Heating system

Short description: Heating of air in buildings or vehicles

A heating system is a mechanism designed to maintain a desired temperature in a space by adding thermal energy. It is a fundamental component of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, providing warmth to residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. Heating systems are of two main types: central and distributed. Central heating systems generate heat (electrically or by burning gas/coal) in a single location and distribute the heat through ducts, pipes, or radiators. Distributed heating systems use local heat sources, such as space heaters and fireplaces, and do not use ducts, pipes, or conventional radiators. Heating systems are critical in ensuring indoor comfort, especially in colder regions.

## Contents

* 1 Types and uses
* 1.1 Central heating systems
* 1.2 Distributed heating systems
* 2 Efficiency and environmental impact
* 3 Change over time
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Types and uses

### Central heating systems

Main article: Engineering:Central heating

Central heating systems produce heat in one central location and distribute it throughout the building. This category includes furnaces, boilers, and heat pumps.[1][2] Central heating is often used in applications such as warehouses, offices and education buildings.[3] This is because of their energy efficiency, heating distribution and noise when in operation.[4]

### Distributed heating systems

Distributed heating systems generate heat in the space they are to heat, without extensive duct systems. Examples include electric space heaters, fireplaces, and solar heating. Distributed heating systems can be used in combination with central heating to allow year round climate control.[5] Distributed heating is often used in urban areas where the houses are closely compacted together.

## Efficiency and environmental impact

The efficiency of a heating system is typically measured by its AFUE (Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency) rating. Higher AFUE ratings indicate a more efficient furnace.[6] Environmental impacts are a concern with heating systems, especially those that burn fossil fuels. The use of sustainable energy sources and energy-efficient systems is encouraged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The main source of harmful greenhouse gas emissions is the type of heating systems being used. For example, central heating systems depending on what they use to burn/electricity consumed to heat the system. Another environmental impact is during winter months heating systems depend heavily more on fossil fuel based energy production.[7] The use of coal, natural gas, and oil to power heating systems is a direct link to greenhouse-based gas emissions.

Heat pumps can be used for heating and cooling, transferring heat using refrigerant and electricity, making them more efficient than other heating systems.[8] Heat pumps are most often used in places where the temperature stays around 40 degrees. When operating below 40° (F) heating pumps lose some of their efficiency.[9] Although with current trends this has become less of an issue as countries like Norway, Sweden, and Finland have begun installing heat pumps more often in buildings.[10]

## Change over time

Advancements in heating technology focus on increasing energy efficiency and reducing environmental impact.[11] Trends include the integration of smart home technology for better system control through allowing heat schedules, zones, and remote control. The use of renewable energy sources like geothermal heating, solar panels, and biomass. Current trends are toward heating pumps and using renewable energy/low carbon emission energy to power these heaters.[12] Swapping out the current fossil-fuel based heaters for electric ones lowers emissions in the heating industry. Heating pumps are a noteworthy trend because of their duality in use. Places like Norway, Sweden, and Finland have had heat pumps become more popular in the recent years due to their improved efficiency over other traditional heating methods.[13]

## See also

* Central heating
* HVAC
* Boiler
* Radiator
* Solar energy
* Heating plant

## References

1. ↑ Martinopoulos, Georgios; Papakostas, Konstantinos T.; Papadopoulos, Agis M. (July 2018). "A comparative review of heating systems in EU countries, based on efficiency and fuel cost". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 90: 687–699. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.060. Bibcode: 2018RSERv..90..687M.
2. ↑ "Types of Heating Systems | Smarter House". https://smarterhouse.org/heating-systems/types-heating-systems.
3. ↑ "Use of energy in commercial buildings - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/use-of-energy/commercial-buildings.php.
4. ↑ "Warehouse Heaters - the best way to heat your warehouse". https://www.tidyco.co.uk/tidyco-news/post/warehouse-heaters-the-best-way-to-heat-your-warehouse#:~:text=into the warehouse.-,Advantages:,efficient for maintaining product quality.
5. ↑ "Heat Distribution Systems". https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-distribution-systems#:~:text=Hot-air systems, the most,prone to leaks, reducing efficiency.
6. ↑ "Furnaces and Boilers" (in en). https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/furnaces-and-boilers.
7. ↑ Mahmoud, Montaser; Ramadan, Mohamad; Naher, Sumsun; Pullen, Keith; Olabi, Abdul-Ghani (April 2021). "The impacts of different heating systems on the environment: A review". Science of the Total Environment 766. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142625. PMID 33077224. Bibcode: 2021ScTEn.76642625M. https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/25008/1/Impacts of heating systems on the environment.pdf.
8. ↑ "What is HVAC? - The Complete Breakdown" (in en-US). We Make Your Space Better. 2023-12-21. https://wmysb.com/hvac/what-is-hvac/.
9. ↑ "At What Temperature do Heat Pumps Become Ineffective?". https://www.estesair.com/blog/at-what-temperature-does-a-heat-pump-quit-working-efficiently#:~:text=A heat pump works best,option for an Atlanta home.
10. ↑ "Executive Summary – the Future of Heat Pumps – Analysis". https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-heat-pumps/executive-summary.
11. ↑ "Integrating Energy-Efficient HVAC Systems with Home Automation" (in en). https://utilitiesone.com/integrating-energy-efficient-hvac-systems-with-home-automation.
12. ↑ "Executive Summary – the Future of Heat Pumps – Analysis". https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-heat-pumps/executive-summary.
13. ↑ "Executive Summary – the Future of Heat Pumps – Analysis". https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-heat-pumps/executive-summary.

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* t
* e

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

Fundamental concepts|

* Air changes per hour
* Bake-out
* Building envelope
* Convection
* Dilution
* Domestic energy consumption
* Enthalpy
* Fluid dynamics
* Gas compressor
* Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
* Heat transfer
* Humidity
* Infiltration
* Latent heat
* Noise control
* Outgassing
* Particulates
* Psychrometrics
* Sensible heat
* Stack effect
* Thermal comfort
* Thermal destratification
* Thermal mass
* Thermodynamics
* Vapour pressure of water

Technology|

* Absorption refrigerator
* Air barrier
* Air conditioning
* Antifreeze
* Automobile air conditioning
* Autonomous building
* Building insulation materials
* Central heating
* Central solar heating
* Chilled beam
* Chilled water
* Constant air volume (CAV)
* Coolant
* Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS)
* Deep water source cooling
* Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV)
* Displacement ventilation
* District cooling
* District heating
* Electric heating
* Energy recovery ventilation (ERV)
* Firestop
* Forced-air
* Forced-air gas
* Free cooling
* Heat recovery ventilation (HRV)
* Hybrid heat
* Hydronics
* HVAC
* Ice storage air conditioning
* Kitchen ventilation
* Mixed-mode ventilation
* Microgeneration
* Natural ventilation
* Passive cooling
* Passive house
* Radiant heating and cooling system
* Radiant cooling
* Radiant heating
* Radon mitigation
* Refrigeration
* Renewable heat
* Room air distribution
* Solar air heat
* Solar combisystem
* Solar cooling
* Solar heating
* Thermal insulation
* Underfloor air distribution
* Underfloor heating
* Vapor barrier
* Vapor-compression refrigeration (VCRS)
* Variable air volume (VAV)
* Variable refrigerant flow (VRF)
* Ventilation

Components|

* Air conditioner inverter
* Air door
* Air filter
* Air handler
* Air ionizer
* Air-mixing plenum
* Air purifier
* Air source heat pumps
* Automatic balancing valve
* Back boiler
* Barrier pipe
* Blast damper
* Boiler
* Centrifugal fan
* Ceramic heater
* Chiller
* Condensate pump
* Condenser
* Condensing boiler
* Convection heater
* Compressor
* Cooling tower
* Damper
* Dehumidifier
* Duct
* Economizer
* Electrostatic precipitator
* Evaporative cooler
* Evaporator
* Exhaust hood
* Expansion tank
* Fan coil unit
* Fan filter unit
* Fan heater
* Fire damper
* Fireplace
* Fireplace insert
* Freeze stat
* Flue
* Freon
* Fume hood
* Furnace
* Furnace room
* Gas compressor
* Gas heater
* Gasoline heater
* Geothermal heat pump
* Grease duct
* Grille
* Ground-coupled heat exchanger
* Heat exchanger
* Heat pipe
* Heat pump
* Heating film
* Heating system
* High efficiency glandless circulating pump
* High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)
* High pressure cut off switch
* Humidifier
* Infrared heater
* Inverter compressor
* Kerosene heater
* Louver
* Mechanical fan
* Mechanical room
* Oil heater
* Packaged terminal air conditioner
* Plenum space
* Pressurisation ductwork
* Process duct work
* Radiator
* Radiator reflector
* Recuperator
* Refrigerant
* Register
* Reversing valve
* Run-around coil
* Scroll compressor
* Solar chimney
* Solar-assisted heat pump
* Space heater
* Smoke exhaust ductwork
* Thermal expansion valve
* Thermal wheel
* Thermosiphon
* Thermostatic radiator valve
* Trickle vent
* Trombe wall
* Turning vanes
* Ultra-low particulate air (ULPA)
* Whole-house fan
* Windcatcher
* Wood-burning stove

Measurement
and control|

* Air flow meter
* Aquastat
* BACnet
* Blower door
* Building automation
* Carbon dioxide sensor
* Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR)
* Gas sensor
* Home energy monitor
* Humidistat
* HVAC control system
* Intelligent buildings
* LonWorks
* Minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV)
* OpenTherm
* Programmable communicating thermostat
* Programmable thermostat
* Psychrometrics
* Room temperature
* Smart thermostat
* Thermostat
* Thermostatic radiator valve

Professions, trades,
and services|

* Architectural acoustics
* Architectural engineering
* Architectural technologist
* Building services engineering
* Building information modeling (BIM)
* Deep energy retrofit
* Duct leakage testing
* Environmental engineering
* Hydronic balancing
* Kitchen exhaust cleaning
* Mechanical engineering
* Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
* Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
* Refrigerant reclamation
* Testing, adjusting, balancing

Industry organizations|

* ACCA
* AHRI
* AMCA
* ASHRAE
* ASTM International
* BRE
* BSRIA
* CIBSE
* Institute of Refrigeration
* IIR
* LEED
* SMACNA

Health and safety|

* Indoor air quality (IAQ)
* Passive smoking
* Sick building syndrome (SBS)
* Volatile organic compound (VOC)

See also|

* ASHRAE Handbook
* Building science
* Fireproofing
* Glossary of HVAC terms
* World Refrigeration Day

* Template:Home automation
* Template:Solar energy

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