Sophistical Refutations

Short description: Text by Aristotle on logical fallacies

Template:Rhetoric Sophistical Refutations (Greek: Σοφιστικοὶ Ἔλεγχοι, romanized: Sophistikoi Elenchoi; Latin: De Sophisticis Elenchis) is a text in Aristotle's Organon in which he identified thirteen fallacies.[note 1] According to Aristotle, this is the first work to treat the subject of deductive reasoning in ancient Greece (Soph. Ref., 34, 183b34 ff.).

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Fallacies identified
* 3 Footnotes
* 4 References
* 5 Further reading
* 6 External links

## Overview

On Sophistical Refutations[1][2] consists of 34 chapters. The book naturally falls in two parts: chapters concerned with tactics for the Questioner (3–8 and 12–15) and chapters concerned with tactics for the Answerer (16–32). Besides, there is an introduction (1–2), an interlude (9–11), and a conclusion (33–34).[3]

## Fallacies identified

The fallacies Aristotle identifies in Chapter 4 (formal fallacies) and 5 (informal fallacies) of this book are the following:

Fallacies in the language or formal fallacies (in dictionem):

1. Equivocation
2. Amphiboly
3. Composition
4. Division
5. Accent
6. Figure of speech or form of expression

Fallacies not in the language or informal fallacies (extra dictionem):

7. Accident
8. Secundum quid
9. Irrelevant conclusion
10. Petitio principii
11. False cause
12. Affirming the consequent
13. Fallacy of many questions

## Footnotes

1. ↑ Sometimes listed as twelve.

## References

1. ↑ "On Sophistical Refutations". http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/sophist_refut.mb.txt. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
2. ↑ Edward N. Zalta, ed (18 March 2000). "Aristotle's Logic, < Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy>". https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/aristotle-logic. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
3. ↑ Krabbe, E.C.W. (2012). "Aristotle's On Sophistical Refutations". Topoi 31: 243–248. doi:10.1007/s11245-012-9124-0.

## Further reading

* Gysembergh, Victor (2023). Forgotten Ancient Commentaries on Aristotle's Sphistical Refutations: Fragments of Aspasios, Herminos, Alexander, Syrianos and Philoponos. Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783111332666.

## External links

* HTML Greek text via Greco interattivo
* Translated by W. A. Pickard-Cambridge
* Script error: No such module "Librivox book".
* ChangingMinds.org: "Aristotle's 13 fallacies"
* Parry, William T.; Hacker, Edward A. (1991), Aristotelian Logic, SUNY Press, p. 435, ISBN 978-0-7914-0690-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=3Sg84H6B-m4C&pg=PA435

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