Works of mercy

Short description: Meritorious works or acts in morals

Caritas, The Seven Acts of Mercy, pen and ink drawing by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, 1559.[lower-alpha 1]

Works of mercy (sometimes called acts of mercy) are practices considered meritorious in Christian ethics.

The practice is popular in the Catholic Church as an act of both penance and charity. In addition, the Methodist Church teaches that the works of mercy are a means of grace that evidence holiness of heart (entire sanctification).[1][2]

The works of mercy have traditionally been divided into two categories, each with seven elements:[3][4]

1. "Corporal works of mercy" which concern the material and physical needs of others.
2. "Spiritual works of mercy" which concern the spiritual needs of others.

Pope John Paul II issued a papal encyclical, known as Dives in misericordia, on 30 November 1980, declaring that "Jesus Christ taught that man not only receives and experiences the mercy of God, but that he is also called upon 'to practice mercy' towards others."[5] Another notable devotion associated with the works of mercy is the Divine Mercy, which derives from apparitions of Jesus Christ to Saint Faustina Kowalska.

## Contents

* 1 In the Catholic Church
* 1.1 Corporal works of mercy
* 2 Examples
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links
* 5.1 Spiritual works of mercy
* 6 Examples
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links
* 9.1 Representation in art
* 10 Examples
* 11 See also
* 12 References
* 13 External links
* 14 See also
* 15 Further reading
* 16 Notes
* 17 References
* 18 External links

## In the Catholic Church

Part of a series on
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Contemporary

* Pope Benedict XVI
* Pope John Paul II
* Mortimer J. Adler
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* Felicité de Lamennais
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* Alasdair MacIntyre
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* Charles Taylor

* v
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* e

Based on Jesus' parable of The Sheep and the Goats and other accounts in the New Testament, the corporal and spiritual works of mercy are a means of grace as good deeds; they are also a work of justice pleasing to God,[6] and a sign of the authenticity of a believer's worship of God.[7]

The precept is an affirmative obligation—that is, it is always binding, though not always operative due to lack of opportunity, matter, or suitable circumstances. In practice, its actual force in a given case depends largely on a person's capacity.

There are clear limitations on how the precept applies to the performance of the corporal works of mercy. Similarly, the law governing the spiritual works of mercy is subject to important qualifications in individual cases. Some acts may require particular tact, prudence, or knowledge. For example, instructing the ignorant, counseling the doubtful, and consoling the sorrowful are not within everyone's ability. By contrast, other duties (such as bearing wrongs patiently, forgiving offenses willingly, and praying for the living and the dead) do not demand any special talents or gifts for their proper observance.[8]

In his message for the 2016 World Day of Prayer for the Care of Creation, Pope Francis suggested "care for creation" as a new work of mercy, describing it as a "complement" to the existing works.[9] Francis characterized this new work as having both corporal and spiritual components. Corporally, it involves "daily gestures which break with the logic of violence, exploitation and selfishness". Spiritually, it involves contemplating each part of creation to find what God is teaching mankind through them.[10][11][12][13][14][15] This pronouncement extensively quoted the encyclical Laudato si', and Cardinal Peter Turkson, who helped write the encyclical, clarified that the addition of this work of mercy was part of Francis' intention for Laudato si'.[12][14]

### Corporal works of mercy

Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[16] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known. When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

*1732–1799: Both years are known precisely. *c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely. *1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate. *c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

*Floruit

## References

1. ↑ Bowden, John Stephen (2005). Encyclopedia of Christianity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195223934. https://books.google.com/books?id=NGAUAQAAIAAJ&q=works+of+mercy+methodism. Retrieved 5 July 2011. "Works of mercy are, therefore, not merely good deeds but also channels through which Christians receive God's grace."
2. ↑ Manskar, Steve (22 December 2014). "Holiness of Heart and Life: Part 3 of 6". United Methodist Church. https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/blog/holiness-of-heart-and-life-part-3-of-6.
3. ↑ Mauriello, Matthew (2011). Mercies Remembered. Xulon Press. pp. 149–160. ISBN 9781612150055.
4. ↑ Aquinas, Thomas (1256–1272). "Of Almsdeeds (II-II, Q.32)". Summa Theologica.
5. ↑ Pope John Paul II, Dives in misericordia, §14, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 30 November 1980.
6. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 2447. "The works of mercy are charitable actions by which we come to the aid of our neighbor in his spiritual and bodily necessities. Instructing, advising, consoling, comforting are spiritual works of mercy, as are forgiving and bearing wrongs patiently. The corporal works of mercy consist especially in feeding the hungry, sheltering the homeless, clothing the naked, visiting the sick and imprisoned, and burying the dead."
7. ↑ Pope Leo XIV, Dilexi te, paragraph 27, published on 4 October 2025, accessed on 27 October 2025
8. ↑ Delany, Joseph. "Corporal and Spiritual Works of Mercy" The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 11 July 2019 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
9. ↑ Pope Francis, Show Mercy to our Common Home: Message of his Holiness Pope Francis for the Celebration of the World Day of Prayer for the Care of Creation, 1 September 2016, accessed on 16 August 2024
10. ↑ Pope Francis: Message on 2016 World Day of Prayer for Creation As a spiritual work of mercy, care for our common home calls for a "grateful contemplation of God’s world" (Laudato si', 214) which "allows us to discover in each thing a teaching which God wishes to hand on to us" (ibid., 85). As a corporal work of mercy, care for our common home requires "simple daily gestures which break with the logic of violence, exploitation and selfishness" and "makes itself felt in every action that seeks to build a better world"
11. ↑ Dewane, Frank J.; Cantú, Oscar (31 August 2017). "Statement on Upcoming World Day of Prayer for the Care of Creation". http://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/human-life-and-dignity/environment/statement-on-world-day-of-prayer-for-care-of-creation.cfm.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Harris, Elise (1 September 2016). "Pope Francis declares care for creation a new work of mercy". Catholic News Agency. https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/34484/pope-francis-declares-care-for-creation-a-new-work-of-mercy.
13. ↑ McKenna, Josephine (1 August 2016). "Pope Francis says destroying the environment is a sin". the Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/01/pope-francis-calls-on-christians-to-embrace-green-agenda.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Winfield, Nicole (1 September 2016). Pope Francis calls for a new work of mercy: care for the environment. https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/pope-calls-new-work-mercy-care-environment. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
15. ↑ Rowlands, Anna F.; Czerny, Robert E. (19 February 2018). "The eight works of mercy". https://www.thinkingfaith.org/articles/eight-works-mercy. This appears to be a translation and substantial revision of Rowlands, Anna F.; Czerny, Robert E. (February 2018) (in it). La cura della casa comune: una nuova opera di misericordia. http://www.aggiornamentisociali.it/articoli/la-cura-della-casa-comune-una-nuova-opera-di-misericordia/. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
16. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

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Works of Mercy by Pierre Montallier, 1680

Corporal works of mercy are those that tend to the bodily needs of other creatures. The standard list is given by Jesus in Chapter 25 of the Gospel of Matthew, in the famous sermon on the Last Judgment.[1] They are also mentioned in the Book of Isaiah.[2] The seventh work of mercy comes from the Book of Tobit[3] and from the mitzvah of burial,[4] although it was not added to the list until the Middle Ages.[5]

The works include:

1. To feed the hungry[6]
2. To give water to the thirsty
3. To clothe the naked
4. To shelter the homeless
5. To visit the sick
6. To visit the imprisoned, or ransom the captive[7]
7. To bury the dead[8]

### Spiritual works of mercy

Just as the corporal works of mercy are directed towards relieving corporeal suffering, the aim of the spiritual works of mercy is to relieve spiritual suffering. They were codified in or before the Catechism of the Council of Trent of 1566.[8]

The works include:

1. To instruct the ignorant
2. To counsel the doubtful
3. To admonish the sinners
4. To bear patiently those who wrong oneself
5. To forgive offenses
6. To comfort the afflicted
7. To pray for the living and the dead[8]

Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[9] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known. When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

*1732–1799: Both years are known precisely. *c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely. *1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate. *c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

*Floruit

## References

1. ↑ Matthew 25:31–46
2. ↑ Isaiah 58
3. ↑ Tobit 1:16–22: In the days of Shalmaneser I had performed many charitable deeds for my kindred, members of my people. I would give my bread to the hungry and clothing to the naked. If I saw one of my people who had died and been thrown behind the wall of Nineveh, I used to bury him.
4. ↑ Chabad: The taharah, funeral and burial Jewish law is unequivocal in its insistence that the body, in its entirety, be returned to the earth, in a way that allows for the natural process of its decomposition and re-integration with its primordial source— the soil of which it was formed. It also insists that in the interim between death and internment, the integrity and dignity of the body be respected and preserved.
5. ↑ News.Va: New work of mercy Since biblical times, Christians have been called to carry out 6 acts of mercy, listed in St Matthew's Gospel – giving food and drink to the hungry and thirsty, welcoming the stranger, clothing the naked, visiting the sick and the prisoners – with a 7th one, burying the dead, added in medieval times.
6. ↑ Deuteronomy 15:11: "For the poor will never cease to be in the land; therefore I command you, saying, 'You shall freely open your hand to your brother, to your needy and poor in your land.'"
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Cathencycle`
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `ccc2447`
9. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

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|

Regnal year|

* Canon of Kings * Lists of kings * Limmu

Era names|

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Calendars|

| Pre-Julian / Julian|

* Pre-Julian Roman * Original Julian * Proleptic Julian * Revised Julian

|

Gregorian|

* Gregorian * Proleptic Gregorian * Old Style and New Style dates * Adoption of the Gregorian calendar * Dual dating

Astronomical|

* Lunisolar * Solar * Lunar * Astronomical year numbering

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* Chinese sexagenary cycle * Geologic Calendar * Hebrew * Iranian * Islamic * ISO week date * Mesoamerican ** Maya ** Aztec * Winter count (Plains Indians)

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Geologic time|

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Methods|

* Chronostratigraphy * Geochronology * Isotope geochemistry * Law of superposition * Luminescence dating * Samarium–neodymium dating

Chronological
dating|

| Absolute dating|

* Amino acid racemisation * Archaeomagnetic dating * Dendrochronology * Ice core * Incremental dating * Lichenometry * Paleomagnetism * Radiometric dating ** Radiocarbon ** Uranium–lead ** Potassium–argon * Tephrochronology * Luminescence dating * Thermoluminescence dating

|

Relative dating|

* Fluorine absorption * Nitrogen dating * Obsidian hydration * Seriation * Stratigraphy

Genetic methods|

* Molecular clock

Linguistic methods|

* Glottochronology

Related topics|

* Chronicle * New Chronology * Synchronoptic view * Timeline * Year zero * Circa * Floruit * Terminus post quem * ASPRO chronology

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, polyptych (Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum)

### Representation in art

The corporal works of mercy are an important subject of Christian iconography. In some representations of the Middle Ages, the seven works were allegorically juxtaposed with the seven deadly sins (avarice, anger, envy, laziness, unchastity, intemperance, pride). The pictorial representation of the works of mercy began in the 12th century.

The Seven Works of Mercy by Caravaggio, 1606/07 (Naples)

The Master of Alkmaar painted the polyptych of the Seven works of mercy (

Short description: Latin loanword meaning "approximately, around"

CA|other uses of "Cca"|CCA (disambiguation)|CCA|other uses of "Circa"|Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[1] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known.

When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

* 1732–1799: Both years are known precisely.
* c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely.
* 1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate.
* c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

* Floruit

## References

1. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Chronology

Key topics|

* Archaeology
* Astronomy
* Geology
* History
* Big History
* Paleontology
* Time

* Periods
* Eras
* Epochs

| Calendar eras|

* Human Era
* Ab urbe condita
* Anno Domini / Common Era
* Anno Mundi
* Byzantine era
* Seleucid era
* Spanish era
* Before Present
* Hijri
* Egyptian
* Sothic cycle
* Hindu units of time (Yuga)
* Mesoamerican
* Long Count
* Short Count
* Tzolk'in
* Haab'

|

Regnal year|

* Canon of Kings
* Lists of kings
* Limmu

Era names|

* Chinese
* Japanese
* Korean
* Vietnamese

Calendars|

| Pre-Julian / Julian|

* Pre-Julian Roman
* Original Julian
* Proleptic Julian
* Revised Julian

|

Gregorian|

* Gregorian
* Proleptic Gregorian
* Old Style and New Style dates
* Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
* Dual dating

Astronomical|

* Lunisolar
* Solar
* Lunar
* Astronomical year numbering

Others|

* Chinese sexagenary cycle
* Geologic Calendar
* Hebrew
* Iranian
* Islamic
* ISO week date
* Mesoamerican
* Maya
* Aztec
* Winter count (Plains Indians)

Astronomic time|

* Cosmic Calendar
* Ephemeris
* Galactic year
* Metonic cycle
* Milankovitch cycles

Geologic time|

| Concepts|

* Deep time
* Geological history of Earth
* Geological time units

|

Standards|

* Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
* Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Methods|

* Chronostratigraphy
* Geochronology
* Isotope geochemistry
* Law of superposition
* Luminescence dating
* Samarium–neodymium dating

Chronological
dating|

| Absolute dating|

* Amino acid racemisation
* Archaeomagnetic dating
* Dendrochronology
* Ice core
* Incremental dating
* Lichenometry
* Paleomagnetism
* Radiometric dating
* Radiocarbon
* Uranium–lead
* Potassium–argon
* Tephrochronology
* Luminescence dating
* Thermoluminescence dating

|

Relative dating|

* Fluorine absorption
* Nitrogen dating
* Obsidian hydration
* Seriation
* Stratigraphy

Genetic methods|

* Molecular clock

Linguistic methods|

* Glottochronology

Related topics|

* Chronicle
* New Chronology
* Synchronoptic view
* Timeline
* Year zero
* Circa
* Floruit
* Terminus post quem
* ASPRO chronology

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(0 votes)

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) for the Church of Saint Lawrence in Alkmaar, Netherlands. His series of wooden panel paintings show the works of mercy, with Jesus in the background viewing each, in this order: feed the hungry, give drink to the thirsty, clothe the naked, bury the dead, shelter the traveler, comfort the sick, and ransom the captive.

The painting of the Seven Works of Mercy by Frans II Francken (1605) represents the acts not as a picture cycle, but in one single composition.

A major work of the iconography of mercy is the altarpiece of Caravaggio (1606/07) in Naples, which was commissioned by the Confraternità del Pio Monte della Misericordia for their church. This charity brotherhood was founded in 1601 in Naples. The artist painted the Seven Works of Mercy in one single composition. Regarding the sharp contrasts of the painting's chiaroscuro, the art historian Ralf van Bühren explains the bright light as a metaphor for mercy, which "helps the audience to explore mercy in their own lives".[1]

## See also

* Divine Mercy novena
* Holy House of Mercy
* Mercy Corps
* Our Lady of Mercy
* Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit
* Sisters of Mercy
* Tree of virtues

## Further reading

* Bellarmine, Robert (1847). "The Ninth Precept, or Almsdeeds.". The Art of Dying Well. Richardson and Son.

## Notes

1. ↑ Anticlockwise from lower right: feed the hungry, give drink to the thirsty, ransom the captive, bury the dead, shelter the stranger, comfort the sick, and clothe the naked.

## References

1. ↑ Ralf van Bühren, Caravaggio's 'Seven Works of Mercy' in Naples. The relevance of art history to cultural journalism, in Church, Communication and Culture 2 (2017), pp. 63–87, quotation from pp. 79–80.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed (1913). "Corporal and Spiritual Works of Mercy". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.

## External links

* "The Means of Grace" by John Wesley
* Seven Corporal Works of Mercy in English painted churches (online catalog of medieval depictions, Anne Marschall, The Open University)

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* Diocese (Episcopal conference):
* Bishop
* Patriarch
* Major
* Primate
* Metropolitan
* Archbishop
* Diocesan
* Coadjutor
* Auxiliary
* Titular
* Emeritus
* Parish:
* Priest
* Deacon

Consecrated life|

* Religious:
* Superior
* Abbot/Abbess
* General
* Provincial
* Prior/Prioress
* Grand Master
* Brother
* Friar
* Monk
* Sister
* Nun
* Hermit
* Novice
* Master
* Oblate
* Postulant

Particular churches
sui iuris|

* Latin Church
* Eastern Catholic Churches:
* Albanian
* Armenian
* Belarusian
* Bulgarian
* Chaldean
* Coptic
* Croatian and Serbian
* Eritrean
* Ethiopian
* Georgian
* Greek
* Hungarian
* Italo-Albanian
* Macedonian
* Maronite
* Melkite
* Romanian
* Russian
* Ruthenian
* Slovak
* Syriac
* Syro-Malabar
* Syro-Malankara
* Ukrainian

Liturgical rites|

* Alexandrian
* Antiochian
* Armenian
* Byzantine
* East Syriac
* Latin
* Ambrosian
* Braga
* Mozarabic
* Roman
* Paul VI
* Tridentine
* Anglican
* Zaire
* West Syriac
* Malankara

Culture|

* Art
* Marian
* Artists
* Authors
* Church buildings
* Altarpieces
* Library
* Museums
* Music
* Distinctions
* Role in civilisation
* See also:
* Criticism of the Catholic Church
* Anti-Catholicism

Media|

* Holy See Press Office
* Vatican Media
* Vatican News
* Vatican Television Center
* Vatican Radio
* Vatican Polyglot Press
* L'Osservatore Romano
* Acta Apostolicae Sedis
* Annuario Pontificio

Religious orders,
institutes, societies|

* Assumptionists
* Annonciades
* Augustinians
* Basilians
* Benedictines
* Bethlehemites
* Blue nuns
* Camaldoleses
* Camillians
* Carmelites
* Carthusians
* Cistercians
* Clarisses
* Conceptionists
* Crosiers
* Dominicans
* Franciscans
* Good Shepherd Sisters
* Hieronymites
* Jesuits
* Mercedarians
* Minims
* Olivetans
* Oratorians
* Piarists
* Premonstratensians
* Redemptorists
* Servites
* Theatines
* Trappists
* Trinitarians
* Visitandines

Associations
of the faithful|

* Confraternities
* Movements
* Lay
* Marian
* Youth
* Workers
* Third orders
* Saint Dominic
* Lay Carmelites
* Discalced
* Saint Francis
* Secular
* Military orders
* Fimcap
* Catholic Action
* Charismatic Renewal
* Communion and Liberation
* Sant'Egidio
* Focolare
* International Alliance of Catholic Knights
* Scouting
* Legion of Mary
* Neocatechumenal Way
* Opus Dei
* Schoenstatt

Charities|

* Aid to the Church in Need
* Caritas
* Home Missions
* Relief Services
* CIDSE
* Pax Christi
* Society of Saint Vincent de Paul

* See also:
* Health care
* Schools
* Universities

*   * Book
* Category

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