Wissenschaft

Wissenschaft (lit. "knowledgeship") is a German-language term that embraces scholarship, research, study, higher education, and academia. Wissenschaft translates exactly into many other languages, e.g. vetenskap in Swedish or nauka in Polish, but there is no exact translation in modern English. The common translation to science can be misleading, depending on the context, because Wissenschaft equally includes humanities (Geisteswissenschaft), and sciences and humanities are mutually exclusive categories in modern English.[1] Wissenschaft includes humanities like history, anthropology, or arts (study of literature, visual arts, or music) at the same level as sciences like chemistry or psychology.[2] Wissenschaft incorporates scientific and non-scientific inquiry, learning, knowledge, scholarship, and does not necessarily imply empirical research.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Compared to the term "science"
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## History

Before Immanuel Kant published his Critique of Judgment in 1790, "schöne Wissenschaft" was highly regarded.[3] "Schöne Wissenschaft" included poetry, rhetoric, and other subjects that were meant to promote an understanding of truth, beauty, and goodness.[3] Kant argued that aesthetic judgments were not an area of systematic knowledge, and therefore were outside the realm of Wissenschaft.[3]

## Compared to the term "science"

Although Wissenschaft and science were roughly comparable words in previous centuries, the word science in English "has narrowed its meaning incomparably, whereas Wissenschaft...has retained its broad meaning".[4] In modern English, the word science refers to systematically acquired, objective knowledge that is about a particular subject (the workings of the natural world, including the people in it) and produced through a particular methodology (the scientific method), in a progressive, iterative process that builds on previous knowledge. Wissenschaft, by contrast, encompasses both humanities and sciences, and both knowledge of objects as well as truths, such as what it means to be good.[4]

The difficulties of being precise about knowledge are one reason why English is not considered well-suited for discussions about epistemology, and terms from other languages, notably Latin and German, are commonly used.[4]

Some 19th-century Americans visiting German universities interpreted Wissenschaft as meaning "pure science," untainted by social purposes and opposed to the liberal arts.[5]

Some contemporary scientists and philosophers interpret Wissenschaft as meaning any true knowledge or successful method, including philosophical, mathematical, and logical knowledge and methods.[6]

## See also

* Ilm (Arabic)

Phrases employing this term include the following:

* Wissenschaft des Judentums, the "scholarship of Judaism," a 19th-century scholarly movement
* Die fröhliche Wissenschaft, the title of a book written by Friedrich Nietzsche and first published in 1882
* Bildwissenschaft, an academic discipline in the German-speaking world associated with visual studies and art history

## References

1. ↑ Snow, C. P., & Collini, S. (1956). The two cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
2. ↑ Hansson, Sven Ove (2017). "Science and Pseudo-Science". in Zalta, Edward N.. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/pseudo-science/.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bommel, Bas van (2015-12-14). "Between 'Bildung' and 'Wissenschaft': The 19th-Century German Ideal of Scientific Education German Education and Science" (in en). Europäische Geschichte Online. http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/germanophilia-and-germanophobia/bas-van-bommel-between-bildung-and-wissenschaft-the-19th-century-german-ideal-of-scientific-education.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Sundholm, Göran (2014), "The Vocabulary of Epistemology, with Observations on Some Surprising Shortcomings of the English Language" (in en), Mind, Values, and Metaphysics, Springer International Publishing, pp. 203–208, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05146-8_13, ISBN 9783319051451
5. ↑ R., Veysey, Laurence (1970). The emergence of the American university. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226854558. OCLC 8232894. https://archive.org/details/emergenceofameri0000veys.
6. ↑ "Our Narrow Definition of "Science"". 2014-01-14. https://www.samharris.org/blog/item/our-narrow-definition-of-science.

## External links

* Philosophy is Science

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*[lit.]: literal translation