Click (acoustics)

Short description: Sonic artifact

A click is a sonic artifact in sound and music production.

## Contents

* 1 Analog recording artifact
* 2 Digital recording artifact
* 3 Speech noise
* 4 Click removal
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Analog recording artifact

File:Plattenknistern record.ogg On magnetic tape recordings, clicks can occur when switching from magnetic play to record in order to correct recording errors and when recording a track in sections.[1] On phonograph records, clicks are perceived in various ways by the listener, ranging from tiny 'tick' noises which may occur in any recording medium through 'scratch' and 'crackle' noise commonly associated with analog disc recording methods. Analog clicks can occur due to dirt and dust on the grooves of the vinyl record or granularity in the material used for its manufacturing, or through damage to the disc from scratches on its surface.[2]

## Digital recording artifact

In digital recording, clicks (not to be confused with the click track) can occur due to multiple issues. When recording through an audio interface, insufficient computer performance or audio driver issues can cause clicks, pops and dropouts. They can result from improper clock sources[3] and buffer size. Also, clicks can be caused by electric devices near the computer or by faulty audio or mains cables.[4] In sample recording, digital clicks occur when the signal levels of two adjacent audio sections do not match. The abrupt change in gain can be perceived as a click.[5] In electronic music, clicks are used as a musical element, particularly in glitch and noise music, for example in the Clicks & Cuts Series (2000–2010).[6][7]

## Speech noise

File:Human voice with clicking noise.wav File:Human voice with clicking noise removed.wav In speech recording, click noises (not to be confused with click consonants) result from tongue movements, swallowing, mouth and saliva noises.[8] While in voice-over recordings, click noises are undesirable, they can be used as a sound effect of close-miking in ASMR and pop music, e.g. in Bad Guy (2019) by Billie Eilish.[9]

## Click removal

In audio restoration and audio editing, hardware[10] and software[11] de-clickers provide click removal or de-clicking[12] features.[13][14] A spectrogram can be used to visually detect clicks and crackles (corrective spectral editing).[15]

## See also

* Crackling noise
* Record restoration
* Gaussian noise
* Impulse noise (acoustics)

## References

1. ↑ Company, Eastman Kodak (1961) (in en). Magnetic Sound Recording for Motion Pictures. The Company. pp. 62–63. https://books.google.com/books?id=3SJMAQAAMAAJ&q="removing+clicks".
2. ↑ Kahrs, Mark; Brandenburg, Karlheinz (2006-04-18) (in en). Applications of Digital Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 137. ISBN 978-0-306-47042-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=UFwKBwAAQBAJ&dq="click+removal"&pg=PA137.
3. ↑ Corey, Jason (2016-08-12) (in en). Audio Production and Critical Listening: Technical Ear Training. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-317-54104-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=eD7UDAAAQBAJ&dq="audio+clicks"&pg=PT196.
4. ↑ "Eradicating PC Audio Clicks & Pops". https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/eradicating-pc-audio-clicks-pops.
5. ↑ Fries, Bruce; Fries, Marty (2005) (in en). Digital Audio Essentials. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". pp. 260. ISBN 978-0-596-00856-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=w0vsd5z2Rg4C&dq="digital+clicks"&pg=PA260.
6. ↑ Philip Sherburne: "Click", www.mille-plateaux.net, 1998, PDF
7. ↑ Krapp, Peter (2011) (in en). Noise Channels: Glitch and Error in Digital Culture. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-7625-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=URATuAAACAAJ&q=krapp+noise+channels.
8. ↑ "How to Remove Mouth Noises & Clicks in Audio" (in en). 2021-12-20. https://www.thepodcasthost.com/editing-production/how-to-remove-mouth-noises-in-audio/.
9. ↑ Sofer, Danielle Shlomit (2022-07-05) (in en). Sex Sounds: Vectors of Difference in Electronic Music. MIT Press. pp. 262. ISBN 978-0-262-36205-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=LopGEAAAQBAJ&dq=mouth+clicking+asmr&pg=PA262.
10. ↑ (in en) High Fidelity. ABC Leisure Magazines. 1977. pp. 6. https://books.google.com/books?id=TWoJAQAAMAAJ&q=declickers+remove.
11. ↑ Réveillac, Jean-Michel (2018-03-07) (in en). Musical Sound Effects: Analog and Digital Sound Processing. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-1-78630-131-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=zAKfDwAAQBAJ&dq=declickers&pg=PA266.
12. ↑ (in en) Handbook of Signal Processing in Acoustics. Springer Science & Business Media. 2008. pp. 776. ISBN 978-0-387-77698-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=TDPIO01DLSUC&dq=declicking&pg=PA776.
13. ↑ Fries, Bruce; Fries, Marty (2005) (in en). Digital Audio Essentials. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". pp. 267. ISBN 978-0-596-00856-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=w0vsd5z2Rg4C&dq="click+removal"+clicks&pg=PA267.
14. ↑ Schroder, Carla (2011) (in en). The Book of Audacity: Record, Edit, Mix, and Master with the Free Audio Editor. No Starch Press. pp. 236. ISBN 978-1-59327-270-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=Js4YfdpN55gC&dq="click+removal"&pg=PA236.
15. ↑ Langford, Simon (2013-10-01) (in en). Digital Audio Editing: Correcting and Enhancing Audio in Pro Tools, Logic Pro, Cubase, and Studio One. CRC Press. pp. 282–285. ISBN 978-1-134-11130-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=9achAQAAQBAJ&dq=declicking+spectrogram&pg=PA284.

## Further reading

Godsill, Simon J.; Rayner, Peter J.W. (2013-12-21). Digital Audio Restoration. Springer. pp. 191–214. ISBN 978-1-4471-1561-8.

## External links

* Click and pop removal techniques, Audacity tutorial

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Noise (physics and telecommunications)

General|

* Acoustic quieting
* Distortion
* Noise cancellation
* Noise control
* Noise measurement
* Noise power
* Noise reduction
* Noise temperature
* Phase distortion

Noise in...|

* Audio
* Buildings
* Electronics
* Environment
* Government regulation
* Human health
* Images
* Radio
* Rooms
* Ships
* Sound masking
* Transportation
* Video

Class of noise|

* Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
* Atmospheric noise
* Background noise
* Brownian noise
* Burst noise
* Cosmic noise
* Flicker noise
* Gaussian noise
* Grey noise
* Jitter
* Johnson–Nyquist noise (thermal noise)
* Pink noise
* Quantization error (or q. noise)
* Shot noise
* White noise
* Coherent noise
* Value noise
* Gradient noise
* Worley noise

Engineering
terms|

* Channel noise level
* Circuit noise level
* Effective input noise temperature
* Equivalent noise resistance
* Equivalent pulse code modulation noise
* Impulse noise (audio)
* Noise figure
* Noise floor
* Noise shaping
* Noise spectral density
* Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH)
* Phase noise
* Pseudorandom noise
* Statistical noise

Ratios|

* Carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N)
* Carrier-to-receiver noise density (C/kT)
* dBrnC
* Eb/N0 (energy per bit to noise density)
* Es/N0 (energy per symbol to noise density)
* Modulation error ratio (MER)
* Signal, noise and distortion (SINAD)
* Signal-to-interference ratio (S/I)
* Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N, SNR)
* Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)
* Signal to noise plus interference (SNIR)
* Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR)
* Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)

Related topics|

* List of noise topics
* Acoustics
* Colors of noise
* Interference (communication)
* Noise generator
* Radio noise source
* Spectrum analyzer
* Thermal radiation

Denoise
methods|

| General|

* Low-pass filter
* Median filter
* Total variation denoising
* Wavelet denoising

|

2D (Image)|

* Gaussian blur
* Anisotropic diffusion
* Bilateral filter
* Non-local means
* Block-matching and 3D filtering (BM3D)
* Shrinkage Fields
* Denoising autoencoder (DAE)
* Deep Image Prior

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