of gangsters, a boxer, and robbers. The 1994 film breaks down chronological time and demonstrates a particular fascination with intertextuality: bringing in texts from both traditionally "high" and "low" realms of art.[1][2] This foregrounding of media places the self as "a loose, transitory combination of media consumption choices."[1][3] Pulp Fiction fractures time (by the use of asynchronous time lines) and by using styles of prior decades and combining them together in the movie.[1] By focusing on intertextuality and the subjectivity of time, Pulp Fiction demonstrates the postmodern obsession with signs and subjective perspective as the exclusive location of anything resembling meaning.

### Other selected examples

Aside from the aforementioned Once Upon a Time in the West, the Blade Runner sequels and Pulp Fiction, postmodern cinema includes films such as:

* Hellzapoppin' (1941)[22]
* Duck Amuck (1953, also been called a modernist film)[23][24][25]
* All That Heaven Allows (1955; also been called a modernist film)[26]
* Written on the Wind (1956)[26]
* A Movie (1958)[27]
* Hiroshima mon amour (1959; also been called a modernist film)[28]
* L'Avventura (1960, also been called a modernist film)[29]
* Psycho (1960)[10][30]
* Blast of Silence (1961)[31]
* Last Year at Marienbad (1961, also been called a modernist film)[32]
* 8½ (1963; also been called a modernist film)[33][26][34]
* Scorpio Rising (1964)[35]
* Woman in the Dunes (1964)[36]
* Pierrot Le Fou (1965, also been called a modernist film)[37]
* Alphaville (1965)[38]
* Persona (1966; also been called a modernist film)[39][10]
* Batman (1966)[40]
* Blowup (1966; also been called a modernist film)[41]
* Weekend (1967)[42]
* Branded to Kill (1967)[43]
* Casino Royale (1967)[44]
* Playtime (1967; also been called a modernist film)[45]
* Night of the Living Dead (1968)[46]
* Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One (1968; also called a modernist film)[10]
* Teorema (1968)[47]
* Death by Hanging (1968)[48]
* 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968; also called a modernist film)[49]
* The Color of Pomegranates (1969; also been called a modernist film)[50]
* Funeral Parade of Roses (1969; also been called a modernist film)[51]
* The Honeymoon Killers (1970)[52]
* Performance (1970)[53]
* The Conformist (1970)[54]
* El Topo (1970)[55]
* The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (1972)[56]
* Badlands (1973)[10]
* Day for Night (1973; also called a modernist film)[49]
* The Holy Mountain (1973; also been called a modernist film)[57]
* The Long Goodbye (1973)[10]
* Blazing Saddles (1974)[58][59]
* Pastoral: To Die in the Country (1974)[60]
* Celine and Julie Go Boating (1974)[61]
* F for Fake (1975)[10]
* Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)[62][34][10]
* Taxi Driver (1976)[62]
* Star Wars (1977)[63]
* The American Friend (1977)[64]
* Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)[65]
* House (1977)[66]
* Dawn of the Dead (1978)[67]
* All That Jazz (1979)[34]
* Alien (1979)[68][69]
* Stalker (1979)[70]
* Apocalypse Now (1979)[68][71][10]
* The Gods Must Be Crazy (1980)[72]
* The Shining (1980)[73]
* The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter (1980)[74]
* Raging Bull (1980)[52]
* Diva (1981)[75][76]
* Escape from New York (1981)[77]
* The Evil Dead (1981)[78][79]
* The Howling (1981)[80]
* Ms. 45 (1981)[81]
* The Thing (1982)[82]
* The Atomic Cafe (1982)[74][83]
* Koyaanisqatsi (1982)[84][85]
* Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982)[86]
* Liquid Sky (1982)[87]
* Sans Soleil (1983)[88][89]
* Videodrome (1983)[90][91]
* Zelig (1983)[92]
* Love Streams (1984)[93]
* A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)[94]
* Repo Man (1984)[95]
* The Terminator (1984)[77][69]
* Brazil (1985)[96]
* Shoah (1985)[97]
* Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985)[98]
* After Hours (1985)[99]
* Terrorizers (1986)[100]
* Mauvais Sang (1986)[101]
* Blue Velvet (1986)[2][102][72]
* A Zed and Two Noughts (1986)[103]
* Walker (1987)[104][105][106]
* The Princess Bride (1987)[107][108][109]
* Innerspace (1987)[110]
* Wings of Desire (1987)[111]
* Om-Dar-B-Dar (1988)[112][113]
* Akira (1988)[114]
* Beetlejuice (1988)[115]
* The Thin Blue Line (1988)[97]
* Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)[116][117]
* They Live (1988)[118]
* When Harry Met Sally (1989)[119]
* Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989)[77]
* Jesus of Montreal (1989)[120]
* sex, lies and videotape (1989)[62]
* Roger & Me (1989)[121]
* Edward Scissorhands (1990)[122]
* Close-Up (1990)[123][124]
* Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990)[125][126]
* Miller's Crossing (1990)[127]
* Barton Fink (1991)[128][129][68][130][10]
* JFK (1991)[72]
* The Double Life of Veronique (1991)[131]
* Until the End of the World (1991)[132]
* Wax or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees (1991)[132]
* Aladdin (1992)[133][134]
* Orlando (1992)[119]
* The Player (1992)[93][130]
* Reservoir Dogs (1992)[135]
* Falling Down (1993)[42]
* Groundhog Day (1993)[72]
* Last Action Hero (1993)[117][136]
* The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)[137]
* The Piano (1993)[119]
* Sleepless in Seattle (1993)[119]
* True Romance (1993)[138]
* Through the Olive Trees (1994)[26]
* Sátántangó (1994)[139]
* Chungking Express (1994)[140][138]
* Forrest Gump (1994)[130][52]
* Natural Born Killers (1994)[138][52]
* Serial Mom (1994)[141]
* Fallen Angels (1995)[142]
* Dead Man (1995)[140]
* Braveheart (1995)[52]
* Get Shorty (1995)[93]
* Underground (1995)[143]
* Showgirls (1995)[144]
* Fargo (1996)[10]
* From Dusk till Dawn (1996)[145]
* Schizopolis (1996)[146][147][148]
* Goodbye South, Goodbye (1996)[149]
* Scream (1996)[122]
* Irma Vep (1996)[150]
* End of Evangelion (1997)[151]
* Lost Highway (1997)[152]
* Gummo (1997)[153]
* Boogie Nights (1997)[93]
* Dark City (1997)[154]
* Starship Troopers (1997)[26]
* Titanic (1997)[119]
* Funny Games (1997)[155]
* The Big Lebowski (1998)[140]
* New Rose Hotel (1998)[132]
* Run Lola Run (1998)[140]
* The Hole (1998)[156]
* The Truman Show (1998)[157]
* Pleasantville (1998)[158]
* Shakespeare in Love (1998)[119]
* You've Got Mail (1998)[119]
* Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai (1999)[159]
* Fight Club (1999)[140][102]
* The Straight Story (1999)[160]
* American Beauty (1999)[140]
* The Blair Witch Project (1999)[145]
* The Matrix (1999)[161][102]
* Magnolia (1999)[26]
* American Psycho (2000)[145]
* Memento (2000) [162][102]
* Dancer in the Dark (2000)[163]
* Werckmeister Harmonies (2000)[164]
* Requiem for a Dream (2000)[165]
* Timecode (2000)[93]
* Rejected (2000)[166]
* The Majestic (2001)[158]
* Moulin Rouge! (2001) [162][102]
* Shrek (2001)[122]
* Waking Life (2001)[167]
* The Royal Tenenbaums (2001) [162]
* Mulholland Drive (2001)[2][168]
* Donnie Darko (2001)[169][122]
* All About Lily Chou-Chou (2001)[170]
* The Man Who Wasn't There (2001)[165]
* Pulse (2001)[171]
* Far From Heaven (2002)[172][173][174][119]
* The Hours (2002)[119]
* 24 Hour Party People (2002)[175]
* Down with Love (2003)[119]
* Lost in Translation (2003)[176]
* The Fog of War (2003)[97]
* Zatōichi (2003)[177]
* Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)[169][178]
* Team America: World Police (2004)[179]
* Tropical Malady (2004)[180]
* The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004)[138]
* The Machinist (2004)[42]
* Shaun of the Dead (2004)[145][42]
* Brick (2005)[138]
* Grizzly Man (2005)[181]
* Still Life (2006)[182]
* Marie Antoinette (2006)[168][176]
* Enchanted (2007)[183]
* I'm Not There (2007)[184]
* Mercedes Ray (2007)[185]
* No Country for Old Men (2007)[10]
* The Beaches of Agnès (2008)[186]
* Synecdoche, New York (2008)[187][138]
* Hunger (2008)[176]
* Waltz with Bashir (2008)[97]
* Enter the Void (2009)[188]
* Shutter Island (2010)[189][190]
* Exit Through the Gift Shop (2010)[181]
* Inception (2010)[169]
* Scott Pilgrim vs. The World (2010)
* Drive (2011)[191][122]
* The Skin I Live In (2011)[192]
* Shame (2011)[176]
* We Need to Talk About Kevin (2011)[193]
* The Act of Killing (2012)[181][42]
* Tabu (2012)[194]
* Cloud Atlas (2012)[90]
* Holy Motors (2012)[195]
* ParaNorman (2012)[196]
* Post Tenebras Lux (2012)[197]
* Wreck-It Ralph (2012)[122]
* Get a Horse! (2013)[198]
* Only Lovers Left Alive (2013)[199]
* Her (2013)[169][102]
* Only God Forgives (2013)[200]
* Boyhood (2014)[42]
* Clouds of Sils Maria (2014)[201]
* The Lego Movie (2014)[122][34][202]
* The Look of Silence (2014)[181]
* Cemetery of Splendour (2015)[203]
* World of Tomorrow (2015)[204]
* Deadpool (2016)[205]
* La La Land (2016)[206][207][208]
* Swiss Army Man (2016)[209]
* Baby Driver (2017)
* Get Out (2017)[210]
* The Square (2017)[211]
* Under the Silver Lake (2018)[212]
* Wonderstruck (2017)[213]
* Spider-Verse (2018–2024)[214]
* Sorry to Bother You (2018)[95]
* The House That Jack Built (2018)[215]
* Long Day's Journey into Night (2018)[216]
* Knives Out (2019)[217]
* Pain & Glory (2019)[34][218]
* Bad Luck Banging or Loony Porn (2021)[219]
* Bergman Island (2021)[220]
* Babylon (2022)[221]
* Everything Everywhere All At Once (2022)[222][223]
* Last Night in Soho (2021)[224]
* Nope (2022)[225]
* White Noise (2022)[226]
* Barbie (2023)[227][223]
* Beau is Afraid (2023)[228]

## List of notable postmodernist filmmakers

* Sofia Coppola[176]
* Sergio Leone[229][230]
* Steve McQueen[176]
* Wong Kar-Wai[231]
* Don Hertzfeldt[232]
* Christopher Nolan[34]
* Douglas Sirk (also been called a modernist filmmaker)[26][233]
* Quentin Tarantino[234][235]
* Joel and Ethan Coen[236][165][235]
* Oliver Stone[236]
* Robert Altman[236]
* Woody Allen[236][237]
* David Lynch[165][235][238]
* Tim Burton[165]
* Joe Dante[239]
* Errol Morris[240] (also been called an anti-postmodernist filmmaker)
* Brian De Palma[165][26][237]
* David Cronenberg[165][238]
* Peter Bogdanovich[237]
* Martin Scorsese[237]
* Ridley Scott[235]
* Wes Anderson[235][241]
* Michael Haneke[235]
* Paul Thomas Anderson[26]
* Paul Verhoeven[26]
* Steven Soderbergh[26][242]
* Pedro Almodovar[243]
* John Waters[238]
* George A. Romero[238]
* Guy Maddin[244][245]
* Michel Gondry[95]
* Spike Jonze[95]
* Tex Avery (also been called a modernist filmmaker)[246]
* Abel Ferrara[247]
* Stanley Kubrick (also been called a modernist filmmaker)[248]
* Michael Moore[249][250]
* Jordan Peele[251][252]
* Peter Greenaway[253][254]
* Kevin Smith[255]
* Michael Mann[119]

## See also

* Remodernist film, one of the many critical stances against postmodernist cinema
* Cinephilia
* Art film
* New Hollywood, similar in content
* Social thriller
* Vulgar auteurism
* Auteur theory
* Extreme cinema
* Independent film
* Indiewood
* Hyperlink cinema
* Slow cinema
* Arthouse action film
* Remix culture
* American Eccentric Cinema
* Maximalist and minimalist cinema
* Cult film
* Arthouse animation
* Pop culture fiction
* Postmodern television
* Postmodern horror
* Arthouse musical

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Hopkins, Susan (Spring 1995). "Generation Pulp". Youth Studies Australia 14 (3): 14–19.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Kretzschmar, Laurent (July 2002). "Is Cinema Renewing Itself?". Film-Philosophy 6 (15). doi:10.3366/film.2002.0015.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hutcheon, Linda (January 19, 1998). "Irony, Nostalgia, and the Postmodern". University of Toronto English Library. http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/criticism/hutchinp.html.
4. ↑ "Representing Postmodern Marginality in Three Documentary Films. - Free Online Library". https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Representing+Postmodern+Marginality+in+Three+Documentary+Films.-a0204861632.
5. ↑ "Characteristics of a Modernist Film". https://ourpastimes.com/characteristics-of-a-modernist-film-12545688.html.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Betz, Mark (March 23, 2009). "Beyond the subtitle : remapping European art cinema". Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press. http://archive.org/details/betz_beyond-the-subtitle-remapping-european-art-cinema.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Beginning Postmodernism, Manchester University Press: 1999 by Tim Woods
8. ↑ Milovanovic, Dragan (15 March 2009). "Dueling Paradigms: Modernist v. Postmodern Thought". American Society of Criminology. http://critcrim.org/critpapers/milovanovic_postmod.htm.
9. ↑ "Reading the Postmodern Image: A Cognitive Mapping," Screen: 31, 4 (Winter 1990) by Tony Wilson
10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 Why Do Movies Feel So Different Now? - Thomas Flight on YouTube
11. ↑ Bergson, Henri; Mitchell, Arthur (March 23, 1911). Creative Evolution. H. Holt. ISBN 9780827421110. https://books.google.com/books?id=_DkZAAAAYAAJ.
12. ↑ Alemany-Galway, Mary (2002). A Postmodern Cinema. Kent, England: Scarecrow Press.
13. ↑ "ONCE UPON A TIME IN THE WEST (1968) • Frame Rated" (in en-GB). 2018-11-26. https://www.framerated.co.uk/once-upon-time-west-1968/.
14. ↑ "50 years, 50 films: Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) | Screenwriter". https://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/screenwriter/2013/08/11/50-years-50-films-once-upon-a-time-in-the-west-1968/.
15. ↑ "Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) – Deep Focus Review – Movie Reviews, Critical Essays, and Film Analysis". https://deepfocusreview.com/definitives/once-upon-a-time-in-the-west/.
16. ↑ "50 years, 50 films: Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) | Screenwriter". https://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/screenwriter/2013/08/11/50-years-50-films-once-upon-a-time-in-the-west-1968/.
17. ↑ "Once Upon a Time in the West - Library of Congress". https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-film-preservation-board/documents/once_time_west.pdf.
18. ↑ "Blade Runner 2049" proves Denis Villeneuve as the closest we have to a modern-day Kubrick - Highlander
19. ↑ Tincknell, Estella (2006). "The Soundtrack Movie, Nostalgia and Consumption", in Film's Musical Moments, ed. Ian Conrich and Estella Tincknell (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press). ISBN:0-7486-2344-2
20. ↑ King, Geoff (2002). Film Comedy (London: Wallflower Press). ISBN:1-903364-35-3
21. ↑ Wood, James (November 12, 1994). The Guardian .
22. ↑ Postponing Postmodernism - Believer Magazine
23. ↑ Weekly, Fort Worth (February 11, 2015). "Love Jones". https://www.fwweekly.com/2015/02/11/love-jones/.
24. ↑ Henderson, Eric (November 17, 2005). "DVD Review: The Looney Tunes Movie Collection on Warner Home Video". https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/the-looney-tunes-movie-collection/.
25. ↑ "The Looney Tunes Golden Collection (DVD)". 11 November 2003. https://www.avclub.com/the-looney-tunes-golden-collection-dvd-1798199078.
26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 "The Case for Douglas Sirk as the First Postmodern Filmmaker". September 11, 2021. https://collider.com/postmodern-filmmaker-douglas-sirk/.
27. ↑ Bruce Conner: In the Estheticization of Violence - Google Books (pg.8)
28. ↑ Whelan, Nicola. "Place, Memory and History: A Construction of Subjectivity in Alain Resnais and Marguerite Duras' 'Hiroshima Mon Amour'". NCAD. https://www.academia.edu/6655525.
29. ↑ "What makes Antonioni's L'avventura great". https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/features/l-avventura-michelangelo-antonioni-1960-greatest-films-poll.
30. ↑ Prince, Stephen (Feb 2, 2004). The Horror Film. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813533636. https://books.google.com/books?id=S6jKVfuQG3wC&dq=night+of+the+living+dead+postmodern&pg=PA89. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
31. ↑ REEL BROOKLYN: BLAST OF SILENCE, EAST NEW YORK - Brooklyn Magazine
32. ↑ "Criterion Files #478: 'Last Year at Marienbad'". August 25, 2010. https://filmschoolrejects.com/criterion-files-478-last-year-at-marienbad-d51728cf83d4/.
33. ↑ "8 1/2 as a Postmodernist Film | Critical Film Theory: The Poetics and Politics of Film". https://sites.lafayette.edu/fams202-sp15/2015/04/26/8-12-as-a-postmodernist-film/.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 Diaz, Jonny (August 2, 2020). "Christopher Nolan: Postmodern Master". https://www.roughcutcinema.com/post/christopher-nolan-postmodern-master.
35. ↑ Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Culture - Google Books (pg.84)
36. ↑ Kumar, Arun (November 28, 2017). "Woman in the Dunes [1964 – A Haunting Existential Masterpiece"]. https://www.highonfilms.com/woman-dunes-existential-masterpiece/.
37. ↑ Rivieccio, Genna (September 6, 2021). "Pierrot Le Fou's Discourse on the Infection of Americanism in Europe and the Absurdity of Modern Society". https://www.culledculture.com/jean-paul-belmondo-pierrot-le-fou/.
38. ↑ Hoberman, J.. "Godard's Conflagration of Images | J. Hoberman". https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/01/26/godards-conflagration-of-images/.
39. ↑ "Fragmented Identities: Ingmar Bergman's 1966 film 'Persona'". October 19, 2020. https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/ingmar-bergman-masterpiece-persona-review/.
40. ↑ "Batman (1966) is a Postmodern Masterpiece". March 6, 2017. https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/batman-1966-is-a-postmodern-masterpiece/.
41. ↑ write, Thought to (August 22, 2021). "From Modernism to Postmodernism depicting the transition through the movie: 'Blow-up'.". https://thought2write.medium.com/from-modernism-to-postmodernism-depicting-the-transition-through-the-movie-blow-up-92d10d172d2d.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 Roddis, Zach. "20 Great Postmodern Films You Should Watch". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/20-great-postmodern-films-you-should-watch/2/.
43. ↑ Teo, Stephen. "Seijun Suzuki: Authority in Minority – Senses of Cinema". https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2000/festival-reports/suzuki/.
44. ↑ Casino Royale at 33: The Postmodern Epic in Spite of Itself - Bright Lights Film Journal
45. ↑ "ARCHITECTURE+FILM". https://architectureandfilmblog.tumblr.com/.
46. ↑ The Horror Film - Google Books (pg.89)
47. ↑ Theology, Pop (March 25, 2013). "Teorema: God Will Save You from Your Dull Middle-Class Existence". https://www.patheos.com/blogs/poptheology/2013/03/teorema/.
48. ↑ Kumar, Arun (April 14, 2016). "Death by Hanging [1968: A Brilliant, Provocative Work of a Anti-Authoritarian"]. https://www.highonfilms.com/death-by-hanging-1968-a-brilliant-provocative-work-of-a-anti-authoritarian/.
49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 History 104 Lecture: Social Revolution
50. ↑ Alias, Haziq. "The Color of Pomegranates: An Avant- Garde Film That Found Beauty Universally". None. https://www.academia.edu/44531158.
51. ↑ FUNERAL PARADE OF ROSES - Hammer to Nail
52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 Mythologies of Violence in Postmodern Media - Google Books
53. ↑ "Nicolas Roeg: 7 great moments". https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/nicolas-roeg-seven-great-moments.
54. ↑ "The Conformist": An unsettling political masterpiece returns - Salon
55. ↑ "'El Topo' at 50: A psychedelic film endorsed by John Lennon". April 15, 2021. https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/el-topo-50-psychedelic-journey-endorsed-john-lennon/.
56. ↑ Acker, Melissa. "The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie – Senses of Cinema". https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2013/cteq/the-discreet-charm-of-the-bourgeoisie/.
57. ↑ Yigitce, Erdinch (June 26, 2013). "Holy Blood And Holy Mountains: The Cinema Of Alejandro Jodorowsky". https://theculturetrip.com/south-america/chile/articles/holy-blood-and-holy-mountains-the-cinema-of-alejandro-jodorowsky/.
58. ↑ "Blazing Saddles" as Postmodern Ethnic Carnival on JSTOR
59. ↑ The Mel Brooks Collection|AV Club
60. ↑ "Pastoral, to die in the country". April 10, 2020. https://phroomplatform.com/pastoral-to-die-in-the-country/.
61. ↑ ‘Céline and Julie Go Boating’ Review: Candy Can Only Fuel the Memory of Few|Hills West Roundup
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Deo, Kanishka. "The 20 Best Postmodernist Movies of All Time". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2014/20-best-postmodernist-movies/.
63. ↑ Wasley, Aidan (November 1, 2005). "The greatest postmodern art film ever.". https://slate.com/culture/2005/11/the-greatest-postmodern-art-film-ever.html.
64. ↑ You Were Never Really Here Is A Smart Thriller That Retreads Familiar Territory: Review|SPIN
65. ↑ Was postmodernism born with Close Encounters of the Third Kind?|Culture|The Guardian
66. ↑ Heart of Weirdness: The Story Behind Hausu|Austin Film Society
67. ↑ "Filmmuseum - Program SD". https://www.filmmuseum.at/jart/prj3/filmmuseum/main.jart?rel=en&reserve-mode=active&content-id=1219068743272&schienen_id=200018.
68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 Mambrol, Nasrullah (July 1, 2017). "Modernism, Postmodernism and Film Criticism". https://literariness.org/2017/07/01/modernism-postmodernism-and-film-criticism/.
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Alternate Americas: Science Fiction and American Culture - Google Books
70. ↑ "Post-Stalker: Notes on Post-Industrial Environments and Aesthetics". https://strelkamag.com/en/article/post-stalker-notes-on-post-industrial-environments-and-aesthetics.
71. ↑ "Alexander M Gross - The Postmodern Apocalypse". http://www.alexandermgross.com/film.html.
72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 A Primer on Postmodernism - Google Books (pg.33)
73. ↑ Anastasova, Maria (Oct 12, 2018). The Suspense of Horror and the Horror of Suspense. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781527519046. https://books.google.com/books?id=N_N0DwAAQBAJ&dq=postmodern+horror+the+shining&pg=PA81. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Connie Field's 'The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter'|International Documentary Association
75. ↑ 8 European Film Movements You Should Know - The Odyssey Online
76. ↑ As Delightful As It Insufferable: On the Complex Joy of Diva - Roger Ebert
77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 The Postmodern Presence - Google Books (pg.157)
78. ↑ Arnzen, Michael A. (Feb 2, 1994). "Who's Laughing now? The Postmodern Splatter Film". Journal of Popular Film and Television 21 (4): 176–184. doi:10.1080/01956051.1994.9943985. https://www.academia.edu/1992804. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
79. ↑ The Monstrous-feminine - Google Books (pg.73)
80. ↑ Staff, Slant (Oct 28, 2022). "The 100 Best Horror Movies of All Time". https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/100-greatest-horror-movies-of-all-time/. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
81. ↑ Review: Abel Ferrara's Ms. 45 on Drafthouse Films Blu-ray - Slant Magazine
82. ↑ The Horror Film – Google Books (pgs.87–113)
83. ↑ Rick Prelinger: We have always recycled|BFI
84. ↑ The Postmodern Presence - Google Books (pg.37)
85. ↑ "Did We Ever Stop Being Postmodern?". http://designobserver.com/feature/did-we-ever-stop-being-postmodern/30798.
86. ↑ Carl Reiner Has Died at the Age of 98 - Paste
87. ↑ 346\. LIQUID SKY (1982)|366 Weird Movies
88. ↑ "Criterion Files #387: La Jetée". July 14, 2010. https://filmschoolrejects.com/criterion-files-387-la-jetée-da697b989ee3/.
89. ↑ La Jetee/Sans Soleil: The Criterion Collection - DVD Talk
90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 Ledingham, John. "10 Great Postmodern Sci-fi Movies To Blow Your Mind". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2021/10-great-postmodern-sci-fi-movies-to-blow-your-mind/.
91. ↑ Secret Agency in Mainstream Postmodern Cinema
92. ↑ Postmodern Hollywood - Google Books (pgs.34-35)
93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 93.3 93.4 "5 FILMS THAT ARE POST MODERN MOVIES ABOUT THE NEW HOLLYWOOD". https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-08-02-0208020253-story.html.
94. ↑ Recreational Terror - Google Books
95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 David and David at the Movies: Sorry to Bother You - Indiana University Cinema
96. ↑ Sterritt, David. "Brazil: A Great Place to Visit, Wouldn't Want to Live There". https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/2583-brazil-a-great-place-to-visit-wouldn-t-want-to-live-there.
97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 97.3 Gallagher, Richard. "10 Great Postmodern Documentaries That Are Worth Your Time". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/10-great-postmodern-documentaries-that-are-worth-your-time/.
98. ↑ Mishama: A Life in Four Chapters|Screen Slate
99. ↑ Willett, Cynthia (1996). "Baudrillard, "After Hours", and the Postmodern Suppression of Socio-Sexual Conflict". Cultural Critique (34): 143–161. doi:10.2307/1354615. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1354615.
100. ↑ Exiles in Modernity - Chicago Reader
101. ↑ "MAUVAIS SANG | Viennale". https://www.viennale.at/en/films/mauvais-sang.
102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 102.4 102.5 "Modernism and Post-Modernism in Pop Culture - Modernism and Post-Modernism in British Literature". https://sites.google.com/a/fiu.edu/britlitmod/modernism-and-post-modernism-in-pop-culture.
103. ↑ Circles, Myth, and Darwinism: Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey and Peter Greenaway's A Zed and Two Noughts (ZOO) - Offscreen
104. ↑ Walker - Harvard Film Archive
105. ↑ Free Alex Cox event in Arberdeen|Den of Geek
106. ↑ Historical Dictionary of Postmodernist Literature and Theater - Google Books (pg.346)
107. ↑ Ten Must-See 80s Sci-Fi And Fantasy Films|AMC Talk|AMC
108. ↑ ‘The Princess Bride’: Revisiting Rob Reiner and William Goldman’s Paean to Pure Storytelling|The Film Stage
109. ↑ RIP William Goldman, creator of beloved film, The Princess Bride \- Ars Technica
110. ↑ FUNNY `INNERSPACE` DOMESTICATES ROGUE DIRECTOR – Chicago Tribune
111. ↑ Caldwell, David; Rea, Paul W. (1991). "Handke's and Wenders's Wings of Desire: Transcending Postmodernism". The German Quarterly 64 (1): 46–54. doi:10.2307/407304. http://www.jstor.org/stable/407304.
112. ↑ MUBI on Twitter: "A postmodern cult classic from Indian filmmaker Kamal Swaroop."
113. ↑ 10 Films To Watch When You’re Stoned - High On Films
114. ↑ Postmodernity and the city: Blade Runner, Dark City, Akira - High on Films
115. ↑ "30 years later and Beetlejuice is still the ghost with the most". Mar 30, 2018. https://culturess.com/2018/03/30/30-year-anniversary-beetlejuice-still-ghost-with-the-most/. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
116. ↑ "Who Framed Roger Rabbit?". https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/framed-roger-rabbit-review/.
117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 A Primer on Postmodernism - Google Books (pg.32)
118. ↑ David and David at the Movies: Sorry to Bother You - Indiana University Cinema
119. ↑ 119.00 119.01 119.02 119.03 119.04 119.05 119.06 119.07 119.08 119.09 119.10 Postmodern Chick Flicks: The Return of the Woman's Film - Google Books
120. ↑ Bruyn, Dirk de. "Coming in from the Culled: A Review of A Postmodern Cinema: The Voice of the Other in Canadian Film by Mary Alemany-Galway – Senses of Cinema". https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/book-reviews/postmodern_cinema_canada/.
121. ↑ New Working-class Studies - Google Books (pg.160)
122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 122.2 122.3 122.4 122.5 122.6 Roddis, Zach. "20 Great Postmodern Films You Should Watch". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/20-great-postmodern-films-you-should-watch/3/.
123. ↑ Tavasoli, Sara (May 22, 2015). "Postmodernism in". Research in Contemporary World Literature 20 (1): 23–39. doi:10.22059/jor.2015.54213. https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_54213.html.
124. ↑ "Postmodern Need Not Mean Post-Human: Abbas Kiarostami and the Paradox of Cinema". July 5, 2016. https://www.villagevoice.com/2016/07/05/postmodern-need-not-mean-post-human-abbas-kiarostami-and-the-paradox-of-cinema/.
125. ↑ New on DVD and Blu-ray|The Week
126. ↑ Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990) Movie Review from Eye for Film
127. ↑ Watch: In-Depth Dissection Of The Coens' Postmodernism|The Playlist
128. ↑ "Barton Fink (Joel and Ethan Coen, 1991) • Senses of Cinema". http://sensesofcinema.com/2017/cteq/barton-fink/.
129. ↑ "The Coen Brothers: The Postmodern Films - Barton Fink - Film Closings". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2017/pulling-focus-barton-fink-1991/.
130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 130.2 Palmer, Joy (December 1, 2000). "Conventionalizing the Postmodern". Film-Philosophy 4 (1). doi:10.3366/film.2000.0001. https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/full/10.3366/film.2000.0001.
131. ↑ ŽiŽek, Slavoj. "The Double Life of Véronique: The Forced Choice of Freedom". https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/1733-the-double-life-of-v-ronique-the-forced-choice-of-freedom.
132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 132.2 Ledingham, John. "10 Great Postmodern Sci-fi Movies To Blow Your Mind". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2021/10-great-postmodern-sci-fi-movies-to-blow-your-mind/2/.
133. ↑ Postmodernism in the Cinema - Google Books (pg.45)
134. ↑ Review: Aladdin - Slant Magazine
135. ↑ REVIEWER, M. FAUST NEWS BOOK REVIEWER, M. FAUST NEWS CONTRIBUTING. "A FIRST MOVIE WITH PLENTY OF BITE QUENTIN TARANTINO LETS 'RESERVOIR DOGS' DO THE TALKING FOR HIM". https://buffalonews.com/news/a-first-movie-with-plenty-of-bite-quentin-tarantino-lets-reservoir-dogs-do-the-talking/article_fd0f9ba5-ce40-5f33-b4aa-a0b9e7d4456d.html.
136. ↑ Arnold Schwarzenegger's Experimental Postmodern Film That Almost Worked - Collider
137. ↑ 'The Nightmare Before Christmas' (PG) - The Washington Post
138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 138.2 138.3 138.4 138.5 Roddis, Zach. "20 Great Postmodern Films You Should Watch". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/20-great-postmodern-films-you-should-watch/.
139. ↑ Dudková, Jana (March 23, 2013). "An Image of Recurrent Time: Notes on Cinematic Image and the Gaze in Béla Tarr?s Sátántangó". Human Affairs 23 (1): 21–31. doi:10.2478/s13374-013-0103-y. https://philpapers.org/rec/DUDAIO.
140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 140.2 140.3 140.4 140.5 Deo, Kanishka. "The 20 Best Postmodernist Movies of All Time". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2014/20-best-postmodernist-movies/2/.
141. ↑ Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer - Google Books (pg.121)
142. ↑ FALLEN ANGELS | Cleveland Institute of Art College of Art | 800.223.4700
143. ↑ "Emir Kusturica's "Underground," text version". https://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/Kusterica/text.html.
144. ↑ "Is Narrative Overrated? Finding New Ways to Engage With Cinema". https://the-artifice.com/is-narrative-overrated-cinema/.
145. ↑ 145.0 145.1 145.2 145.3 "10 Savvy Postmodern Horror Films That Helped Reinvent The Genre". October 24, 2015. https://decider.com/2015/10/24/10-best-postmodern-horror-films/.
146. ↑ Schizopolis and the Chaos of American Suburban Living|25YL
147. ↑ 216\. SCHIZOPOLIS (1996)|366 Weird Movies
148. ↑ The Sundance Kids: How the Mavericks Took Back Hollywood - Google Books (pg.174)
149. ↑ "Sophistication and sincerity". https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/sophistication-and-sincerity/.
150. ↑ "Olivier Assayas' "Irma Vep": A Product and Critique of the French New Wave – Brattle Theatre Film Notes". https://www.brattleblog.brattlefilm.org/2017/12/05/olivier-assayass-irma-vep-a-product-and-critique-of-the-french-new-wave-5985/.
151. ↑ CINEMA QUARANTINO: The End of Evangelion (1997) dir. Hideaki Anno|BOSTON HASSLE
152. ↑ Lost Highway (1997)|The Criterion Collection
153. ↑ Duncan, Pansy (March 23, 2015). "Bored and Boringer: avant-garde and trash in Harmony Korine's Gummo". Textual Practice 29 (4): 717–743. doi:10.1080/0950236X.2014.987690. https://www.academia.edu/5583507.
154. ↑ Dark City 1997, directed by Alex Proyas|Time Out
155. ↑ 20 Great Postmodern Films You Should Watch - Taste of Cinema
156. ↑ Chang, Kai-man (2008). "Gender Hierarchy and Environmental Crisis in Tsai Ming-liang's "The Hole"". Film Criticism 33 (1): 25–44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24777368.
157. ↑ Escaping the Panopticon: Utopia, Hegemony, and Performance in Peter Weir's The Truman Show - Dusty Lavoie - jstor
158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 A Retrospective of the 50s through Postmodern Cinema - Google Books (pg.125)
159. ↑ Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai - The Criterion Channel
160. ↑ Revising the Postmodern American Road Movie: David Lynch's The Straight Story on JSTOR
161. ↑ "The Matrix and Postmodernism". https://prezi.com/m/ybxwvr21r9lz/the-matrix-and-postmodernism/.
162. ↑ 162.0 162.1 162.2 The 20 Best Postmodernist Movies of All Time « Taste of Cinema
163. ↑ Dancer in the Dark (2000): Von Trier’s Cannes Fest Top Prize-Winning Film Starring Bjork|Emanuel Levy
164. ↑ "The Postcolonial Self and the Other in Béla Tarr's Werckmeister Harmonies". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322668083.
165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 165.2 165.3 165.4 165.5 165.6 Booker, M. Keith (March 23, 2007). "Postmodern Hollywood: what's new in film and why it makes us feel so strange". Praeger. https://www.worldcat.org/title/postmodern-hollywood-whats-new-in-film-and-why-it-makes-us-feel-so-strange/oclc/916448806?referer=&ht=edition.
166. ↑ It's Such a Beautiful Day — Brattle Theatre Film Notes
167. ↑ The Holy Moment on JSTOR
168. ↑ 168.0 168.1 Booker, M. Keith (March 23, 2007). Postmodern Hollywood: What's New in Film and why it Makes Us Feel So Strange. Praeger. ISBN 9780275999018. https://books.google.com/books?id=QluEtNUBblUC.
169. ↑ 169.0 169.1 169.2 169.3 Deo, Kanishka. "The 20 Best Postmodernist Movies of All Time". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2014/20-best-postmodernist-movies/3/.
170. ↑ "Film releases: All About Lily Chou-Chou". August 30, 2002. http://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/aug/30/artsfeatures3.
171. ↑ "Views of Modern and Postmodern Tokyo: Dehumanization, Urban and Body Changes". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322919141.
172. ↑ O'Hehir, Andrew (November 9, 2002). ""Far From Heaven"". https://www.salon.com/2002/11/08/far_from_heaven/.
173. ↑ "Unhappily ever after". March 1, 2003. http://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/mar/01/patterson.johnpatterson.
174. ↑ "All That the Neighbors Allow: Todd Haynes's FAR FROM HEAVEN | Cinematheque". https://cinema.wisc.edu/blog/2018/09/18/all-neighbors-allow-todd-hayness-far-heaven.
175. ↑ The Quietus|Film|Film Features|Modern Masterpiece: 20 Years Of 24 Hour Party People
176. ↑ 176.0 176.1 176.2 176.3 176.4 176.5 Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts - Google Books (pg.289)
177. ↑ Between Comedy and Kitsch: Kitano's Zatoichi and Kurosawa's Traditions of "Jidaigeki" Comedies by Rie Karatsu, Massey University, New Zealand
178. ↑ The Humanity of 2000s Postmodernist Cinema - Flip Screen
179. ↑ 'Team America: World Police' : NPR
180. ↑ "To Halve and to Hold". June 21, 2005. https://www.villagevoice.com/2005/06/21/to-halve-and-to-hold/.
181. ↑ 181.0 181.1 181.2 181.3 Gallagher, Richard. "10 Great Postmodern Documentaries That Are Worth Your Time". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/10-great-postmodern-documentaries-that-are-worth-your-time/2/.
182. ↑ "The Postmodern Eyes of Chinese Cinema". https://www.international.ucla.edu/cnes/article/80981.
183. ↑ Young, Neil (November 10, 2017). "Critic's Picks: Amy Adams' Top 5 Performances". https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/critics-picks-amy-adams-top-5-performances-1056381/.
184. ↑ "Todd Haynes, I'm Not There and the Postmodern Biopic". https://offscreen.com/view/todd-haynes-im-not-there-and-the-postmodern-biopic.
185. ↑ "Kinématoscope: Littérature, cinéma et représentations - Mercedes Ray". http://kinematoscope.org/Corpus/Films?ID=2424.
186. ↑ "The Quietus | Film | Film Features | Life's Incidental Character: The Films Of Agnès Varda". https://thequietus.com/articles/15448-agnes-varda-retrospective.
187. ↑ "The ultimate postmodern novel is a film". 13 May 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/may/13/synechdoche-postmodern-novel-film.
188. ↑ Ebiri, Bilge. "Gaspar Noé on Why Enter the Void Is Avatar for the Art Crowd: Both Are 'Like Taking Drugs'". https://www.vulture.com/2010/09/gaspar_noe_on_why_enter_the_vo.html.
189. ↑ "Shutter Island". http://www.reverseshot.org/symposiums/entry/1920/shutter_island.
190. ↑ "The remake of memory: Martin Scorsese's Shutter Island and Pedro Almodovar's The Skin I Live In". https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53d55b4de4b0273d5d1a42a9/t/541784cce4b046f29ec5ec71/1410827468111/The+Remake+of+Memory.pdf.
191. ↑ Bauer, Marko. "Pure West: Drive, nostalgia for postmodernism – Senses of Cinema". https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2012/feature-articles/pure-west-drive-nostalgia-for-postmodernism/.
192. ↑ "A perfectly modern Frankenstein: Almodóvar's The Skin I Live In (2011, Sony Pictures Classics)". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232221668.
193. ↑ Martin, Jake. "We need to talk about We Need to Talk about Kevin". Busted Halo. http://bustedhalo.com/features/we-need-to-talk-about-we-need-to-talk-about-kevin.
194. ↑ "The blind spot of history: colonialism in Tabu - CentAUR". https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/93688/8/1812-6112-1-PB.pdf.
195. ↑ Verma, Shikhar (June 6, 2017). "Holy Motors [2012: The Death & Re-birth of Cinema"]. https://www.highonfilms.com/holy-motors-2012-post-modernism-death-re-birth-cinema/.
196. ↑ "'ParaNorman' Is a Hilarious, Heartfelt Horror Homage, PopMatters". Aug 13, 2012. https://www.popmatters.com/162036-paranorman-is-a-hilarious-heartfelt-horror-homage-2495824971.html. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
197. ↑ Dargis, Manohla (April 30, 2013). "Juggling Primal Conflicts of Innocence and Sin". https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/movies/post-tenebras-lux-directed-by-carlos-reygadas.html.
198. ↑ Why can't grown-up animations catch a break on Oscar night? - Chicago Reader
199. ↑ ""This is the bloody twenty-first century!": The (Post)Modern Vampires of Jim Jarmusch's Only Lovers Left Alive". March 16, 2019. https://bookerhorror.com/only-lovers-left-alive-2013-director-jim-jarmusch/.
200. ↑ "Nicolas Winding Refn". https://cinema.indiana.iu.edu/.
201. ↑ Review: Insubstantial 'Clouds of Sils Maria'|Indiewire
202. ↑ ‘The Lego Movie’: Building a postmodern, tongue-in-cheek toy film - Los Angeles Times
203. ↑ "Thai film 'Cemetery of Splendor' blends surrealism and fear", The Seattle Globalist
204. ↑ World of Tomorrow - cinemayward
205. ↑ Deadpool and Philosophy: Nihilism, Postmodernism, and the Prison of Irony - MovieWeb
206. ↑ "La La Land: American postmodern musical without a cause|The Australian". https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/la-la-land-american-postmodern-musical-without-a-cause/news-story/1014e645027dbea6631845e3a6745c3f.
207. ↑ La La Land: A Grandiose Dream of the Modern Musical – Gen Z Critics
208. ↑ Gleiberman, Owen (January 1, 2017). "A Second Look at 'La La Land': Why It's Not Just Good, But Great". https://variety.com/2017/film/columns/la-la-land-emma-stone-ryan-gosling-1201950715/.
209. ↑ At Sundance: In Defense of Daniel Radcliffe’s Farting Corpse|Filmmaker Magazine
210. ↑ "'Get Out' Is The Type Of Movie The Oscars Should Pay Attention To". March 5, 2017. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/get-out-oscars_n_58b9742de4b05cf0f3ffbdd2.
211. ↑ "The Square Pokes Fun at the Postmodern Art World". September 9, 2017. https://dobbernationloves.com/life-culture/tiff17-the-square-successfully-pokes-fun-at-the-modern-art-world/.
212. ↑ "Only I Know the Secrets: Breaking Down 'Under the Silver Lake' | BW/DR". July 10, 2019. https://www.brightwalldarkroom.com/2019/07/10/secrets-under-the-silver-lake/.
213. ↑ Silence & Sound: Wonderstruck and the Post-Modern Gaze – Riot Material
214. ↑ Oscars: Can Anyone Break Disney & Pixar's Animated Feature Streak In 2019? - Deadline
215. ↑ (PDF) The House that Lars Built - academia.edu
216. ↑ "Falling asleep at the Movies: Long Day's Journey Into Night by Jamie Limond – The Drouth". https://www.thedrouth.org/falling-asleep-at-the-movies-long-days-journey-into-night-by-jamie-limond/.
217. ↑ Rian Johnson trades in lightsabers for postmodern whodunnit Knives Out|Ars Technica
218. ↑ Alm, David. "Review: Pedro Almodóvar's 'Pain And Glory'". https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidalm/2019/09/29/review-pedro-almodvars-pain-and-glory/.
219. ↑ "Bad Luck Banging or Loony Porn review – playful Romanian sex tape satire". November 28, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/nov/28/bad-luck-banging-or-loony-porn-review-playful-romanian-sex-tape-satire.
220. ↑ "Movie Review: "Bergman Island" a Playful Riff on Creativity". October 20, 2021. https://www.bocamag.com/movie-review-bergman-island-a-playful-riff-on-creativity/.
221. ↑ Why Oscar contender ‘Babylon’ could take a page from Tolkien - Angelus News
222. ↑ How Everything Everywhere All At Once Bridges the Gap Between Summer Blockbusters and Arthouse Cinema - MovieWeb
223. ↑ 223.0 223.1 PHILM AND PHILOSOPHY|'Barbie', 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' and the Problem of Postmodern Endings
224. ↑ 'Last Night in Soho' review: Anya Taylor-Joy shakes up horror - Los Angeles Times
225. ↑ Gittell, Noah (Jul 20, 2022). "Jordan Peele's Nope Fails to Dazzle When the Aliens Are Revealed - WCP". http://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/564814/jordan-peeles-nope-fails-to-dazzle-when-the-aliens-are-revealed/. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
226. ↑ White Noise is 'thrillingly original' - BBC Culture
227. ↑ 'Barbie' Review: Doll in Plastic Gets a Greta Gerwig Grounding in Kentastic Postmodern Campy Romp - Rendy Reviews
228. ↑ Why the Postmodern Structure of Ari Aster’s ‘Beau is Afraid’ Works Masterfully - No Film School
229. ↑ Jim Hemphill's Best Blu-rays of 2016|Filmmaker Magazine
230. ↑ There Was Once a Certain Kind of Cinema — Kitbashed
231. ↑ Fallen Angels|Cornell Cinema
232. ↑ Read More: Don Hertzfeldt's Stick Figures at 20 | Austin Film Society
233. ↑ Encyclopedia of Literature and Criticism - Google Books (pg.133)
234. ↑ Postmodern Chick Flicks - Google Books (pg.43)
235. ↑ 235.0 235.1 235.2 235.3 235.4 235.5 "Elements of Mise en Scene in Postmodern Cinema". December 22, 2016. https://www.hlc-cultcritic.com/elements-mise-en-scene-postmodern-cinema/.
236. ↑ 236.0 236.1 236.2 236.3 Boggs, Carl; Pollard, Tom (March 1, 2001). "Postmodern Cinema and Hollywood Culture in an Age of Corporate Colonization". Democracy & Nature 7 (1): 159–181. doi:10.1080/10855660020028818. https://doi.org/10.1080/10855660020028818.
237. ↑ 237.0 237.1 237.2 237.3 “New Hollywood” and the 60s Melting Pot|Jonathan Rosenbaum
238. ↑ 238.0 238.1 238.2 238.3 Haider, Asad. "Me and You and Everyone We Know: The Postmodern Happiness of the Contemporary Art Film – Senses of Cinema". https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2006/on-recent-films/me_you_everyone/.
239. ↑ Joe Dante's Purgatory|Jonathan Rosenbaum
240. ↑ Hassannia, Tina (December 11, 2013). "The Nature of Truth: Errol Morris's The Thin Blue Line". https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/the-nature-of-truth-errol-morriss-the-thin-blue-line/.
241. ↑ Dilley, Whitney Crothers (August 23, 2017). "The Cinema of Wes Anderson: Bringing Nostalgia to Life". Wallflower Press. https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-cinema-of-wes-anderson/9780231180696.
242. ↑ Book cover Postmodernism, Parody and Smart Cinema: Case Studies of Lynch, Tarantino and Soderbergh|SpringerLink
243. ↑ "The Evolution of Pedro Almodóvar". The New Yorker. November 28, 2016. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/05/the-evolution-of-pedro-almodovar.
244. ↑ "The Postmodern Films Of Guy Maddin". https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93625547.
245. ↑ "An Interview with Guy Maddin". https://offscreen.com/view/branded_brain.
246. ↑ Comics in Context #100: Centennial Cartoon Concert - IGN
247. ↑ Neurosis Hotel: An introduction to Abel Ferrara - Adrian Martin.pdf
248. ↑ Time Machines: After Kubrick: A Filmmaker's Legacy, edited by Jeremi Szaniawski · Senses of Cinema
249. ↑ New Working-Class Studies - Google Books (pg. 162)
250. ↑ The Perils of Michael Moore - Dissent Magazine
251. ↑ Can I Live? Contemporary Black Satire and the State of Postmodern Double Consciousness on JSTOR
252. ↑ Jordan Peele on 'Get Out' and writing for the Black audience
253. ↑ Peter Greenaway's Postmodern / Poststructuralist Cinema - Google Books
254. ↑ Peter Greenaway's "Eisenstein in Guanajuato" at the Istanbul Film Festival - HuffPost
255. ↑ Kevin Smith: 'I'm a Sellout!' - Observer

## External links

* Post-modernism and Authorship in David Lynch's Blue Velvet
* For a comprehensible introduction
* From Postmodernism to Postmodernity: the Local/Global Context
* In Search of The Postmodern: Chapter 1
* 10 Lesser-Known Postmodern Films|Philosophy in Film

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