Theistic naturalism

Short description: Religious philosophy

Theistic naturalism is a theologically-based belief system within philosophy which rejects divine intervention but maintains theism.[1]

It is different from traditional or classical theism.[2]: 123 Theistic naturalists think evolution and naturalism can be in tune with religious beliefs, such as Christianity.[3]: 85

According to Sarah Lane Ritchie of the University of Edinburgh, the term "theistic naturalism" was first used by Dutch philosopher Willem Drees. Drees used the term to describe "a scheme of primary and secondary causes, with the transcendent realm giving effectiveness and reality to the laws of nature and the material world governed by them."[4] This view is, however, is not universally seen as compatible with naturalism.

## Criticism

Theistic naturalism has been criticized by some as expanding the borders of naturalism to the point that "anything goes."[5]: 234 Jeffrey Koperski, a professor of philosophy at Saginaw Valley State University, for example, claimed that theistic naturalism sounds like an "oxymoron" and that "naturalism and theism are incompatible".[6]

Steven D. Schafersman, a geologist, also wrote about the perceived incompatibility of the two ideas. In a paper presented at the Conference on Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise, he stated:

> "Theistic naturalists must believe in naturalism to methodologically assume or adopt it in science, and they cannot logically maintain a belief in supernaturalism at the same time unless they maintain that there is absolutely no connection at all between the natural and supernatural worlds. But this is something no supernaturalist maintains. Even the most naturalistic theistic naturalist—a deist who claims that God is the ultimate Creator of the universe, but that everything after that singular event is natural and operates by natural causes—believes in a supernatural origin of the universe. But ontological naturalism makes no exception for the origin of the universe."[7] [Emphasis in original.]

## Notable theistic naturalists

* Arthur Peacocke[8]: 140
* John B. Cobb[9]

## References

1. ↑ Knight, Christopher C. (2013), Runehov, Anne L. C.; Oviedo, Lluis, eds. (in en), Theistic Naturalism, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 2240–2243, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_1105, ISBN 978-1-4020-8265-8, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_1105, retrieved 2021-11-01
2. ↑ Nguyen, Nam T. (2011) (in en). Nature's Primal Self: Peirce, Jaspers, and Corrington. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-5040-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=TOfRjRFPvSYC&dq=Theistic+Naturalism&pg=PA123.
3. ↑ Dembski, William; Kushiner, James (March 2001) (in en). Signs of Intelligence: Understanding Intelligent Design. Brazos Press. ISBN 978-1-58743-004-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=gpDZaXkTQfsC&dq=Theistic+Naturalism&pg=PA83.
4. ↑ Ritchie, Sarah Lane, ed. (2019), "Theistic Naturalism Part 1: Thomistic Divine Action", Divine Action and the Human Mind, Current Issues in Theology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): pp. 227–260, doi:10.1017/9781108568609.009, ISBN 978-1-108-47651-5, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/divine-action-and-the-human-mind/theistic-naturalism-part-1/02CFCC97F6A5E425E03FC149FAC21665, retrieved 2023-06-10
5. ↑ Ritchie, Sarah Lane (2019-07-25) (in en). Divine Action and the Human Mind. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-47651-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=himhDwAAQBAJ&dq=Theistic+Naturalism&pg=PA234.
6. ↑ Koperski, Jeffrey (2019-11-28) (in en). Divine Action, Determinism, and the Laws of Nature. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-63958-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=UcPADwAAQBAJ&dq=Theistic+Naturalism&pg=PT37.
7. ↑ "Steven Schafersman, "Naturalism Is Today An Essential Part of Science"". http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/schafersman_nat.html.
8. ↑ Hickman, Louise (2014-11-10) (in en). Chance or Providence: Religious Perspectives on Divine Action. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-7101-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=b-qmBgAAQBAJ&dq=Theistic+Naturalism&pg=PA140.
9. ↑ Crosby, Donald A.; Stone, Jerome A. (2018-02-01) (in en). The Routledge Handbook of Religious Naturalism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-85753-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=gipKDwAAQBAJ&dq=John+Cobb,+in+a+chapter+written+for+Mesle's+book,+says+that+he+sometimes+calls+himself+a+“naturalistic+theist”+or+a+“theistic+naturalist”&pg=PT39.

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