Electron quadruplets

The condensate of electron quadruplets is a proposed state of matter in which Cooper pairs do not exhibit long-range order, but electron quadruplets do. Such states emerge in systems with multiple broken symmetries due to the partial melting of the underlying low-temperature order, which destroys the condensates of Cooper pairs but preserves the condensates formed by pairs of preformed fermion pairs.[1][2] One example of the proposed electron quadruplet condensates is charge-4e [3][4] Another example is "quartic metal" phase [5][6] is distinct from those superconductors explained by the standard BCS theory; rather than expelling magnetic field lines as in the Meissner effect, it generates them, a spontaneous Nernst effect that indicates the breaking of time-reversal symmetry.Cite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag In systems with a greater number of broken symmetries, theoretical studies have demonstrated the existence of charge-6e and more complex orders.[7][8] After the theoretical possibility was raised, observations consistent with electron quadrupling were published using hole-doped Ba1-xKxFe2As2 in 2021,[9][10] with claims of charge-4e state reported in mesoscopic samples of CsV3Sb5 soon after, in early 2022.[11]

## See also

* List of states of matter

## References

1. ↑ Babaev, Egor; Sudbø, Asle; Ashcroft, N. W. (October 2004). "A superconductor to superfluid phase transition in liquid metallic hydrogen" (in en). Nature 431 (7009): 666–668. doi:10.1038/nature02910. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15470422. Bibcode: 2004Natur.431..666B. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02910.
2. ↑ Smiseth, J.; Smørgrav, E.; Babaev, E.; Sudbø, A. (6 June 2005). "Field- and temperature-induced topological phase transitions in the three-dimensional N -component London superconductor". Physical Review B 71 (21). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.71.214509. Bibcode: 2005PhRvB..71u4509S.
3. ↑ Berg, Erez; Fradkin, Eduardo; Kivelson, Steven A. (November 2009). "Charge-4e superconductivity from pair-density-wave order in certain high-temperature superconductors" (in en). Nature Physics 5 (11): 830–833. doi:10.1038/nphys1389. ISSN 1745-2481. Bibcode: 2009NatPh...5..830B. https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys1389.
4. ↑ Radzihovsky, Leo; Vishwanath, Ashvin (2 July 2009). "Quantum Liquid Crystals in an Imbalanced Fermi Gas: Fluctuations and Fractional Vortices in Larkin-Ovchinnikov States". Physical Review Letters 103 (1). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.010404. PMID 19659128. Bibcode: 2009PhRvL.103a0404R.
5. ↑ Bojesen, Troels Arnfred; Babaev, Egor; Sudbø, Asle (2013-12-30). "Time reversal symmetry breakdown in normal and superconducting states in frustrated three-band systems". Physical Review B 88 (22). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.88.220511. Bibcode: 2013PhRvB..88v0511B. https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.88.220511.
6. ↑ Bojesen, Troels Arnfred; Babaev, Egor; Sudbø, Asle (2014-03-11). "Phase transitions and anomalous normal state in superconductors with broken time-reversal symmetry". Physical Review B 89 (10). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.89.104509. Bibcode: 2014PhRvB..89j4509B. https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.89.104509.
7. ↑ Herland, Egil V.; Babaev, Egor; Sudbø, Asle (8 October 2010). "Phase transitions in a three dimensional U ( 1 ) × U ( 1 ) lattice London superconductor: Metallic superfluid and charge- 4 e superconducting states". Physical Review B 82 (13). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.82.134511. Bibcode: 2010PhRvB..82m4511H.
8. ↑ Agterberg, D. F.; Geracie, M.; Tsunetsugu, H. (26 July 2011). "Conventional and charge-six superfluids from melting hexagonal Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov phases in two dimensions". Physical Review B 84 (1). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.84.014513. Bibcode: 2011PhRvB..84a4513A.
9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `:0`
10. ↑ "Superconductor reveals new state of matter involving pairs of Cooper pairs" (in en-GB). 2021-11-03. https://physicsworld.com/superconductor-reveals-new-state-of-matter-involving-pairs-of-cooper-pairs/.
11. ↑ Ge, Jun; Wang, Pinyuan; Xing, Ying; Yin, Qiangwei; Wang, Anqi; Shen, Jie; Lei, Hechang; Wang, Ziqiang et al. (2022). "Charge-4⁢𝑒 and Charge-6⁢𝑒 Flux Quantization and Higher Charge Superconductivity in Kagome Superconductor Ring Devices". Physical Review X 89 (14). doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.14.021025. https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.021025.

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