Postmodernist film

Short description: Film genre

Postmodernism

Preceded by Modernism
Postmodernity

* Hypermodernity
* Metamodernism
* Posthumanism
* Postmaterialism
* Post-postmodernism
* Post-structuralism

Fields

* anthropology
* archaeology
* architecture
* art
* criminology
* dance
* feminism
* film
* literature (picture books)
* music
* philosophy
* anarchism
* Marxism
* positivism
* social construction of nature
* social construction of gender
* psychology
* political science
* theatre
* theology and religion

Related

* linguistic theory
* linguistic determinism
* semantics (semiotics)
* media studies
* film theory
* The medium is the message

Criticism of postmodernism

* v
* t
* e

Postmodernist film is a classification for works that articulate the themes and ideas of postmodernism through the medium of cinema. Some of the goals of postmodernist film are to subvert the mainstream conventions of narrative structure and characterization, and to test the audience's suspension of disbelief.[1][2][3] Typically, such films also break down the cultural divide between high and low art and often upend typical portrayals of gender, race, class, genre, and time with the goal of creating something that does not abide by traditional narrative expression.[4]

## Contents

* 1 Specific elements
* 2 Specific postmodern examples
* 2.1 Once Upon a Time in the West
* 2.2 Blade Runner
* 2.3 Pulp Fiction
* 2.4 Other selected examples
* 2.4.1 20th century
* 2.4.2 21st century
* 3 Postmodern documentary and essay film
* 4 List of notable postmodernist filmmakers
* 5 Postmodernist television
* 5.1 List of postmodernist television shows
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Specific elements

Modernist film came to maturity in the era between WWI and WWII with characteristics such as montage and symbolic imagery, and often took the form of expressionist cinema and surrealist cinema (as seen in the works of Fritz Lang and Luis Buñuel)[5] while postmodernist film – similar to postmodernism as a whole – is a reaction to the modernist works and to their tendencies (such as nostalgia and angst).[6] Modernist cinema has been said to have "explored and exposed the formal concerns of the medium by placing them at the forefront of consciousness. Modernist cinema questions and made visible the meaning-production practices of film."[7] The auteur theory and idea of an author creating a work from their singular vision was a cultural advancement that coincided with the further maturation of modernist cinema. It has been said that "To investigate the transparency of the image is modernist but to undermine its reference to reality is to engage with the aesthetics of postmodernism."[8][9] The modernist film has more faith in the author, the individual, and the accessibility of reality itself than the postmodernist film, and is generally more sincere in tone.[10]

Postmodernism is in many ways interested in the liminal space that would be typically ignored by more modernist or traditionally narrative offerings. Henri Bergson writes in his book Creative Evolution, "The obscurity is cleared up, the contradiction vanishes, as soon as we place ourselves along the transition, in order to distinguish states in it by making cross cuts therein in thoughts. The reason is that there is more in the transition than the series of states, that is to say, the possible cuts--more in the movement than the series of position, that is to say, the possible stops."[11]

Postmodernist film is often separated from modernist cinema and traditional narrative film[6] by three key characteristics. One of them is an extensive use of homage or pastiche.[7] The second element is meta-reference or self-reflexivity, highlighting the construction and relation of the image to other images in media and not to any kind of external reality.[7] A self-referential film calls the viewer's attention – either through characters' knowledge of their own fictional nature, or through visuals – that the film itself is only a film. This is sometimes achieved by emphasizing the unnatural look of an image which seems contrived. Another technique used to achieve meta-reference is the use of intertextuality, in which the film's characters reference or discuss other works of fiction. Additionally, many postmodern films tell stories that unfold out of chronological order, deconstructing or fragmenting time so as to highlight the fact that what is appearing on screen is constructed. A third common element is a bridging of the gap between highbrow and lowbrow activities and artistic styles,[2][3][7] e.g. a parody of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling in which Adam is reaching for a McDonald's burger rather than the hand of God. The use of homage and pastiche can, in and of itself, result in a fusion of high and low art. Lastly, contradictions of all sorts – whether it be in visual technique, characters' morals, etc. – are crucial to postmodernism.[2][12]

## Specific postmodern examples

### Once Upon a Time in the West

Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West has often been referred to by critics as an example of a postmodern Western.[13][14] The 1968 spaghetti Western revolves around a beautiful widow, a mysterious gunslinger playing a harmonica, a ruthless villain, and a lovable but hard-nosed bandit who just escaped from jail. The story was developed by Leone, Bernardo Bertolucci, and Dario Argento by watching classic American Westerns, and the final product is a deliberate attempt to both pay homage to and subvert Western genre conventions and audience expectations. Among the most notable examples of intertextuality are the plot similarities to Johnny Guitar, the visual reference to High Noon of a clock stopped at high noon in the middle of a gunfight, and the casting of Henry Fonda as the story's sadistic antagonist which was a deliberate subversion of Fonda's image as a hero established in such films as My Darling Clementine and Fort Apache, both directed by John Ford.[15][16][17]

### Blade Runner

Ridley Scott's Blade Runner might be the best-known postmodernist film.[7] Scott's 1982 film is about a future dystopia where "replicants" (human cyborgs) have been invented and are deemed dangerous enough to hunt down when they escape. There is tremendous effacement of boundaries between genres and cultures, and styles that are generally more separate, along with the fusion of disparate styles and times, a common trope in postmodernist cinema.[2][7] The fusion of noir and science-fiction is another example of the film deconstructing cinema and genre.[10] This embodies the postmodern tendency to destroy boundaries and genres into a self-reflexive product. The 2017 Academy Award-winning sequel Blade Runner 2049 also tackled postmodern anxieties.[18]

### Pulp Fiction

Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction is another example of a postmodernist film.[19][20][21][10] The Palme d'Or-winning film tells the interweaving stories of gangsters, a boxer, and robbers. The 1994 film breaks down chronological time and demonstrates a particular fascination with intertextuality: bringing in texts from both traditionally "high" and "low" realms of art.[1][2] This foregrounding of media places the self as "a loose, transitory combination of media consumption choices."[1][3] Pulp Fiction fractures time (by the use of asynchronous time lines) and by using styles of prior decades and combining them together in the movie.[1] By focusing on intertextuality and the subjectivity of time, Pulp Fiction demonstrates the postmodern obsession with signs and subjective perspective as the exclusive location of anything resembling meaning.

### Other selected examples

Aside from the aforementioned Once Upon a Time in the West, the Blade Runner sequels and Pulp Fiction, postmodern cinema includes films such as:

#### 20th century

* Hellzapoppin' (1941)[22]
* The Big Sleep (1946)[23]
* Duck Amuck (1953, also been called a modernist film)[24][25][26]
* All That Heaven Allows (1955; also been called a modernist film)[27]
* Written on the Wind (1956)[27]
* A Movie (1958)[28]
* Hiroshima mon amour (1959; also been called a modernist film)[29]
* L'Avventura (1960, also been called a modernist film)[30]
* Psycho (1960)[10][31]
* Blast of Silence (1961)[32]
* Last Year at Marienbad (1961, also been called a modernist film)[33]
* West Side Story (1961, also been called a modernist film)[34]
* 8½ (1963; also been called a modernist film)[35][27][36]
* Scorpio Rising (1964)[37]
* Woman in the Dunes (1964)[38]
* Pierrot Le Fou (1965, also been called a modernist film)[39]
* Alphaville (1965)[40]
* Persona (1966; also been called a modernist film)[41][10]
* Batman (1966)[42]
* Blowup (1966; also been called a modernist film)[43]
* Weekend (1967)[44]
* Branded to Kill (1967)[45]
* Casino Royale (1967)[46]
* Playtime (1967; also been called a modernist film)[47]
* Night of the Living Dead (1968)[48]
* Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One (1968; also called a modernist film)[10]
* Teorema (1968)[49]
* Death by Hanging (1968)[50]
* 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968; also called a modernist film)[51]
* The Color of Pomegranates (1969; also been called a modernist film)[52]
* Funeral Parade of Roses (1969; also been called a modernist film)[53]
* The Honeymoon Killers (1970)[54]
* Performance (1970)[55]
* The Conformist (1970)[56]
* El Topo (1970)[57]
* A Clockwork Orange (1971)[58]
* The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (1972)[59]
* Badlands (1973)[10]
* Day for Night (1973; also called a modernist film)[51]
* The Holy Mountain (1973; also been called a modernist film)[60]
* The Long Goodbye (1973)[10]
* Blazing Saddles (1974)[61][62]
* Pastoral: To Die in the Country (1974)[63]
* Celine and Julie Go Boating (1974)[64]
* F for Fake (1975)[10]
* Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)[65][36][10]
* Taxi Driver (1976)[65]
* Star Wars (1977)[66]
* The American Friend (1977)[67]
* Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)[68]
* House (1977)[69]
* Dawn of the Dead (1978)[70]
* All That Jazz (1979)[36]
* Alien (1979)[71][72]
* Stalker (1979)[73]
* Apocalypse Now (1979)[71][74][10]
* The Gods Must Be Crazy (1980)[75]
* The Shining (1980)[76]
* The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter (1980)[77]
* Raging Bull (1980)[54]
* Diva (1981)[78]
* Escape from New York (1981)[79]
* The Evil Dead (1981)[80][81]
* The Howling (1981)[82]
* Ms. 45 (1981)[83]
* The Thing (1982)[84]
* The Atomic Cafe (1982)[77][85]
* Koyaanisqatsi (1982)[86][87]
* Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982)[88]
* Fall Guy (1982)[89]
* Liquid Sky (1982)[90]
* Sans Soleil (1983)[91][92]
* Videodrome (1983)[93][94]
* Zelig (1983)[95]
* Love Streams (1984)[96]
* A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)[97]
* Repo Man (1984)[98]
* Streets of Fire (1984)[99]
* The Terminator (1984)[79][72]
* After Hours (1985)[100]
* Brazil (1985)[101][58]
* Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985)[102]
* Radioactive Dreams (1985)[103]
* Shoah (1985)[104]
* Tampopo (1985)[105]
* Terrorizers (1986)[106]
* Mauvais Sang (1986)[107]
* Blue Velvet (1986)[2][108][75][109][110]
* A Zed and Two Noughts (1986)[111]
* Walker (1987)[112][113][114]
* The Princess Bride (1987)[115][116][117]
* Innerspace (1987)[118][119]
* Wings of Desire (1987)[120]
* Om-Dar-B-Dar (1988)[121][122]
* Akira (1988)[123]
* Beetlejuice (1988)[124]
* The Thin Blue Line (1988)[104]
* Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)[125][126]
* They Live (1988)[127]
* When Harry Met Sally (1989)[128]
* Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989)[79]
* Jesus of Montreal (1989)[129]
* sex, lies and videotape (1989)[65]
* Roger & Me (1989)[130]
* Edward Scissorhands (1990)[131]
* Close-Up (1990)[132][133]
* Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990)[134][135][119]
* Miller's Crossing (1990)[136][137]
* Barton Fink (1991)[138][139][71][140][10][137]
* JFK (1991)[75]
* The Double Life of Veronique (1991)[141]
* Until the End of the World (1991)[142]
* Wax or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees (1991)[142]
* Aladdin (1992)[143][144]
* Orlando (1992)[128]
* The Player (1992)[96][140]
* Reservoir Dogs (1992)[145][58]
* Falling Down (1993)[44]
* Groundhog Day (1993)[75]
* Last Action Hero (1993)[126][146]
* The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)[147]
* The Piano (1993)[128]
* Sleepless in Seattle (1993)[128]
* True Romance (1993)[148]
* Through the Olive Trees (1994)[27]
* Sátántangó (1994)[149]
* Chungking Express (1994)[150][148]
* Forrest Gump (1994)[140][54]
* Natural Born Killers (1994)[148][54]
* The Hudsucker Proxy (1994)[137]
* Serial Mom (1994)[151]
* Fallen Angels (1995)[152]
* The Brady Bunch Movie (1995)[153][154]
* Dead Man (1995)[150][109]
* Braveheart (1995)[54]
* Get Shorty (1995)[96]
* Underground (1995)[155]
* Showgirls (1995)[156]
* Fargo (1996)[10]
* From Dusk till Dawn (1996)[157]
* Schizopolis (1996)[158][159][160]
* Goodbye South, Goodbye (1996)[161]
* Scream (1996)[131]
* Irma Vep (1996)[162]
* The Watermelon Woman (1996)[163][164]
* End of Evangelion (1997)[165]
* Jackie Brown (1997)[109]
* Lost Highway (1997)[166]
* Gummo (1997)[167]
* Boogie Nights (1997)[96]
* Dark City (1997)[168]
* Starship Troopers (1997)[27]
* Titanic (1997)[128]
* Funny Games (1997)[169]
* The Big Lebowski (1998)[150]
* New Rose Hotel (1998)[142]
* Run Lola Run (1998)[150]
* The Hole (1998)[170]
* The Truman Show (1998)[171]
* Pleasantville (1998)[172]
* Happiness (1998)[110]
* Small Soldiers (1998)[119]
* Shakespeare in Love (1998)[128]
* You've Got Mail (1998)[128]
* Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai (1999)[173]
* The Sixth Sense (1999)[174]
* Being John Malkovich (1999)[174]
* Fight Club (1999)[150][108][174]
* The Straight Story (1999)[175]
* American Beauty (1999)[150]
* The Blair Witch Project (1999)[157]
* The Matrix (1999)[176][108][109][174]
* Magnolia (1999)[27][174]
* Three Kings (1999)[174]
* American Psycho (2000)[157][174]
* Memento (2000) [177][108]
* Erin Brockovich (2000)[174]
* Dancer in the Dark (2000)[178]
* Almost Famous (2000)[174]
* Werckmeister Harmonies (2000)[179]
* Requiem for a Dream (2000)[180][174]
* Traffic (2000)[174]
* Timecode (2000)[96]
* Rejected (2000)[181]

#### 21st century

* The Majestic (2001)[172]
* Moulin Rouge! (2001)[177][108][58]
* Shrek (2001)[182]
* Waking Life (2001)[183]
* The Royal Tenenbaums (2001) [177]
* Mulholland Drive (2001)[2][184][109]
* Donnie Darko (2001)[185][131]
* All About Lily Chou-Chou (2001)[186]
* The Man Who Wasn't There (2001)[180]
* Pulse (2001)[187]
* Far From Heaven (2002)[188][189][190][128]
* The Hours (2002)[128]
* 24 Hour Party People (2002)[191]
* Down with Love (2003)[128]
* Lost in Translation (2003)[192]
* The Fog of War (2003)[104]
* Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003)[119]
* Zatōichi (2003)[193]
* Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)[185][194]
* Team America: World Police (2004)[195]
* Tropical Malady (2004)[196]
* The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004)[148]
* The Machinist (2004)[44]
* Shaun of the Dead (2004)[157][44]
* Brick (2005)[148]
* Grizzly Man (2005)[197]
* Still Life (2006)[198]
* Marie Antoinette (2006)[184][192]
* Enchanted (2007)[199]
* I'm Not There (2007)[200]
* No Country for Old Men (2007)[10]
* The Beaches of Agnès (2008)[201]
* Synecdoche, New York (2008)[202][148]
* Hunger (2008)[192]
* Waltz with Bashir (2008)[104]
* Enter the Void (2009)[203]
* Shutter Island (2010)[204][205]
* Exit Through the Gift Shop (2010)[197]
* Film Socialisme (2010)[206]
* Inception (2010)[185]
* Drive (2011)[207][131]
* The Skin I Live In (2011)[208]
* Shame (2011)[192]
* We Need to Talk About Kevin (2011)[209]
* The Act of Killing (2012)[197][44]
* Tabu (2012)[210]
* Cloud Atlas (2012)[93]
* Holy Motors (2012)[211]
* ParaNorman (2012)[212]
* Post Tenebras Lux (2012)[213]
* Wreck-It Ralph (2012)[131]
* The Double (2013)[131]
* Get a Horse! (2013)[214]
* Only Lovers Left Alive (2013)[215]
* Her (2013)[185][108]
* Only God Forgives (2013)[216]
* Birdman (2014)[58]
* Boyhood (2014)[44]
* Clouds of Sils Maria (2014)[217]
* Goodbye to Language (2014)[218]
* The Lego Movie (2014)[131][36][219]
* The Look of Silence (2014)[197]
* Cemetery of Splendour (2015)[220]
* World of Tomorrow (2015)[221]
* Deadpool (2016)[222]
* La La Land (2016)[223][224][225]
* Swiss Army Man (2016)[226]
* Get Out (2017)[227]
* I, Tonya (2017)[228]
* The Square (2017)[229]
* Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017)[228]
* Under the Silver Lake (2018)[230]
* Wonderstruck (2017)[231]
* Spider-Verse (2018–present)[232][233][234][235]
* Sorry to Bother You (2018)[98]
* The House That Jack Built (2018)[236]
* Long Day's Journey into Night (2018)[237]
* Joker (2019)[58]
* Knives Out (2019)[238]
* Pain & Glory (2019)[36][239]
* You Were Never Really Here (2018)[240]
* Last Night in Soho (2021)[241]
* Bad Luck Banging or Loony Porn (2021)[242]
* Belle (2021)[243]
* Bergman Island (2021)[244]
* Aftersun (2022)[245]
* Babylon (2022)[246]
* The Banshees of Inisherin (2022)[245]
* Everything Everywhere All At Once (2022)[247][248]
* Nope (2022)[249]
* Razzennest (2022)[250][251]
* Tár (2022)[252]
* White Noise (2022)[253]
* X film series (2022–2024)[254]
* Barbie (2023)[255][248]
* Beau is Afraid (2023)[256]
* Late Night with the Devil (2023)[257]
* All We Imagine as Light (2024)[258]
* Between the Temples (2024)[259]
* The Brutalist (2024)[260]
* A Different Man (2024)[261]
* Joker: Folie à Deux (2024)[58]
* Love Lies Bleeding (2024)[262]
* The Most Precious of Cargoes (2024)[263]
* The Substance (2024)[264]
* A Minecraft Movie (2025)[265]

## Postmodern documentary and essay film

Postmodernist techniques have also influenced non-fiction cinema. For example, Errol Morris’s The Thin Blue Line (1988) is often regarded as the first postmodern documentary due to its ironic use of stylized re-enactments that detach the viewer from any pretense of objective truth.[266] Such works demonstrate that even documentary film can embrace subjectivity, self-reference, and genre-blending in a postmodern way.

## List of notable postmodernist filmmakers

* Woody Allen[267][268]
* Pedro Almodovar[269]
* Robert Altman[267]
* Paul Thomas Anderson[27][174]
* Wes Anderson[270][271]
* Tex Avery (also been called a modernist filmmaker)[272]
* Peter Bogdanovich[268]
* Tim Burton[180]
* Joel and Ethan Coen[267][180][270]
* Sofia Coppola[192]
* Wes Craven[109]
* David Cronenberg[180][273]
* Joe Dante[274]
* Brian De Palma[180][27][268]
* Abel Ferrara[275]
* David Fincher[174]
* Michel Gondry[98]
* Peter Greenaway[276][277]
* Michael Haneke[270]
* Don Hertzfeldt[278]
* Jim Jarmusch[109]
* Spike Jonze[98][174]
* Radu Jude[279][280] (also been called a modernist filmmaker)[281]
* Stanley Kubrick (also been called a modernist filmmaker)[282]
* Harmony Korine[174]
* Sergio Leone[283][284]
* David Lynch[180][270][273][109]
* Guy Maddin[285][286]
* Michael Mann[128]
* Steve McQueen[192]
* Michael Moore[287][288]
* Errol Morris[289] (also been called an anti-postmodernist filmmaker)
* Christopher Nolan[36]
* Jordan Peele[290][291]
* George A. Romero[273]
* Martin Scorsese[268]
* Ridley Scott[270]
* Douglas Sirk (also been called a modernist filmmaker)[27][292]
* Kevin Smith[293]
* Steven Soderbergh[27][294][174]
* Steven Spielberg[295]
* Oliver Stone[267]
* Quentin Tarantino[296][270][109]
* Paul Verhoeven[27]
* Lana and Lilly Wachowski[109][174]
* John Waters[273]
* Wong Kar-Wai[297]

## Postmodernist television

Postmodern television is a category or period of modern television related to the art and philosophy of postmodernism,[298] often making use of postmodern principles such as satire, irony, and deconstruction.

### List of postmodernist television shows

* 30 Rock[299][300][301]
* American Horror Story[302]
* Arrested Development[303][304]
* The Bachelor[305]
* Bob's Burgers[306]
* Breaking Bad[306]
* The Bullwinkle Show[307]
* Catfish[308]
* The Colbert Report[309][310]
* Community[311][312][306]
* Curb Your Enthusiasm[313][300]
* Don't Hug Me I'm Scared[314]
* Ed, Edd n Eddy[306]
* Entourage[300]
* Fallout[315]
* Family Guy[304][306]
* Fleabag[316]
* Freakazoid![317]
* Futurama[304]
* Girls[301]
* Hell on Wheels[318]
* Inventing Anna[319]
* It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia[304]
* It's Garry Shandling Show[300]
* The Larry Sanders Show[313][320]
* Louie[301]
* Magpie Murders[321]
* Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman[322]
* Miami Vice[323]
* Monty Python's Flying Circus[324]
* Mystery Science Theater 3000[325]
* Neon Genesis Evangelion[326]
* The Office[327][301]
* Parks and Recreation[301]
* Pee Wee's Playhouse[328]
* Portlandia[301]
* The Prisoner[329]
* Real Housewives[305]
* The Rehearsal[330]
* The Ren & Stimpy Show[307]
* Rick and Morty[331]
* Riverdale[332]
* RuPaul's Drag Race[333]
* Saturday Night Live[334][335]
* Scrubs[304]
* Seinfeld[336][304]
* The Simpsons[337][307][304][338]
* The Singing Detective[339]
* The Sopranos[340]
* South Park[309][337][304]
* Space Ghost: Coast to Coast[341]
* Spartacus[342]
* SpongeBob SquarePants[343]
* Stranger Things[344]
* True Detective[345]
* The Twilight Zone[329]
* Twin Peaks[337][329][339][109]
* Vanderpump Rules[305]
* WandaVision[346]
* The X-Files[347][329]

## See also

* Remodernist film, one of the many critical stances against postmodernist cinema
* Cinephilia
* Art film
* New Hollywood, similar in content
* Social thriller
* Vulgar auteurism
* Auteur theory
* Extreme cinema
* Independent film
* Hyperlink cinema
* Slow cinema
* Arthouse film
* Remix culture
* American Eccentric Cinema
* Maximalist and minimalist cinema
* Cult film
* Arthouse animation
* Pop culture fiction
* Postmodern horror
* Arthouse musical

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Hopkins, Susan (Spring 1995). "Generation Pulp". Youth Studies Australia 14 (3): 14–19.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Kretzschmar, Laurent (July 2002). "Is Cinema Renewing Itself?". Film-Philosophy 6 (15). doi:10.3366/film.2002.0015.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hutcheon, Linda (January 19, 1998). "Irony, Nostalgia, and the Postmodern". University of Toronto English Library. http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/criticism/hutchinp.html.
4. ↑ "Representing Postmodern Marginality in Three Documentary Films. - Free Online Library". https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Representing+Postmodern+Marginality+in+Three+Documentary+Films.-a0204861632.
5. ↑ "Characteristics of a Modernist Film". https://ourpastimes.com/characteristics-of-a-modernist-film-12545688.html.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Betz, Mark (March 23, 2009). "Beyond the subtitle : remapping European art cinema". Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press. http://archive.org/details/betz_beyond-the-subtitle-remapping-european-art-cinema.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Beginning Postmodernism, Manchester University Press: 1999 by Tim Woods
8. ↑ Milovanovic, Dragan (15 March 2009). "Dueling Paradigms: Modernist v. Postmodern Thought". American Society of Criminology. http://critcrim.org/critpapers/milovanovic_postmod.htm.
9. ↑ Wilson, T. (1990-12-01). "Reading the postmodernist image: a 'cognitive mapping'". Screen 31 (4): 390–407. doi:10.1093/screen/31.4.390. ISSN 0036-9543. https://doi.org/10.1093/screen/31.4.390.
10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 Why Do Movies Feel So Different Now? - Thomas Flight on YouTube
11. ↑ Bergson, Henri; Mitchell, Arthur (March 23, 1911). Creative Evolution. H. Holt. ISBN 9780827421110. https://books.google.com/books?id=_DkZAAAAYAAJ.
12. ↑ Alemany-Galway, Mary (2002). A Postmodern Cinema. Kent, England: Scarecrow Press.
13. ↑ "ONCE UPON A TIME IN THE WEST (1968) • Frame Rated" (in en-GB). 2018-11-26. https://www.framerated.co.uk/once-upon-time-west-1968/.
14. ↑ "50 years, 50 films: Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) | Screenwriter". https://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/screenwriter/2013/08/11/50-years-50-films-once-upon-a-time-in-the-west-1968/.
15. ↑ "Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) – Deep Focus Review – Movie Reviews, Critical Essays, and Film Analysis". 10 August 2010. https://deepfocusreview.com/definitives/once-upon-a-time-in-the-west/.
16. ↑ "50 years, 50 films: Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) | Screenwriter". https://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/screenwriter/2013/08/11/50-years-50-films-once-upon-a-time-in-the-west-1968/.
17. ↑ "Once Upon a Time in the West - Library of Congress". https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-film-preservation-board/documents/once_time_west.pdf.
18. ↑ "Blade Runner 2049" proves Denis Villeneuve as the closest we have to a modern-day Kubrick - Highlander
19. ↑ Tincknell, Estella (2006). "The Soundtrack Movie, Nostalgia and Consumption", in Film's Musical Moments, ed. Ian Conrich and Estella Tincknell (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press). ISBN 0-7486-2344-2
20. ↑ King, Geoff (2002). Film Comedy (London: Wallflower Press). ISBN 1-903364-35-3
21. ↑ Wood, James (November 12, 1994). The Guardian.
22. ↑ Postponing Postmodernism - Believer Magazine
23. ↑ How THE BIG SLEEP Made Detectives Postmodern - Film Requiry
24. ↑ Weekly, Fort Worth (February 11, 2015). "Love Jones". https://www.fwweekly.com/2015/02/11/love-jones/.
25. ↑ Henderson, Eric (November 17, 2005). "DVD Review: The Looney Tunes Movie Collection on Warner Home Video". https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/the-looney-tunes-movie-collection/.
26. ↑ "The Looney Tunes Golden Collection (DVD)". 11 November 2003. https://www.avclub.com/the-looney-tunes-golden-collection-dvd-1798199078.
27. ↑ 27.00 27.01 27.02 27.03 27.04 27.05 27.06 27.07 27.08 27.09 27.10 "The Case for Douglas Sirk as the First Postmodern Filmmaker". September 11, 2021. https://collider.com/postmodern-filmmaker-douglas-sirk/.
28. ↑ Bruce Conner: In the Estheticization of Violence - Google Books (pg.8)
29. ↑ Whelan, Nicola. "Place, Memory and History: A Construction of Subjectivity in Alain Resnais and Marguerite Duras' 'Hiroshima Mon Amour'". NCAD. https://www.academia.edu/6655525.
30. ↑ "What makes Antonioni's L'avventura great". 28 September 2023. https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/features/l-avventura-michelangelo-antonioni-1960-greatest-films-poll.
31. ↑ Prince, Stephen (Feb 2, 2004). The Horror Film. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813533636. https://books.google.com/books?id=S6jKVfuQG3wC&dq=night+of+the+living+dead+postmodern&pg=PA89. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
32. ↑ REEL BROOKLYN: BLAST OF SILENCE, EAST NEW YORK - Brooklyn Magazine
33. ↑ "Criterion Files #478: 'Last Year at Marienbad'". August 25, 2010. https://filmschoolrejects.com/criterion-files-478-last-year-at-marienbad-d51728cf83d4/.
34. ↑ "West Side Story: 60 years as a cultural barometer". October 19, 2021. https://www.folger.edu/blogs/shakespeare-and-beyond/west-side-story-60-years-as-a-cultural-barometer/.
35. ↑ "8 1/2 as a Postmodernist Film | Critical Film Theory: The Poetics and Politics of Film". https://sites.lafayette.edu/fams202-sp15/2015/04/26/8-12-as-a-postmodernist-film/.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 Diaz, Jonny (August 2, 2020). "Christopher Nolan: Postmodern Master". https://www.roughcutcinema.com/post/christopher-nolan-postmodern-master.
37. ↑ Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Culture - Google Books (pg.84)
38. ↑ Kumar, Arun (November 28, 2017). "Woman in the Dunes [1964 – A Haunting Existential Masterpiece"]. https://www.highonfilms.com/woman-dunes-existential-masterpiece/.
39. ↑ Rivieccio, Genna (September 6, 2021). "Pierrot Le Fou's Discourse on the Infection of Americanism in Europe and the Absurdity of Modern Society". https://www.culledculture.com/jean-paul-belmondo-pierrot-le-fou/.
40. ↑ Hoberman, J. (26 January 2019). "Godard's Conflagration of Images | J. Hoberman". https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/01/26/godards-conflagration-of-images/.
41. ↑ "Fragmented Identities: Ingmar Bergman's 1966 film 'Persona'". October 19, 2020. https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/ingmar-bergman-masterpiece-persona-review/.
42. ↑ "Batman (1966) is a Postmodern Masterpiece". March 6, 2017. https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/batman-1966-is-a-postmodern-masterpiece/.
43. ↑ write, Thought to (August 22, 2021). "From Modernism to Postmodernism depicting the transition through the movie: 'Blow-up'.". https://thought2write.medium.com/from-modernism-to-postmodernism-depicting-the-transition-through-the-movie-blow-up-92d10d172d2d.
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 44.5 Roddis, Zach (4 April 2016). "20 Great Postmodern Films You Should Watch". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/20-great-postmodern-films-you-should-watch/2/.
45. ↑ Teo, Stephen (17 March 2013). "Seijun Suzuki: Authority in Minority – Senses of Cinema". https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2000/festival-reports/suzuki/.
46. ↑ Casino Royale at 33: The Postmodern Epic in Spite of Itself - Bright Lights Film Journal
47. ↑ "ARCHITECTURE+FILM". https://architectureandfilmblog.tumblr.com/.
48. ↑ The Horror Film - Google Books (pg.89)
49. ↑ Theology, Pop (March 25, 2013). "Teorema: God Will Save You from Your Dull Middle-Class Existence". https://www.patheos.com/blogs/poptheology/2013/03/teorema/.
50. ↑ Kumar, Arun (April 14, 2016). "Death by Hanging [1968: A Brilliant, Provocative Work of a Anti-Authoritarian"]. https://www.highonfilms.com/death-by-hanging-1968-a-brilliant-provocative-work-of-a-anti-authoritarian/.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 History 104 Lecture: Social Revolution
52. ↑ Alias, Haziq. "The Color of Pomegranates: An Avant- Garde Film That Found Beauty Universally". None. https://www.academia.edu/44531158.
53. ↑ FUNERAL PARADE OF ROSES - Hammer to Nail
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 Mythologies of Violence in Postmodern Media - Google Books
55. ↑ "Nicolas Roeg: 7 great moments". 27 November 2018. https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/nicolas-roeg-seven-great-moments.
56. ↑ "The Conformist": An unsettling political masterpiece returns - Salon
57. ↑ "'El Topo' at 50: A psychedelic film endorsed by John Lennon". April 15, 2021. https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/el-topo-50-psychedelic-journey-endorsed-john-lennon/.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 58.5 58.6 "An Exploration of Music in Postmodern Films". https://www.artisticechoes.co.uk/2024/05/31/an-exploration-of-music-in-postmodern-films/.
59. ↑ Acker, Melissa (21 May 2024). "The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie – Senses of Cinema". https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2013/cteq/the-discreet-charm-of-the-bourgeoisie/.
60. ↑ Yigitce, Erdinch (June 26, 2013). "Holy Blood And Holy Mountains: The Cinema Of Alejandro Jodorowsky". https://theculturetrip.com/south-america/chile/articles/holy-blood-and-holy-mountains-the-cinema-of-alejandro-jodorowsky/.
61. ↑ Hug, Bill (2013). ""Blazing Saddles" as Postmodern Ethnic Carnival". Studies in Popular Culture 36 (1): 63–81. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23610152.
62. ↑ The Mel Brooks Collection|AV Club
63. ↑ "Pastoral, to die in the country". April 10, 2020. https://phroomplatform.com/pastoral-to-die-in-the-country/.
64. ↑ 'Céline and Julie Go Boating' Review: Candy Can Only Fuel the Memory of Few|Hills West Roundup
65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 Deo, Kanishka (8 July 2014). "The 20 Best Postmodernist Movies of All Time". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2014/20-best-postmodernist-movies/.
66. ↑ Wasley, Aidan (November 1, 2005). "The greatest postmodern art film ever.". https://slate.com/culture/2005/11/the-greatest-postmodern-art-film-ever.html.
67. ↑ You Were Never Really Here Is A Smart Thriller That Retreads Familiar Territory: Review|SPIN
68. ↑ Was postmodernism born with Close Encounters of the Third Kind?|Culture|The Guardian
69. ↑ Heart of Weirdness: The Story Behind Hausu|Austin Film Society
70. ↑ "Filmmuseum - Program SD". https://www.filmmuseum.at/jart/prj3/filmmuseum/main.jart?rel=en&reserve-mode=active&content-id=1219068743272&schienen_id=200018.
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Mambrol, Nasrullah (July 1, 2017). "Modernism, Postmodernism and Film Criticism". https://literariness.org/2017/07/01/modernism-postmodernism-and-film-criticism/.
72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Alternate Americas: Science Fiction and American Culture - Google Books
73. ↑ "Post-Stalker: Notes on Post-Industrial Environments and Aesthetics". https://strelkamag.com/en/article/post-stalker-notes-on-post-industrial-environments-and-aesthetics.
74. ↑ "Alexander M Gross - The Postmodern Apocalypse". http://www.alexandermgross.com/film.html.
75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 A Primer on Postmodernism - Google Books (pg.33)
76. ↑ Anastasova, Maria (Oct 12, 2018). The Suspense of Horror and the Horror of Suspense. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781527519046. https://books.google.com/books?id=N_N0DwAAQBAJ&dq=postmodern+horror+the+shining&pg=PA81. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Connie Field's 'The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter'|International Documentary Association
78. ↑ As Delightful As It Insufferable: On the Complex Joy of Diva - Roger Ebert
79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 The Postmodern Presence - Google Books (pg.157)
80. ↑ Arnzen, Michael A. (Feb 2, 1994). "Who's Laughing now? The Postmodern Splatter Film". Journal of Popular Film and Television 21 (4): 176–184. doi:10.1080/01956051.1994.9943985. https://www.academia.edu/1992804. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
81. ↑ The Monstrous-feminine - Google Books (pg.73)
82. ↑ Staff, Slant (Oct 28, 2022). "The 100 Best Horror Movies of All Time". https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/100-greatest-horror-movies-of-all-time/. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
83. ↑ Review: Abel Ferrara's Ms. 45 on Drafthouse Films Blu-ray - Slant Magazine
84. ↑ The Horror Film – Google Books (pgs.87–113)
85. ↑ Rick Prelinger: We have always recycled|BFI
86. ↑ The Postmodern Presence - Google Books (pg.37)
87. ↑ "Did We Ever Stop Being Postmodern?". 16 October 2011. http://designobserver.com/feature/did-we-ever-stop-being-postmodern/30798.
88. ↑ Carl Reiner Has Died at the Age of 98 - Paste
89. ↑ Gibron, Bill (2 February 2005). "Fall Guy (Kamata Koshin-Kyoku) (1983)". https://www.popmatters.com/fall-guy-dvd-2496239810.html.
90. ↑ 346\. LIQUID SKY (1982)|366 Weird Movies
91. ↑ "Criterion Files #387: La Jetée". July 14, 2010. https://filmschoolrejects.com/criterion-files-387-la-jetée-da697b989ee3/.
92. ↑ La Jetee/Sans Soleil: The Criterion Collection - DVD Talk
93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Ledingham, John (10 April 2021). "10 Great Postmodern Sci-fi Movies To Blow Your Mind". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2021/10-great-postmodern-sci-fi-movies-to-blow-your-mind/.
94. ↑ Secret Agency in Mainstream Postmodern Cinema
95. ↑ Postmodern Hollywood - Google Books (pgs.34-35)
96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 96.2 96.3 96.4 "5 FILMS THAT ARE POST MODERN MOVIES ABOUT THE NEW HOLLYWOOD". 2 August 2002. https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-08-02-0208020253-story.html.
97. ↑ Recreational Terror - Google Books
98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 98.3 David and David at the Movies: Sorry to Bother You - Indiana University Cinema
99. ↑ Feltis, Stuart (30 September 2025). "‘Streets of Fire’ as Global Myth". https://www.popmatters.com/streets-of-fire-global-myth/.
100. ↑ Willett, Cynthia (1996). "Baudrillard, "After Hours", and the Postmodern Suppression of Socio-Sexual Conflict". Cultural Critique (34): 143–161. doi:10.2307/1354615.
101. ↑ Sterritt, David. "Brazil: A Great Place to Visit, Wouldn't Want to Live There". https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/2583-brazil-a-great-place-to-visit-wouldn-t-want-to-live-there.
102. ↑ Mishama: A Life in Four Chapters|Screen Slate
103. ↑ Korczyński, Odys (24 August 2024). "RADIOACTIVE DREAMS. Science fiction like a disco after a nuclear war". https://www.filmfolly.com/review/radioactive-dreams-science-fiction-like-a-disco-after-a-nuclear-war/.
104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 104.3 Gallagher, Richard (20 July 2016). "10 Great Postmodern Documentaries That Are Worth Your Time". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/10-great-postmodern-documentaries-that-are-worth-your-time/.
105. ↑ Iles, Timothy. "Tampopo: Food and the Postmodern in the Work of Itami Jûzô". Japanstudien 12 (1): 283–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/09386491.2001.11827251.
106. ↑ Exiles in Modernity - Chicago Reader
107. ↑ "MAUVAIS SANG | Viennale". https://www.viennale.at/en/films/mauvais-sang.
108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 108.3 108.4 108.5 "Modernism and Post-Modernism in Pop Culture - Modernism and Post-Modernism in British Literature". https://sites.google.com/a/fiu.edu/britlitmod/modernism-and-post-modernism-in-pop-culture.
109. ↑ 109.00 109.01 109.02 109.03 109.04 109.05 109.06 109.07 109.08 109.09 109.10 Towards an Earnest Cinema|34th Street Magazine
110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 The Disturbing Perfection of HAPPINESS - In/Frame/Out on YouTube
111. ↑ Circles, Myth, and Darwinism: Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey and Peter Greenaway's A Zed and Two Noughts (ZOO) - Offscreen
112. ↑ Walker - Harvard Film Archive
113. ↑ Free Alex Cox event in Arberdeen|Den of Geek
114. ↑ Historical Dictionary of Postmodernist Literature and Theater - Google Books (pg.346)
115. ↑ Ten Must-See 80s Sci-Fi And Fantasy Films|AMC Talk|AMC
116. ↑ 'The Princess Bride': Revisiting Rob Reiner and William Goldman's Paean to Pure Storytelling|The Film Stage
117. ↑ RIP William Goldman, creator of beloved film, The Princess Bride \- Ars Technica
118. ↑ FUNNY `INNERSPACE` DOMESTICATES ROGUE DIRECTOR – Chicago Tribune
119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 119.2 119.3 The History of Cinema. Joe Dante - Piero Scaruffi's knowledge base
120. ↑ Caldwell, David; Rea, Paul W. (1991). "Handke's and Wenders's Wings of Desire: Transcending Postmodernism". The German Quarterly 64 (1): 46–54. doi:10.2307/407304.
121. ↑ MUBI on Twitter: "A postmodern cult classic from Indian filmmaker Kamal Swaroop."
122. ↑ 10 Films To Watch When You're Stoned - High On Films
123. ↑ Postmodernity and the city: Blade Runner, Dark City, Akira - High on Films
124. ↑ "30 years later and Beetlejuice is still the ghost with the most". Mar 30, 2018. https://culturess.com/2018/03/30/30-year-anniversary-beetlejuice-still-ghost-with-the-most/. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
125. ↑ "Who Framed Roger Rabbit?". 2 March 2006. https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/framed-roger-rabbit-review/.
126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 A Primer on Postmodernism - Google Books (pg.32)
127. ↑ David and David at the Movies: Sorry to Bother You - Indiana University Cinema
128. ↑ 128.00 128.01 128.02 128.03 128.04 128.05 128.06 128.07 128.08 128.09 128.10 Postmodern Chick Flicks: The Return of the Woman's Film - Google Books
129. ↑ Bruyn, Dirk de (22 April 2004). "Coming in from the Culled: A Review of A Postmodern Cinema: The Voice of the Other in Canadian Film by Mary Alemany-Galway – Senses of Cinema". https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/book-reviews/postmodern_cinema_canada/.
130. ↑ New Working-class Studies - Google Books (pg.160)
131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 131.2 131.3 131.4 131.5 131.6 Roddis, Zach (4 April 2016). "20 Great Postmodern Films You Should Watch". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/20-great-postmodern-films-you-should-watch/3/.
132. ↑ Tavasoli, Sara (May 22, 2015). "Postmodernism in". Research in Contemporary World Literature 20 (1): 23–39. doi:10.22059/jor.2015.54213. https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_54213.html.
133. ↑ "Postmodern Need Not Mean Post-Human: Abbas Kiarostami and the Paradox of Cinema". July 5, 2016. https://www.villagevoice.com/2016/07/05/postmodern-need-not-mean-post-human-abbas-kiarostami-and-the-paradox-of-cinema/.
134. ↑ New on DVD and Blu-ray|The Week
135. ↑ Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990) Movie Review from Eye for Film
136. ↑ Watch: In-Depth Dissection Of The Coens' Postmodernism|The Playlist
137. ↑ 137.0 137.1 137.2 The Coen Brothers (4.2)- The Postmodern Pictures - THE DIRECTORS SERIES
138. ↑ "Barton Fink (Joel and Ethan Coen, 1991) • Senses of Cinema". 13 June 2001. http://sensesofcinema.com/2017/cteq/barton-fink/.
139. ↑ "The Coen Brothers: The Postmodern Films - Barton Fink - Film Closings". 7 May 2017. http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2017/pulling-focus-barton-fink-1991/.
140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 140.2 Palmer, Joy (December 1, 2000). "Conventionalizing the Postmodern". Film-Philosophy 4 (1). doi:10.3366/film.2000.0001. https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/full/10.3366/film.2000.0001.
141. ↑ ŽiŽek, Slavoj. "The Double Life of Véronique: The Forced Choice of Freedom". https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/1733-the-double-life-of-v-ronique-the-forced-choice-of-freedom.
142. ↑ 142.0 142.1 142.2 Ledingham, John (10 April 2021). "10 Great Postmodern Sci-fi Movies To Blow Your Mind". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2021/10-great-postmodern-sci-fi-movies-to-blow-your-mind/2/.
143. ↑ Postmodernism in the Cinema - Google Books (pg.45)
144. ↑ Review: Aladdin - Slant Magazine
145. ↑ REVIEWER, M. FAUST NEWS BOOK REVIEWER, M. FAUST NEWS CONTRIBUTING (29 November 1992). "A FIRST MOVIE WITH PLENTY OF BITE QUENTIN TARANTINO LETS 'RESERVOIR DOGS' DO THE TALKING FOR HIM". https://buffalonews.com/news/a-first-movie-with-plenty-of-bite-quentin-tarantino-lets-reservoir-dogs-do-the-talking/article_fd0f9ba5-ce40-5f33-b4aa-a0b9e7d4456d.html.
146. ↑ Arnold Schwarzenegger's Experimental Postmodern Film That Almost Worked - Collider
147. ↑ 'The Nightmare Before Christmas' (PG) - The Washington Post
148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 148.2 148.3 148.4 148.5 Roddis, Zach (4 April 2016). "20 Great Postmodern Films You Should Watch". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/20-great-postmodern-films-you-should-watch/.
149. ↑ Dudková, Jana (March 23, 2013). "An Image of Recurrent Time: Notes on Cinematic Image and the Gaze in Béla Tarr?s Sátántangó". Human Affairs 23 (1): 21–31. doi:10.2478/s13374-013-0103-y. https://philpapers.org/rec/DUDAIO.
150. ↑ 150.0 150.1 150.2 150.3 150.4 150.5 Deo, Kanishka (8 July 2014). "The 20 Best Postmodernist Movies of All Time". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2014/20-best-postmodernist-movies/2/.
151. ↑ Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer - Google Books (pg.121)
152. ↑ FALLEN ANGELS | Cleveland Institute of Art College of Art | 800.223.4700
153. ↑ The Brady Bunch Movie Review|Empire
154. ↑ 'The Brady Bunch Movie'|Decider
155. ↑ "Emir Kusturica's "Underground," text version". https://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/Kusterica/text.html.
156. ↑ "Is Narrative Overrated? Finding New Ways to Engage With Cinema". 26 February 2014. https://the-artifice.com/is-narrative-overrated-cinema/.
157. ↑ 157.0 157.1 157.2 157.3 "10 Savvy Postmodern Horror Films That Helped Reinvent The Genre". October 24, 2015. https://decider.com/2015/10/24/10-best-postmodern-horror-films/.
158. ↑ Schizopolis and the Chaos of American Suburban Living|25YL
159. ↑ 216\. SCHIZOPOLIS (1996)|366 Weird Movies
160. ↑ The Sundance Kids: How the Mavericks Took Back Hollywood - Google Books (pg.174)
161. ↑ "Sophistication and sincerity". https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/sophistication-and-sincerity/.
162. ↑ "Olivier Assayas' "Irma Vep": A Product and Critique of the French New Wave – Brattle Theatre Film Notes". https://www.brattleblog.brattlefilm.org/2017/12/05/olivier-assayass-irma-vep-a-product-and-critique-of-the-french-new-wave-5985/.
163. ↑ "Creating Your Own History: Archival Themes in The Watermelon Woman". https://reviews.americanarchivist.org/2022/06/28/creating-your-own-history-archival-themes-in-the-watermelon-woman/#_ftn11.
164. ↑ Zimmer, Catherine (2008). "Histories of The Watermelon Woman: Reflexivity between Race and Gender". Camera Obscura 23 (2): 41-67. https://activityinsight.pace.edu/czimmer/intellcont/CO68_03_Zimmer-1.pdf/.
165. ↑ CINEMA QUARANTINO: The End of Evangelion (1997) dir. Hideaki Anno|BOSTON HASSLE
166. ↑ Lost Highway (1997)|The Criterion Collection
167. ↑ Duncan, Pansy (March 23, 2015). "Bored and Boringer: avant-garde and trash in Harmony Korine's Gummo". Textual Practice 29 (4): 717–743. doi:10.1080/0950236X.2014.987690. https://www.academia.edu/5583507.
168. ↑ Dark City 1997, directed by Alex Proyas|Time Out
169. ↑ 20 Great Postmodern Films You Should Watch - Taste of Cinema
170. ↑ Chang, Kai-man (2008). "Gender Hierarchy and Environmental Crisis in Tsai Ming-liang's "The Hole"". Film Criticism 33 (1): 25–44.
171. ↑ Lavoie, Dusty (2011). "Escaping the Panopticon". Utopian Studies 22 (1): 52–73. doi:10.5325/utopianstudies.22.1.0052. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/utopianstudies.22.1.0052.
172. ↑ 172.0 172.1 A Retrospective of the 50s through Postmodern Cinema - Google Books (pg.125)
173. ↑ Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai - The Criterion Channel
174. ↑ 174.00 174.01 174.02 174.03 174.04 174.05 174.06 174.07 174.08 174.09 174.10 174.11 174.12 174.13 174.14 174.15 174.16 Culture War: How the '90s Made Us Who We Are Today (Whether We Like It Or Not) - Google Books (ch. "Indie-Pendent's Day")
175. ↑ Orgeron, Devin (2002). "Revising the Postmodern American Road Movie: David Lynch's the Straight Story". Journal of Film and Video 54 (4): 31–46. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20688392.
176. ↑ "The Matrix and Postmodernism". https://prezi.com/m/ybxwvr21r9lz/the-matrix-and-postmodernism/.
177. ↑ 177.0 177.1 177.2 The 20 Best Postmodernist Movies of All Time « Taste of Cinema
178. ↑ Dancer in the Dark (2000): Von Trier's Cannes Fest Top Prize-Winning Film Starring Bjork|Emanuel Levy
179. ↑ "The Postcolonial Self and the Other in Béla Tarr's Werckmeister Harmonies". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322668083.
180. ↑ 180.0 180.1 180.2 180.3 180.4 180.5 180.6 Booker, M. Keith (March 23, 2007). "Postmodern Hollywood: what's new in film and why it makes us feel so strange". Praeger. https://www.worldcat.org/title/postmodern-hollywood-whats-new-in-film-and-why-it-makes-us-feel-so-strange/oclc/916448806?referer=&ht=edition.
181. ↑ It's Such a Beautiful Day — Brattle Theatre Film Notes
182. ↑ A Cultural Evolution of 'Shrek', from Blockbuster Hit to Historic Meme - VICE
183. ↑ The Holy Moment on JSTOR
184. ↑ 184.0 184.1 Booker, M. Keith (March 23, 2007). Postmodern Hollywood: What's New in Film and why it Makes Us Feel So Strange. Praeger. ISBN 9780275999018. https://books.google.com/books?id=QluEtNUBblUC.
185. ↑ 185.0 185.1 185.2 185.3 Deo, Kanishka (8 July 2014). "The 20 Best Postmodernist Movies of All Time". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2014/20-best-postmodernist-movies/3/.
186. ↑ "Film releases: All About Lily Chou-Chou". August 30, 2002. http://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/aug/30/artsfeatures3.
187. ↑ "Views of Modern and Postmodern Tokyo: Dehumanization, Urban and Body Changes". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322919141.
188. ↑ O'Hehir, Andrew (November 9, 2002). ""Far From Heaven"". https://www.salon.com/2002/11/08/far_from_heaven/.
189. ↑ "Unhappily ever after". March 1, 2003. http://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/mar/01/patterson.johnpatterson.
190. ↑ "All That the Neighbors Allow: Todd Haynes's FAR FROM HEAVEN | Cinematheque". https://cinema.wisc.edu/blog/2018/09/18/all-neighbors-allow-todd-hayness-far-heaven.
191. ↑ The Quietus|Film|Film Features|Modern Masterpiece: 20 Years Of 24 Hour Party People
192. ↑ 192.0 192.1 192.2 192.3 192.4 192.5 Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts - Google Books (pg.289)
193. ↑ Between Comedy and Kitsch: Kitano's Zatoichi and Kurosawa's Traditions of "Jidaigeki" Comedies by Rie Karatsu, Massey University, New Zealand
194. ↑ The Humanity of 2000s Postmodernist Cinema - Flip Screen
195. ↑ 'Team America: World Police' : NPR
196. ↑ "To Halve and to Hold". June 21, 2005. https://www.villagevoice.com/2005/06/21/to-halve-and-to-hold/.
197. ↑ 197.0 197.1 197.2 197.3 Gallagher, Richard (20 July 2016). "10 Great Postmodern Documentaries That Are Worth Your Time". http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/10-great-postmodern-documentaries-that-are-worth-your-time/2/.
198. ↑ "The Postmodern Eyes of Chinese Cinema". https://www.international.ucla.edu/cnes/article/80981.
199. ↑ Young, Neil (November 10, 2017). "Critic's Picks: Amy Adams' Top 5 Performances". https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/critics-picks-amy-adams-top-5-performances-1056381/.
200. ↑ "Todd Haynes, I'm Not There and the Postmodern Biopic". https://offscreen.com/view/todd-haynes-im-not-there-and-the-postmodern-biopic.
201. ↑ "The Quietus | Film | Film Features | Life's Incidental Character: The Films Of Agnès Varda". 6 June 2014. https://thequietus.com/articles/15448-agnes-varda-retrospective.
202. ↑ "The ultimate postmodern novel is a film". 13 May 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/may/13/synechdoche-postmodern-novel-film.
203. ↑ Ebiri, Bilge (27 September 2010). "Gaspar Noé on Why Enter the Void Is Avatar for the Art Crowd: Both Are 'Like Taking Drugs'". https://www.vulture.com/2010/09/gaspar_noe_on_why_enter_the_vo.html.
204. ↑ "Shutter Island". http://www.reverseshot.org/symposiums/entry/1920/shutter_island.
205. ↑ "The remake of memory: Martin Scorsese's Shutter Island and Pedro Almodovar's The Skin I Live In". https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53d55b4de4b0273d5d1a42a9/t/541784cce4b046f29ec5ec71/1410827468111/The+Remake+of+Memory.pdf.
206. ↑ Gittins, Sean (2012). "Film Socialisme". https://www.philosophynow.org/issues/89/Film_Socialisme.
207. ↑ Bauer, Marko (17 December 2013). "Pure West: Drive, nostalgia for postmodernism – Senses of Cinema". https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2012/feature-articles/pure-west-drive-nostalgia-for-postmodernism/.
208. ↑ "A perfectly modern Frankenstein: Almodóvar's The Skin I Live In (2011, Sony Pictures Classics)". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232221668.
209. ↑ Martin, Jake. "We need to talk about We Need to Talk about Kevin". Busted Halo. http://bustedhalo.com/features/we-need-to-talk-about-we-need-to-talk-about-kevin.
210. ↑ "The blind spot of history: colonialism in Tabu - CentAUR". https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/93688/8/1812-6112-1-PB.pdf.
211. ↑ Verma, Shikhar (June 6, 2017). "Holy Motors [2012: The Death & Re-birth of Cinema"]. https://www.highonfilms.com/holy-motors-2012-post-modernism-death-re-birth-cinema/.
212. ↑ "'ParaNorman' Is a Hilarious, Heartfelt Horror Homage, PopMatters". Aug 13, 2012. https://www.popmatters.com/162036-paranorman-is-a-hilarious-heartfelt-horror-homage-2495824971.html. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
213. ↑ Dargis, Manohla (April 30, 2013). "Juggling Primal Conflicts of Innocence and Sin". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/movies/post-tenebras-lux-directed-by-carlos-reygadas.html.
214. ↑ Why can't grown-up animations catch a break on Oscar night? - Chicago Reader
215. ↑ ""This is the bloody twenty-first century!": The (Post)Modern Vampires of Jim Jarmusch's Only Lovers Left Alive". March 16, 2019. https://bookerhorror.com/only-lovers-left-alive-2013-director-jim-jarmusch/.
216. ↑ "Nicolas Winding Refn". https://cinema.indiana.iu.edu/.
217. ↑ Review: Insubstantial 'Clouds of Sils Maria'|Indiewire
218. ↑ Exploding the Sign from Within: Paradoxes of Post-Structuralist Epistemology in Adieu au Langage|Senses of Cinema
219. ↑ 'The Lego Movie': Building a postmodern, tongue-in-cheek toy film - Los Angeles Times
220. ↑ "Thai film 'Cemetery of Splendor' blends surrealism and fear", The Seattle Globalist
221. ↑ World of Tomorrow - cinemayward
222. ↑ Deadpool and Philosophy: Nihilism, Postmodernism, and the Prison of Irony - MovieWeb
223. ↑ "La La Land: American postmodern musical without a cause|The Australian". https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/la-la-land-american-postmodern-musical-without-a-cause/news-story/1014e645027dbea6631845e3a6745c3f.
224. ↑ La La Land: A Grandiose Dream of the Modern Musical – Gen Z Critics
225. ↑ Gleiberman, Owen (January 1, 2017). "A Second Look at 'La La Land': Why It's Not Just Good, But Great". https://variety.com/2017/film/columns/la-la-land-emma-stone-ryan-gosling-1201950715/.
226. ↑ At Sundance: In Defense of Daniel Radcliffe's Farting Corpse|Filmmaker Magazine
227. ↑ "'Get Out' Is The Type Of Movie The Oscars Should Pay Attention To". March 5, 2017. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/get-out-oscars_n_58b9742de4b05cf0f3ffbdd2.
228. ↑ 228.0 228.1 'I, Tonya' and the Postmodern Protagonist - Age of the Nerd
229. ↑ "The Square Pokes Fun at the Postmodern Art World". September 9, 2017. https://dobbernationloves.com/life-culture/tiff17-the-square-successfully-pokes-fun-at-the-modern-art-world/.
230. ↑ "Only I Know the Secrets: Breaking Down 'Under the Silver Lake' | BW/DR". July 10, 2019. https://www.brightwalldarkroom.com/2019/07/10/secrets-under-the-silver-lake/.
231. ↑ Silence & Sound: Wonderstruck and the Post-Modern Gaze – Riot Material
232. ↑ Oscars: Can Anyone Break Disney & Pixar's Animated Feature Streak In 2019? - Deadline
233. ↑ Anatomy of a superhero: Miles Morales in Across the Spider-Verse is the true postmodern Spider-Man|Telegraph India
234. ↑ New 'Spider-Man' an oh-so-postmodern take on Marvel franchise|HeraldNet.com
235. ↑ Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse review - plenty of postmodern pizzazz - The Times
236. ↑ (PDF) The House that Lars Built - academia.edu
237. ↑ "Falling asleep at the Movies: Long Day's Journey Into Night by Jamie Limond – The Drouth". https://www.thedrouth.org/falling-asleep-at-the-movies-long-days-journey-into-night-by-jamie-limond/.
238. ↑ Rian Johnson trades in lightsabers for postmodern whodunnit Knives Out|Ars Technica
239. ↑ Alm, David. "Review: Pedro Almodóvar's 'Pain And Glory'". https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidalm/2019/09/29/review-pedro-almodvars-pain-and-glory/.
240. ↑ Female Directors: Best Movies Directed By Women|IndieWire
241. ↑ 'Last Night in Soho' review: Anya Taylor-Joy shakes up horror - Los Angeles Times
242. ↑ "Bad Luck Banging or Loony Porn review – playful Romanian sex tape satire". November 28, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/nov/28/bad-luck-banging-or-loony-porn-review-playful-romanian-sex-tape-satire.
243. ↑ BELLE draws on Western stories to tell a postmodern fable about healing - Moviejawn
244. ↑ "Movie Review: "Bergman Island" a Playful Riff on Creativity". October 20, 2021. https://www.bocamag.com/movie-review-bergman-island-a-playful-riff-on-creativity/.
245. ↑ 245.0 245.1 Best Films of 2022 - Stephen David Miller
246. ↑ Why Oscar contender 'Babylon' could take a page from Tolkien - Angelus News
247. ↑ How Everything Everywhere All At Once Bridges the Gap Between Summer Blockbusters and Arthouse Cinema - MovieWeb
248. ↑ 248.0 248.1 PHILM AND PHILOSOPHY|'Barbie', 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' and the Problem of Postmodern Endings
249. ↑ Gittell, Noah (Jul 20, 2022). "Jordan Peele's Nope Fails to Dazzle When the Aliens Are Revealed - WCP". http://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/564814/jordan-peeles-nope-fails-to-dazzle-when-the-aliens-are-revealed/. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
250. ↑ 'Razzennest' review - Projected Figures
251. ↑ 'Razzennest' review - ScreenAnarchy
252. ↑ ‘Tár’ and the Discourse over Power and Art - Post Alley
253. ↑ White Noise is 'thrillingly original' - BBC Culture
254. ↑ Pearl: Ti West's Post-Modern Slasher Trilogy Reaches Its Bloody Mid-Point - Original Cin
255. ↑ 'Barbie' Review: Doll in Plastic Gets a Greta Gerwig Grounding in Kentastic Postmodern Campy Romp - Rendy Reviews
256. ↑ Why the Postmodern Structure of Ari Aster's 'Beau is Afraid' Works Masterfully - No Film School
257. ↑ Late Night With the Devil’s David Dastmalchian Was “Terrified” to Play a Talk Show Host – Consequence via Yahoo!
258. ↑ The 25 Best Movies of 2024 - IndieWire
259. ↑ ‘Between the Temples’ Held This Viewer at a Distance - Salt Lake Film Review
260. ↑ Debating The Brutalist \- The Criterion Collection
261. ↑ A Different Man - Film Freak Central
262. ↑ Our Most Anticipated Films For 2024 - Next Best Picture
263. ↑ The Most Precious of Cargoes review – postmodern Holocaust fairytale is dreamy curiosity|The Guardian
264. ↑ The Best Films of 2024 - Michigan Daily
265. ↑ The post-modern appeal of 'A Minecraft Movie' – The Badger Herald
266. ↑ Nichols, Bill (2010). Introduction to Documentary (2nd ed.). Indiana University Press. pp. 105–110. ISBN 9780253222602.
267. ↑ 267.0 267.1 267.2 267.3 Boggs, Carl; Pollard, Tom (March 1, 2001). "Postmodern Cinema and Hollywood Culture in an Age of Corporate Colonization". Democracy & Nature 7 (1): 159–181. doi:10.1080/10855660020028818. https://doi.org/10.1080/10855660020028818.
268. ↑ 268.0 268.1 268.2 268.3 "New Hollywood" and the 60s Melting Pot|Jonathan Rosenbaum
269. ↑ "The Evolution of Pedro Almodóvar". The New Yorker. November 28, 2016. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/05/the-evolution-of-pedro-almodovar.
270. ↑ 270.0 270.1 270.2 270.3 270.4 270.5 "Elements of Mise en Scene in Postmodern Cinema". December 22, 2016. https://www.hlc-cultcritic.com/elements-mise-en-scene-postmodern-cinema/.
271. ↑ Dilley, Whitney Crothers (August 23, 2017). The Cinema of Wes Anderson: Bringing Nostalgia to Life. Wallflower Press. ISBN 978-0-231-54320-0. https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-cinema-of-wes-anderson/9780231180696.
272. ↑ Comics in Context #100: Centennial Cartoon Concert - IGN
273. ↑ 273.0 273.1 273.2 273.3 Haider, Asad (October 2018). "Me and You and Everyone We Know: The Postmodern Happiness of the Contemporary Art Film – Senses of Cinema". https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2006/on-recent-films/me_you_everyone/.
274. ↑ Joe Dante's Purgatory|Jonathan Rosenbaum
275. ↑ Neurosis Hotel: An introduction to Abel Ferrara - Adrian Martin.pdf
276. ↑ Peter Greenaway's Postmodern / Poststructuralist Cinema - Google Books
277. ↑ Peter Greenaway's "Eisenstein in Guanajuato" at the Istanbul Film Festival - HuffPost
278. ↑ Read More: Don Hertzfeldt's Stick Figures at 20 | Austin Film Society
279. ↑ Mironescu, Andreea (2017). "In-Between Histories: Intermedial Configurations in Radu Jude's Collage Film "The Dead Nation"". Jazyk a kultúra 31-32: 103-111. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352330445_In-Between_Histories_Intermedial_Configurations_in_Radu_Jude's_Collage_Film_The_Dead_Nation.
280. ↑ Bleasdale, John (22 August 2025). "(Review) Dracula: It’s hard to resist the irreverence of Radu Jude’s overstuffed vampire parody". British Film Institute. https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/reviews/dracula-its-hard-resist-irreverence-radu-judes-overstuffed-vampire-parody.
281. ↑ Lazar, Veronica; Gorzo, Andrei (January 2019). "An updated political modernism: Radu Jude and "I Do Not Care If We Go Down in History as Barbarians"". Close Up: Film and Media Studies 3 (1-2): 7-19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338774756_An_updated_political_modernism_Radu_Jude_and_I_Do_Not_Care_If_We_Go_Down_in_History_as_Barbarians.
282. ↑ Time Machines: After Kubrick: A Filmmaker's Legacy, edited by Jeremi Szaniawski · Senses of Cinema
283. ↑ Jim Hemphill's Best Blu-rays of 2016|Filmmaker Magazine
284. ↑ There Was Once a Certain Kind of Cinema — Kitbashed
285. ↑ "The Postmodern Films Of Guy Maddin". https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93625547.
286. ↑ "An Interview with Guy Maddin". https://offscreen.com/view/branded_brain.
287. ↑ New Working-Class Studies - Google Books (pg. 162)
288. ↑ The Perils of Michael Moore - Dissent Magazine
289. ↑ Hassannia, Tina (December 11, 2013). "The Nature of Truth: Errol Morris's The Thin Blue Line". https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/the-nature-of-truth-errol-morriss-the-thin-blue-line/.
290. ↑ Can I Live? Contemporary Black Satire and the State of Postmodern Double Consciousness on JSTOR
291. ↑ Jordan Peele on 'Get Out' and writing for the Black audience
292. ↑ Encyclopedia of Literature and Criticism - Google Books (pg.133)
293. ↑ Kevin Smith: 'I'm a Sellout!' - Observer
294. ↑ Brereton, Pat (2012). "Postmodernism, Parody and Smart Cinema: Case Studies of Lynch, Tarantino and Soderbergh". Smart Cinema, DVD Add-Ons and New Audience Pleasures. pp. 20–42. doi:10.1057/9781137027085_2. ISBN 978-1-349-32856-7. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137027085_2.
295. ↑ Was postmodernism born with Close Encounters of the Third Kind?
296. ↑ Postmodern Chick Flicks - Google Books (pg.43)
297. ↑ Fallen Angels|Cornell Cinema
298. ↑ TV News in a Postmodern World by Terry L. Heaton - The Digital Journalist
299. ↑ TV Finales FAQ – Google Books
300. ↑ 300.0 300.1 300.2 300.3 Garry Shandling: the standup who changed the sitcom forever|Comedy|The Guardian
301. ↑ 301.0 301.1 301.2 301.3 301.4 301.5 The Post Modern Sitcom / TVparty!
302. ↑ American Horror Story’s music and look: a work of postmodern beauty. – Slate Magazine
303. ↑ 'Arrested Development' finds new life in the land of Netflix – Baltimore Sun
304. ↑ 304.0 304.1 304.2 304.3 304.4 304.5 304.6 304.7 How Always Sunny Surpassed Seinfeld – Den of Geek
305. ↑ 305.0 305.1 305.2 IN PRAISE OF REALITY TV AS 'POSTMODERN ART PAR EXCELLENCE' – Brooklyn Magazine
306. ↑ 306.0 306.1 306.2 306.3 306.4 Postmodernism in Television — The Factory Times
307. ↑ 307.0 307.1 307.2 Dr. Toon: The Animation Critic's Art – Defining Our Terms|Animation World Network
308. ↑ These Reality TV Shows Are the Pinnacle of Trashy Fun – MovieWeb
309. ↑ 309.0 309.1 Satire TV – Google Books (pg.135)
310. ↑ Is the US ready for a fictional president?|Celebrity|The Guardian
311. ↑ The Post-Modern Sitcom|Toronto Standard
312. ↑ Comfort Viewing: 3 Reasons I Love 'Community' – The New York Times
313. ↑ 313.0 313.1 'You Should See Yourself': Jewish Identity in Postmodern American Culture on JSTOR
314. ↑ Embedded Realities and Simulacra: A Close Reading of ‘Don’t Hug Me I’m Scared’ - Academia.edu
315. ↑ Fallout and the Post-Modern Television Post-Apocalypse - Paste Magazine
316. ↑ The 30 Best International TV Shows of the Decade – The New York Times
317. ↑ Control Nathan Rabin 4.0 #260 Freakazoid! "Five Day Forecast/The Dance of Doom/Handman" and "Candle Jack/Toby Danger in Doomsday Bet/The Lobe" - Nathan Rabin's Happy Place
318. ↑ 'HELL ON WHEELS' IS BOTH A TACTICAL HOMAGE TO THE WESTERN GENRE AND A POSTMODERN PASTICHE|PopMatters
319. ↑ The 10 best TV shows of 2022 so far – BBC Culture
320. ↑ The Politics of Humor – Google Books
321. ↑ 'Magpie Murders' Review: A Postmodern Mystery on PBS – WSJ
322. ↑ Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman combined soap opera, satire, and nightmare - AV Club
323. ↑ The Postmodern Presence – Google Books (pgs.35–36)
324. ↑ How Monty Python's Mix of Postmodern Absurdity and Political Satire Influenced Shows Like 'Rick and Morty' – Laughing Squid
325. ↑ Cable's 'Mystery Science Theater 3000'|EW.com
326. ↑ On Evas and Angels: Postmodern Fantasy Devotion to Neon Genesis Evangelion|PopMatters
327. ↑ 'The Office': a postmodern success wraps up – Orange County Register
328. ↑ Seeing Through the Eighties – Google Books (pg.9)
329. ↑ 329.0 329.1 329.2 329.3 Strange TV: Innovative Series from The Twilight Zone to the X-Files – Google Books
330. ↑ Wilson, Jack (August 22, 2022). "'The Rehearsal' Blurs the Lines Between Reality and Simulation". Collider. https://collider.com/the-rehearsal-reality-simulation-nathan-fielder/. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
331. ↑ Rick and Morty Almost Swallows Itself in a Too Meta Midseason Premiere – Paste Magazine
332. ↑ In Defense of Riverdale|The Smart Set
333. ↑ The Perfectly Postmodern Reality TV of 'RuPaul's Drag Race – The Ringer
334. ↑ How Saturday Night Live became a TV phenomenon – but then lost its way – BBC
335. ↑ Saturday Night Live (Classic): "Norman Lear/Boz Scaggs" – AV Club
336. ↑ The world according to 'Seinfeld' No hugging, no learning. No aging, commitment or obligation. We've laughed at such postmodern sentiments for nine years. Is there anything wrong with that? – Baltimore Sun
337. ↑ 337.0 337.1 337.2 American TV Detective Dramas – Google Books (pg.36)
338. ↑ Did the Simpsons Ruin a Generation?|Desiring God
339. ↑ 339.0 339.1 Eckart Voigts-Virchow (GieBen) "Goodbye suspense goodbye"? Postmodern TV Crime in The Singing Detective (1986) and Twin Peaks (1990–91) – cinetext
340. ↑ Postmodern laughs from the mob – The Boston Globe
341. ↑ Weirdest Space Ghost Guest Stars, Ranked – MovieWeb
342. ↑ Making sense of the bloodiest postmodern show on television, Spartacus - Slate Magazine
343. ↑ Kids' TV Grow Up – Google Books (pg.182)
344. ↑ Why Netflix's Teen Dramas Feel So Retro – The Atlantic
345. ↑ Best TV Shows Ever: Top 100 Television Programs – The Hollywood Reporter
346. ↑ A Sitcom Through the Ages: A Postmodern Review of Marvel's 'WandaVision'|LiveWire
347. ↑ The X-Files and the Aesthetics and Politics of Postmodern Pop on JSTOR

## External links

* Post-modernism and Authorship in David Lynch's Blue Velvet
* For a comprehensible introduction
* From Postmodernism to Postmodernity: the Local/Global Context
* In Search of The Postmodern: Chapter 1
* 10 Lesser-Known Postmodern Films|Philosophy in Film

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernist film. Read more

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