Atom interferometer

An atom interferometer is an interferometer which uses the wave character of atoms. Similar to optical interferometers, atom interferometers measure the difference in phase between atomic matter waves along different paths. Atom interferometers have many uses in fundamental physics including measurements of the gravitational constant, the fine-structure constant, the universality of free fall, and have been proposed as a method to detect gravitational waves.[1] They also have applied uses as accelerometers, rotation sensors, and gravity gradiometers.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Interferometer types
* 2.1 Examples
* 3 History
* 4 Inertial navigation
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Overview

Interferometry inherently depends on the wave nature of the object. As pointed out by de Broglie in his PhD thesis, particles, including atoms, can behave like waves (the so-called wave–particle duality, according to the general framework of quantum mechanics). More and more high precision experiments now employ atom interferometers due to their short de Broglie wavelength. Some experiments are now even using molecules to obtain even shorter de Broglie wavelengths and to search for the limits of quantum mechanics.[3] In many experiments with atoms, the roles of matter and light are reversed compared to the laser based interferometers, i.e. the beam splitter and mirrors are lasers while the source instead emits matter waves (the atoms).

## Interferometer types

A compact Magneto-optical Trap, the first step in generating an atom interferometer.

While the use of atoms offers easy access to higher frequencies (and thus accuracies) than light, atoms are affected much more strongly by gravity. In some apparatuses, the atoms are ejected upwards and the interferometry takes place while the atoms are in flight, or while falling in free flight. In other experiments gravitational effects by free acceleration are not negated; additional forces are used to compensate for gravity. While these guided systems in principle can provide arbitrary amounts of measurement time, their quantum coherence is still under discussion. Recent theoretical studies indicate that coherence is indeed preserved in the guided systems, but this has yet to be experimentally confirmed.

The early atom interferometers deployed slits or wires for the beam splitters and mirrors. Later systems, especially the guided ones, used light forces for splitting and reflecting of the matter wave.[4]

### Examples

Group  | Year  | Atomic species  | Method  | Measured effect(s)

|
|
|
|

Pritchard | 1991  | Na, Na2 | Nano-fabricated gratings | Polarizability, index of refraction
Clauser  | 1994  | K | Talbot-Lau interferometer  |
Zeilinger  | 1995  | Ar | Standing light wave diffraction gratings  |
Helmke
Bordé  | 1991  |  | Ramsey–Bordé | Polarizability,
Aharonov–Bohm effect: exp/theo [math]\displaystyle{ 0.99 \pm 0.022 }[/math],
Sagnac effect 0.3 rad/s/[math]\displaystyle{ \surd }[/math]Hz
Chu  | 1991
1998  | Na

| Kasevich - Chu interferometer
Light pulses Raman diffraction  | Gravimeter: [math]\displaystyle{ 3 \cdot 10^{-10} }[/math]
Fine-structure constant: [math]\displaystyle{ \alpha\pm 1.5 \cdot 10^{-9} }[/math]
Kasevich  | 1997
1998  | Cs  | Light pulses Raman diffraction  | Gyroscope: [math]\displaystyle{ 2\cdot 10^{-8} }[/math]rad/s/[math]\displaystyle{ \surd }[/math]Hz,
Gradiometer:
Berman  |  |  | Talbot-Lau  |

## History

Interference of atom matter waves was first observed by Esterman and Stern in 1930, when a Na beam was diffracted off a surface of NaCl.[5] The first modern atom interferometer reported was a Young's-type double-slit experiment with metastable helium atoms and a microfabricated double slit by Carnal and Mlynek in 1991,[6] and an interferometer using three microfabricated diffraction gratings and Na atoms in the group around David E. Pritchard at MIT.[7] Shortly afterwards, an optical version of a Ramsey spectrometer typically used in atomic clocks was recognized also as an atom interferometer at the PTB in Braunschweig, Germany.[8] The largest physical separation between the partial wave packets of atoms was achieved using laser cooling techniques and stimulated Raman transitions by S. Chu and coworkers in Stanford.[9]

The 2008 comprehensive review by Cronin, Schmiedmayer, and Pritchard documents many new experimental approaches to atom interferometry.[10] More recently atom interferometers have begun moving out of laboratory conditions and have begun to address a variety of applications in real world environments.[11]

## Inertial navigation

The first team to make a working model, Pritchard's, was propelled by D.W. Keith. After achieving success, Keith chose to leave atomic physics, in part because one of the most obvious applications for atom interferometry was in highly accurate gyroscopes for submarines carrying ballistic missiles.[12] AIGs (atomic interferometer gyroscopes) and ASGs (atomic spin gyroscopes) use atomic interferometer to sense rotation or in the latter case, uses atomic spin to sense rotation with both having compact size, high precision, and the possibility of being made on a chip-scale.[13][14] "AI gyros" may compete, along with ASGs, with the established ring laser gyroscope, fiber optic gyroscope and hemispherical resonator gyroscope in future inertial guidance applications.[15]

## See also

* Electron interferometer
* Ramsey interferometry

## References

1. ↑ Dimopoulos, S. (2009). "Gravitational wave detection with atom interferometry". Physics Letters B 678 (1): 37–40. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2009.06.011. Bibcode: 2009PhLB..678...37D.
2. ↑ Stray, Ben; Lamb, Andrew; Kaushik, Aisha; Vovrosh, Jamie; Winch, Jonathan; Hayati, Farzad; Boddice, Daniel; Stabrawa, Artur et al. (2020). "Quantum sensing for gravity cartography". Nature 602 (7898): 590–594. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04315-3. PMID 35197616.
3. ↑ Hornberger, K. (2012). "Colloquium: Quantum interference of clusters and molecules". Rev. Mod. Phys. 84 (1): 157. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.84.157. Bibcode: 2012RvMP...84..157H.
4. ↑ Rasel, E. M. (1995). "Atom Wave Interferometry with Diffraction Gratings of Light". Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (14): 2633–2637. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.75.2633. PMID 10059366. Bibcode: 1995PhRvL..75.2633R. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=physicsbatelaan.
5. ↑ Estermann, I.; Stern, Otto (1930). "Beugung von Molekularstrahlen". Z. Phys. 61 (1–2): 95. doi:10.1007/bf01340293. Bibcode: 1930ZPhy...61...95E.
6. ↑ Carnal, O.; Mlynek, J. (1991). "Young's double-slit experiment with atoms: A simple atom interferometer". Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (21): 2689–2692. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.66.2689. PMID 10043591. Bibcode: 1991PhRvL..66.2689C. http://elib.bsu.by/handle/123456789/154548.
7. ↑ Keith, D.W.; Ekstrom, C.R.; Turchette, Q.A.; Pritchard, D.E. (1991). "An interferometer for atoms". Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (21): 2693–2696. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.66.2693. PMID 10043592. Bibcode: 1991PhRvL..66.2693K.
8. ↑ Riehle, F.; Th; Witte, A.; Helmcke, J.; Ch; Bordé, J. (1991). "Optical Ramsey spectroscopy in a rotating frame: Sagnac effect in a matter-wave interferometer". Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 (2): 177–180. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.67.177. PMID 10044514. Bibcode: 1991PhRvL..67..177R.
9. ↑ Kasevich, M.; Chu, S. (1991). "Atomic interferometry using stimulated Raman transitions". Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 (2): 181–184. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.67.181. PMID 10044515. Bibcode: 1991PhRvL..67..181K.
10. ↑ Cronin, Alexander D.; Schmiedmayer, Jörg; Pritchard, David E. (2009). "Optics and interferometry with atoms and molecules". Reviews of Modern Physics 81 (3): 1051–1129. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.81.1051. Bibcode: 2009RvMP...81.1051C.
11. ↑ Bongs, K.; Holynski, M.; Vovrosh, J.; Bouyer, P.; Condon, G.; Rasel, E.; Schubert, C.; Schleich, W.P. et al. (2019). "Taking atom interferometric quantum sensors from the laboratory to real-world applications". Nat. Rev. Phys. 1 (12): 731–739. doi:10.1038/s42254-019-0117-4. Bibcode: 2019NatRP...1..731B.
12. ↑ Rotman, David (February 8, 2013). "A Cheap and Easy Plan to Stop Global Warming". MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/02/08/84239/a-cheap-and-easy-plan-to-stop-global-warming/. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
13. ↑ Fang, Jiancheng; Qin, Jie (2012). "Advances in Atomic Gyroscopes: A View from Inertial Navigation Applications". Sensors 12 (5): 6331–6346. doi:10.3390/s120506331. PMID 22778644. Bibcode: 2012Senso..12.6331F.
14. ↑ Advances in Atomic Gyroscopes: A View from Inertial Navigation Applications. Full PDF
15. ↑ Cold Atom Gyros – IEEE Sensors 2013

## External links

* Cronin, A. D.; Schmiedmayer, J.; Pritchard, D. E. (2009). "Optics and interferometry with atoms and molecules". Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 (3): 1051–1129. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.81.1051. Bibcode: 2009RvMP...81.1051C.
* Adams, C. S.; Sigel, M.; Mlynek, J. (1994). "Atom Optics". Phys. Rep. 240 (3): 143–210. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(94)90066-3. Bibcode: 1994PhR...240..143A. Overview of the atom–light interaction
* P. R. Berman [Editor], Atom Interferometry. Academic Press (1997). Detailed overview of atom interferometers at that time (good introductions and theory).
* Stedman Review of the Sagnac Effect

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