Isotopes of cadmium

Short description: Nuclides with atomic number of 48 but with different mass numbers

Main isotopes of Chemistry:cadmium (48Cd) | Iso­tope | Decay

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| abun­dance | half-life (t1/2) | mode | pro­duct
106Cd  | 1.25%  | stable
107Cd  | syn | 6.5 h | ε | 107Ag
108Cd  | 0.89%  | stable
109Cd  | syn  | 462.6 d | ε  | 109Ag
110Cd  | 12.47%  | stable
111Cd  | 12.80%  | stable
112Cd  | 24.11%  | stable
113Cd  | 12.23%  | 7.7×1015 y | β− | 113In
113mCd  | syn  | 14.1 y | β− | 113In
IT | 113Cd
114Cd  | 28.75%  | stable
115Cd  | syn  | 53.46 h | β− | 115In
116Cd  | 7.51%  | 3.1×1019 y | β−β− | 116Sn
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Cd)|

* 112.414(4)[1]

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Naturally occurring cadmium (48Cd) is composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity was observed, and three others are predicted to be radioactive but their decays have not been observed, due to extremely long half-lives. The two natural radioactive isotopes are 113Cd (beta decay, half-life is 8.04 × 1015 years) and 116Cd (two-neutrino double beta decay, half-life is 2.8 × 1019 years). The other three are 106Cd, 108Cd (double electron capture), and 114Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on their half-life times have been set. Three isotopes—110Cd, 111Cd, and 112Cd—are theoretically stable. Among the isotopes absent in natural cadmium, the most long-lived are 109Cd with a half-life of 462.6 days, and 115Cd with a half-life of 53.46 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2.5 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 5 minutes. This element also has 12 known meta states, with the most stable being 113mCd (t1/2 14.1 years), 115mCd (t1/2 44.6 days) and 117mCd (t1/2 3.36 hours).

The known isotopes of cadmium range in atomic mass from 94.950 u (95Cd) to 131.946 u (132Cd). The primary decay mode before the second most abundant stable isotope, 112Cd, is electron capture and the primary modes after are beta emission and electron capture. The primary decay product before 112Cd is element 47 (silver) and the primary product after is element 49 (indium).

A 2021 study has shown at high ionic strengths, Cd isotope fractionation mainly depends on its complexation with carboxylic sites. At low ionic strengths, nonspecific Cd binding induced by electrostatic attractions plays a dominant role and promotes Cd isotope fractionation during complexation.[2]

## List of isotopes

Template:Anchor (or Anchors): too many anchors, maximum is ten

Nuclide
[n 1] | Z | N | Isotopic mass (u)
[n 2][n 3] | Half-life
[n 4] | Decay
mode
[n 5] | Daughter
isotope
[n 6][n 7] | Spin and
parity
[n 8][n 9] | Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)

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Excitation energy[n 9] | Normal proportion  | Range of variation
95Cd  | 48  | 47  | 94.94987(64)#  | 5# ms  |  |  | 9/2+#  |  |
96Cd  | 48  | 48  | 95.93977(54)#  | 1# s  | β+ | 96Ag  | 0+  |  |
97Cd  | 48  | 49  | 96.93494(43)#  | 2.8(6) s  | β+ (>99.9%)  | 97Ag  | 9/2+#  |  |
β+, p (<.1%)  | 96Pd
98Cd  | 48  | 50  | 97.92740(8)  | 9.2(3) s  | β+ (99.975%)  | 98Ag  | 0+  |  |
β+, p (.025%)  | 97Ag
98mCd  | 2427.5(6) keV  | 190(20) ns  |  |  | 8+#  |  |
99Cd  | 48  | 51  | 98.92501(22)#  | 16(3) s  | β+ (99.78%)  | 99Ag  | (5/2+)  |  |
β+, p (.21%)  | 98Pd
β+, α (10−4%)  | 95Rh
100Cd  | 48  | 52  | 99.92029(10)  | 49.1(5) s  | β+ | 100Ag  | 0+  |  |
101Cd  | 48  | 53  | 100.91868(16)  | 1.36(5) min  | β+ | 101Ag  | (5/2+)  |  |
102Cd  | 48  | 54  | 101.91446(3)  | 5.5(5) min  | β+ | 102Ag  | 0+  |  |
103Cd  | 48  | 55  | 102.913419(17)  | 7.3(1) min  | β+ | 103Ag  | 5/2+  |  |
104Cd  | 48  | 56  | 103.909849(10)  | 57.7(10) min  | β+ | 104Ag  | 0+  |  |
105Cd  | 48  | 57  | 104.909468(12)  | 55.5(4) min  | β+ | 105Ag  | 5/2+  |  |
106Cd  | 48  | 58  | 105.906459(6)  | Observationally Stable[n 10] | 0+  | 0.0125(6)  |
107Cd  | 48  | 59  | 106.906618(6)  | 6.50(2) h  | β+ | 107mAg  | 5/2+  |  |
108Cd  | 48  | 60  | 107.904184(6)  | Observationally Stable[n 11] | 0+  | 0.0089(3)  |
109Cd  | 48  | 61  | 108.904982(4)  | 461.4(12) d  | EC  | 109Ag | 5/2+  |  |
109m1Cd  | 59.6(4) keV  | 12(2) µs  |  |  | 1/2+  |  |
109m2Cd  | 463.0(5) keV  | 10.9(5) µs  |  |  | 11/2  |  |
110Cd  | 48  | 62  | 109.9030021(29)  | Stable | 0+  | 0.1249(18)  |
111Cd[n 12] | 48  | 63  | 110.9041781(29)  | Stable | 1/2+  | 0.1280(12)  |
111mCd  | 396.214(21) keV  | 48.50(9) min  | IT  | 111Cd | 11/2−  |  |
112Cd[n 12] | 48  | 64  | 111.9027578(29)  | Stable | 0+  | 0.2413(21)  |
113Cd[n 12][n 13] | 48  | 65  | 112.9044017(29)  | 8.04(5)×1015 y | β− | 113In | 1/2+  | 0.1222(12)  |
113mCd[n 12] | 263.54(3) keV  | 14.1(5) y  | β− (99.86%)  | 113In | 11/2−  |  |
IT (.139%)  | 113Cd
114Cd[n 12] | 48  | 66  | 113.9033585(29)  | Observationally Stable[n 14] | 0+  | 0.2873(42)  |
115Cd[n 12] | 48  | 67  | 114.9054310(29)  | 53.46(5) h  | β− | 115mIn  | 1/2+  |  |
115mCd  | 181.0(5) keV  | 44.56(24) d  | β− | 115mIn  | (11/2)−  |  |
116Cd[n 12][n 13] | 48  | 68  | 115.904756(3)  | 2.8(2)×1019 y | β−β− | 116Sn | 0+  | 0.0749(18)  |
117Cd  | 48  | 69  | 116.907219(4)  | 2.49(4) h  | β− | 117mIn  | 1/2+  |  |
117mCd  | 136.4(2) keV  | 3.36(5) h  | β− | 117mIn  | (11/2)−  |  |
118Cd  | 48  | 70  | 117.906915(22)  | 50.3(2) min  | β− | 118In  | 0+  |  |
119Cd  | 48  | 71  | 118.90992(9)  | 2.69(2) min  | β− | 119mIn  | (3/2+)  |  |
119mCd  | 146.54(11) keV  | 2.20(2) min  | β− | 119mIn  | (11/2−)#  |  |
120Cd  | 48  | 72  | 119.90985(2)  | 50.80(21) s  | β− | 120In  | 0+  |  |
121Cd  | 48  | 73  | 120.91298(9)  | 13.5(3) s  | β− | 121mIn  | (3/2+)  |  |
121mCd  | 214.86(15) keV  | 8.3(8) s  | β− | 121mIn  | (11/2−)  |  |
122Cd  | 48  | 74  | 121.91333(5)  | 5.24(3) s  | β− | 122In  | 0+  |  |
123Cd  | 48  | 75  | 122.91700(4)  | 2.10(2) s  | β− | 123mIn  | (3/2)+  |  |
123mCd  | 316.52(23) keV  | 1.82(3) s  | β− | 123In  | (11/2−)  |  |
IT  | 123Cd
124Cd  | 48  | 76  | 123.91765(7)  | 1.25(2) s  | β− | 124In  | 0+  |  |
125Cd  | 48  | 77  | 124.92125(7)  | 0.65(2) s  | β− | 125mIn  | (3/2+)#  |  |
125mCd  | 50(70) keV  | 570(90) ms  | β− | 125In  | 11/2−#  |  |
126Cd  | 48  | 78  | 125.92235(6)  | 0.515(17) s  | β− | 126In  | 0+  |  |
127Cd  | 48  | 79  | 126.92644(8)  | 0.37(7) s  | β− | 127mIn  | (3/2+)  |  |
128Cd  | 48  | 80  | 127.92776(32)  | 0.28(4) s  | β− | 128In  | 0+  |  |
129Cd  | 48  | 81  | 128.93215(32)#  | 242(8) ms  | β− (>99.9%)  | 129In  | 3/2+#  |  |
IT (<.1%)  | 129Cd
129mCd  | 0(200)# keV  | 104(6) ms  |  |  | 11/2−#  |  |
130Cd  | 48  | 82  | 129.9339(3)  | 162(7) ms  | β− (96%)  | 130In  | 0+  |  |
β−, n (4%)  | 129In
131Cd  | 48  | 83  | 130.94067(32)#  | 68(3) ms  |  |  | 7/2−#  |  |
132Cd  | 48  | 84  | 131.94555(54)#  | 97(10) ms  |  |  | 0+  |  |

1. ↑ mCd - Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ↑ ( ) - Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. ↑ # - Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. ↑ Bold half-life - nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
5. ↑ Modes of decay:  EC: | Electron capture

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IT: | Isomeric transition
n: | Neutron emission
p: | Proton emission
6. ↑ Bold italics symbol as daughter - Daughter product is nearly stable.
7. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter - Daughter product is stable.
8. ↑ ( ) spin value - Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 # - Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
10. ↑ Believed to decay by β+β+ to 106Pd with a half-life over 4.1×1020 years
11. ↑ Believed to decay by β+β+ to 108Pd with a half-life over 4.1×1017 years
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Fission product
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Primordial radionuclide
14. ↑ Believed to undergo β−β− decay to 114Sn with a half-life over 6.4×1018 years

* Hyperdeformation is predicted to be found in 107Cd.

## Cadmium-113m

Medium-lived
fission products Prop:
Unit:  | t½
(a)  | Yield
(%)  | Q *
(keV)  | βγ *

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155Eu | 4.76  | 0.0803 | 252  | βγ
85Kr | 10.76  | 0.2180 | 687  | βγ
113mCd | 14.1  | 0.0008 | 316  | β
90Sr | 28.9  | 4.505  | 2826 | β
137Cs | 30.23  | 6.337  | 1176 | βγ
121mSn | 43.9  | 0.00005  | 390  | βγ
151Sm | 88.8  | 0.5314 | 77  | β

Cadmium-113m is a cadmium radioisotope and nuclear isomer with a half-life of 14.1 years. In a normal thermal reactor, it has a very low fission product yield, plus its large neutron capture cross section means that most of even the small amount produced is destroyed in the course of the nuclear fuel's burnup; thus, this isotope is not a significant contributor to nuclear waste.

Fast fission or fission of some heavier actinides[which?] will produce 113mCd at higher yields.

## References

1. ↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
2. ↑ Ratié, Gildas; Chrastný, Vladislav; Guinoiseau, Damien; Marsac, Rémi; Vaňková, Zuzana; Komárek, Michael (2021-06-01). "Cadmium Isotope Fractionation during Complexation with Humic Acid". Environmental Science & Technology 55 (11): 7430–7444. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c00646. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 33970606. Bibcode: 2021EnST...55.7430R. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00646.

* Isotope masses from:
* Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
* Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
* Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document
* National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/.
* Lide, David R., ed (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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Isotopes of the chemical elements

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* Table of nuclides
* Categories: Isotopes
* Tables of nuclides
* Metastable isotopes
* Isotopes by element

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