Isotopes of calcium

Short description: Nuclides with atomic number of 20 but with different mass numbers

Main isotopes of Chemistry:calcium (20Ca) | Iso­tope | Decay

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| abun­dance | half-life (t1/2) | mode | pro­duct
40Ca  | 96.941%  | stable
41Ca  | trace | 9.94×104 y | ε | 41K
42Ca  | 0.647%  | stable
43Ca  | 0.135%  | stable
44Ca  | 2.086%  | stable
45Ca  | syn | 162.6 d  | β− | 45Sc
46Ca  | 0.004%  | stable
47Ca  | syn  | 4.5 d  | β− | 47Sc
γ | –
48Ca | 0.187%  | 6.4×1019 y  | β−β− | 48Ti
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Ca)|

* 40.078(4)[1]

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Calcium (20Ca) has 26 known isotopes, ranging from 35Ca to 60Ca. There are five stable isotopes (40Ca, 42Ca, 43Ca, 44Ca and 46Ca), plus one isotope (48Ca) with such a long half-life that for all practical purposes it can be considered stable. The most abundant isotope, 40Ca, as well as the rare 46Ca, are theoretically unstable on energetic grounds, but their decay has not been observed. Calcium also has a cosmogenic isotope, radioactive 41Ca, which has a half-life of 99,400 years. Unlike cosmogenic isotopes that are produced in the atmosphere, 41Ca is produced by neutron activation of 40Ca. Most of its production is in the upper metre of the soil column, where the cosmogenic neutron flux is still sufficiently strong. 41Ca has received much attention in stellar studies because it decays to 41K, a critical indicator of solar system anomalies. The most stable artificial radioisotopes are 45Ca with a half-life of 163 days and 47Ca with a half-life of 4.5 days. All other calcium isotopes have half-lives measured in minutes or less.[2]

40Ca comprises about 97% of naturally occurring calcium. 40Ca is also one of the daughter products of 40K decay, along with 40Ar. While K–Ar dating has been used extensively in the geological sciences, the prevalence of 40Ca in nature has impeded its use in dating. Techniques using mass spectrometry and a double spike isotope dilution have been used for K–Ca age dating.

## Contents

* 1 List of isotopes
* 2 References
* 3 Further reading
* 4 External links

## List of isotopes

Nuclide[3]
| Z | N | Isotopic mass (u)[4]
[n 1] | Half-life
[n 2] | Decay
mode
[n 3] | Daughter
isotope
[n 4] | Spin and
parity
[n 5][n 6] | Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)

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Normal proportion  | Range of variation
35Ca  | 20  | 15  | 35.00514(21)#  | 25.7(2) ms  | β+, p (95.9%)  | 34Ar  | 1/2+#  |  |
β+, 2p (4.1%)  | 33Cl
36Ca  | 20  | 16  | 35.99307(4)  | 101.2(15) ms  | β+, p (51.2%)  | 35Ar  | 0+  |  |
β+ (48.8%)  | 36K
37Ca  | 20  | 17  | 36.9858979(7)  | 181.1(10) ms  | β+, p (82.1%)  | 36Ar | 3/2+#  |  |
β+ (17.9%)  | 37K
38Ca  | 20  | 18  | 37.97631923(21)  | 443.70(25) ms  | β+ | 38K  | 0+  |  |
39Ca  | 20  | 19  | 38.9707108(6)  | 860.3(8) ms  | β+ | 39K | 3/2+  |  |
40Ca[n 7] | 20  | 20  | 39.962590866(22)  | Observationally Stable[n 8] | 0+  | 0.96941(156)  | 0.96933–0.96947
41Ca  | 20  | 21  | 40.96227792(15)  | 9.94(15)×104 y  | EC | 41K | 7/2−  | Trace[n 9] |
42Ca  | 20  | 22  | 41.95861783(16)  | Stable | 0+  | 0.00647(23)  | 0.00646–0.00648
43Ca  | 20  | 23  | 42.95876643(24)  | Stable | 7/2−  | 0.00135(10)  | 0.00135–0.00135
44Ca  | 20  | 24  | 43.9554815(3)  | Stable | 0+  | 0.02086(110)  | 0.02082–0.02092
45Ca  | 20  | 25  | 44.9561863(4)  | 162.61(9) d  | β− | 45Sc | 7/2−  |  |
46Ca  | 20  | 26  | 45.9536880(24)  | Observationally Stable[n 10] | 0+  | 4(3)×10−5 | 4×10−5–4×10−5
47Ca  | 20  | 27  | 46.9545414(24)  | 4.536(3) d  | β− | 47Sc  | 7/2−  |  |
48Ca[n 11] | 20  | 28  | 47.95252290(10)  | (6.4+0.7−0.6+1.2−0.9)×1019 y | β−β−[n 12][n 13] | 48Ti | 0+  | 0.00187(21)  | 0.00186–0.00188
49Ca  | 20  | 29  | 48.95562288(22)  | 8.718(6) min  | β− | 49Sc  | 3/2−  |  |
50Ca  | 20  | 30  | 49.9574992(17)  | 13.9(6) s  | β− | 50Sc  | 0+  |  |
51Ca  | 20  | 31  | 50.9609957(6)  | 10.0(8) s  | β− | 51Sc  | (3/2−)  |  |
52Ca  | 20  | 32  | 51.9632136(7)  | 4.6(3) s  | β− (98%)  | 52Sc  | 0+  |  |
β−, n (2%)  | 51Sc
53Ca  | 20  | 33  | 52.96845(5)  | 461(90) ms  | β− (60%)  | 53Sc  | 3/2−#  |  |
β−, n (40%)  | 52Sc
54Ca  | 20  | 34  | 53.97299(5)  | 90(6) ms  | β− (93%)  | 54Sc  | 0+  |  |
β−, n (7%)  | 53Sc
55Ca  | 20  | 35  | 54.98030(32)#  | 22(2) ms  | β− | 55Sc  | 5/2−#  |  |
56Ca  | 20  | 36  | 55.98508(43)#  | 11(2) ms  | β− | 56Sc  | 0+  |  |
57Ca  | 20  | 37  | 56.99262(43)#  | 5# ms  | β− | 57Sc  | 5/2−#  |  |
β−, n  | 56Sc
58Ca  | 20  | 38  | 57.99794(54)#  | 3# ms  | β− | 58Sc  | 0+  |  |
β−, n  | 57Sc
59Ca[6] | 20  | 39  |  |  | β− | 59Sc  |  |  |
60Ca[6] | 20  | 40  |  |  | β− | 60Sc  | 0+  |  |

1. ↑ ( ) - Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
2. ↑ Bold half-life - nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
3. ↑ Modes of decay:  EC: | Electron capture

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n: | Neutron emission
p: | Proton emission
4. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter - Daughter product is stable.
5. ↑ ( ) spin value - Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
6. ↑ # - Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
7. ↑ Heaviest nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons with no observed decay
8. ↑ Believed to undergo double electron capture to 40Ar with a half-life no less than 5.9×1021 y
9. ↑ Cosmogenic nuclide
10. ↑ Believed to undergo β−β− decay to 46Ti with a half-life no less than 2.8×1015 y
11. ↑ Primordial radionuclide
12. ↑ Lightest nuclide known to undergo double beta decay
13. ↑ Theorized to also undergo β− decay to 48Sc with a partial half-life exceeding 1.1+0.8−0.6×1021 years[5]

## References

1. ↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
2. ↑ Template:Nubase 2016
3. ↑ Half-life, decay mode, nuclear spin, and isotopic composition is sourced in:
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties". Chinese Physics C 41 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001. Bibcode: 2017ChPhC..41c0001A. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2016/NUBASE2016.pdf.
4. ↑ Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references". Chinese Physics C 41 (3): 030003-1—030003-442. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003. http://nuclearmasses.org/resources_folder/Wang_2017_Chinese_Phys_C_41_030003.pdf.
5. ↑ Aunola, M.; Suhonen, J.; Siiskonen, T. (1999). "Shell-model study of the highly forbidden beta decay 48Ca → 48Sc". EPL 46 (5): 577. doi:10.1209/epl/i1999-00301-2. Bibcode: 1999EL.....46..577A.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Tarasov, O.B. (2017). "Production of very neutron rich isotopes: What should we know?". https://sciencedocbox.com/Physics/68518403-Production-of-very-neutron-rich-isotopes-what-should-we-know.html.

## Further reading

* C. Michael Hogan. 2010. Calcium. ed. A. Jorgenson and C. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington, D.C.

## External links

* National Isotope Development Center Official website
* Calcium isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

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Isotopes of the chemical elements

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* Table of nuclides
* Categories: Isotopes
* Tables of nuclides
* Metastable isotopes
* Isotopes by element

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