List of quasiparticles

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This is a list of quasiparticles and collective excitations used in condensed matter physics.

## List

Quasiparticles  Quasiparticle  | Signification  | Underlying particles

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Angulon  | Used to describe the rotation of molecules in solvents. First postulated theoretically in 2015,[1] the existence of the angulon was confirmed in February 2017, after a series of experiments spanning 20 years. Heavy and light species of molecules were found to rotate inside superfluid helium droplets, in good agreement with the angulon theory.[2][3] |
Anyon | A type of quasiparticle that occurs only in two-dimensional systems, with properties much less restricted than fermions and bosons.  | exciton
Biexciton | A bound state of two free excitons  |
Bion | A bound state of solitons, named for Born–Infeld model | soliton
Bipolaron | A bound pair of two polarons  | polaron
Bogolon | Broken Cooper pair  | electron, hole
Composite fermion | Arise in a two-dimensional system subject to a large magnetic field, most famously those systems that exhibit the fractional quantum Hall effect.[4] | electron
Configuron[5] | An elementary configurational excitation in an amorphous material which involves breaking of a chemical bond  |
Cooper pair | A bound pair of two electrons  | electron
Dirac electron | Electrons in graphene behave as relativistic massless Dirac fermions  | electron
Dislon | A localized collective excitation associated with a dislocation in crystalline solids.[6] It emerges from the quantization of the lattice displacement field of a classical dislocation  |
Doublon  | Paired electrons in the same lattice site[7][8][9] | electrons
Dropleton |
Duon  | Quasiparticle made of two particles coupled by hydrodynamic forces. These classical quasiparticles were observed as the elementary excitations in a 2D colloidal crystal driven by viscous flow.[10] |
Electron quasiparticle | An electron as affected by the other forces and interactions in the solid | electron
Electron hole (hole)  | A lack of electron in a valence band  | crystal lattice
Exciton | A bound state of an electron and a hole (See also: biexciton)  | electron, hole
Exciton-polariton | A bound state of an exciton and a photon.  | photon, exciton
Ferron  | A quasiparticle that carries heat and polarization, akin to phonon and magnons.[11][12] |
Fracton | A collective quantized vibration on a substrate with a fractal structure.  |
Fracton (subdimensional particle) | An emergent quasiparticle excitation that is immobile when in isolation.  |
Helical Dirac fermion | Dirac electron with spin locked to its translational momentum.  | Dirac electron
Holon (chargon)  | A quasi-particle resulting from electron spin-charge separation  | electron
Hopfion | A topological soliton. 3D counterpart of 2D magnetic skyrmion.  |
Intersubband polariton | Dipolar allowed optical excitations between the quantized electronic energy levels within the conduction band of semiconductor heterostructures.  | photon
Leviton | A collective excitation of a single electron within a metal  |
Magnetic monopole | Arise in condensed matter systems such as spin ice and carry an effective magnetic charge as well as being endowed with other typical quasiparticle properties such as an effective mass.  |
Magnetic skyrmion | Statically stable solitons which appear in magnetic materials. In 3D these are sometimes called hopfions.  |
Magnon | A coherent excitation of electron spins in a material  |
Majorana fermion | A quasiparticle equal to its own antiparticle, emerging as a midgap state in certain superconductors  |
Nematicon | A soliton in nematic liquid-crystal media  |
Orbiton[13] | A quasiparticle resulting from electron spin–orbital separation  |
Oscillon | A soliton-like single wave in vibrating media  |
Pines' demon | Collective excitation of electrons which corresponds to electrons in different energy bands moving out of phase with each other. Named after David Pines | electrons
Phason | Vibrational modes in a quasicrystal associated with atomic rearrangements  | crystal lattice
Phoniton | A theoretical quasiparticle which is a hybridization of a localized, long-living phonon and a matter excitation[14] | phonon
Phonon | Vibrational modes in a crystal lattice associated with atomic shifts  | crystal lattice
Phonon polariton | A coupling between phonon and photons.  | optical phonon, photon
Plasmariton  | Coupled optical phonon and dressed photon consisting of a plasmon and photon.  | plasmon, photon
Plasmaron | A quasiparticle emerging from the coupling between a plasmon and a hole | plasmon, hole
Plasmon | A coherent excitation of a plasma | electron
Plexciton | Coupling plasmons with excitons  |
Polaron | A moving charged quasiparticle that is surrounded by ions in a material  | electron, phonon
Polariton | A mixture of photon with other quasiparticles  | photon, optical phonon
Relaxon  | A collective phonon excitation[15] | Phonon
Rydberg polaron | Polarons in ensembles of Rydberg atoms and Bose–Einstein condensates.  | Rydberg atom
Roton | Collective excitation associated with the rotation of a fluid (often a superfluid). It is a quantum of a vortex.  |
Semi-Dirac electron | Particle with zero mass gap in one direction of space.  | electron
Surface magnon polariton | Coupling between spin waves and electromagnetic waves.  | magnon, photon
Surface phonon | Vibrational modes in a crystal lattice associated with atomic shifts at the surface.  |
Surface plasmon | A coherent excitation of a plasma at the surface of a metal.  |
Surface plasmon polariton | Coupling between surface plasmons and electromagnetic waves.  | Surface plasmon, photon
Soliton | A self-reinforcing solitary excitation wave  |
Spinon | A quasiparticle produced as a result of electron spin–charge separation that can form both quantum spin liquid and strongly correlated quantum spin liquid  |
TI-polaron | Translational invariant polaron  | polaron
Trion | A coherent excitation of three quasiparticles (two holes and one electron or two electrons and one hole)  | electron, hole
Triplon  | A quasiparticle formed from electrons with triplet state pairing[16][17] | electron
Wrinklon | A localized excitation corresponding to wrinkles in a constrained two dimensional system[18][19] |
Weyl electrons | In Weyl semimetals, electrons behave as massless, following the Weyl equation.  | electron

## References

1. ↑ Schmidt, Richard; Lemeshko, Mikhail (18 May 2015). "Rotation of Quantum Impurities in the Presence of a Many-Body Environment". Physical Review Letters 114 (20). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.203001. PMID 26047225. Bibcode: 2015PhRvL.114t3001S.
2. ↑ Lemeshko, Mikhail (27 February 2017). "Quasiparticle Approach to Molecules Interacting with Quantum Solvents". Physical Review Letters 118 (9). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.095301. PMID 28306270. Bibcode: 2017PhRvL.118i5301L.
3. ↑ "Existence of a new quasiparticle demonstrated". Phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2017-02-quasiparticle.html.
4. ↑ "Physics Today Article". http://ptonline.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=PHTOAD000053000004000039000001&idtype=cvips&bypassSSO=1.
5. ↑ Angell, C.A.; Rao, K.J. (1972). "Configurational excitations in condensed matter, and "bond lattice" model for the liquid-glass transition". J. Chem. Phys. 57 (1): 470–481. doi:10.1063/1.1677987. Bibcode: 1972JChPh..57..470A.
6. ↑ M. Li, Y. Tsurimaki, Q. Meng, N. Andrejevic, Y. Zhu, G. D. Mahan, and G. Chen, "Theory of electron-phonon-dislon interacting system – toward a quantized theory of dislocations", New J. Phys. (2017) http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/aaa383/meta
7. ↑ Bergan, Brad (2021-06-29). "Physicist Just Discovered a New Quasiparticle" (in en-US). https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/quantum-computing-new-quasiparticle.
8. ↑ Besedin, Ilya S.; Gorlach, Maxim A.; Abramov, Nikolay N.; Tsitsilin, Ivan; Moskalenko, Ilya N.; Dobronosova, Alina A.; Moskalev, Dmitry O.; Matanin, Alexey R. et al. (2021-06-17). "Topological excitations and bound photon pairs in a superconducting quantum metamaterial" (in en). Physical Review B 103 (22). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.103.224520. ISSN 2469-9950. Bibcode: 2021PhRvB.103v4520B. https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.103.224520.
9. ↑ Azcona, P. Martínez; Downing, C. A. (2021-06-15). "Doublons, topology and interactions in a one-dimensional lattice" (in en). Scientific Reports 11 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91778-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 34131200. Bibcode: 2021NatSR..1112540A.
10. ↑ Saeed, Imran; Pak, Hyuk Kyu; Tlusty, Tsvi (2023-01-26). "Quasiparticles, flat bands and the melting of hydrodynamic matter" (in en). Nature Physics 19 (4): 536–544. doi:10.1038/s41567-022-01893-5. ISSN 1745-2481. Bibcode: 2023NatPh..19..536S. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-022-01893-5.
11. ↑ Wooten, Brandi L.; Iguchi, Ryo; Tang, Ping; Kang, Joon Sang; Uchida, Ken-ichi; Bauer, Gerrit; Heremans, Joseph P. (2023-02-03). "Electric field–dependent phonon spectrum and heat conduction in ferroelectrics" (in en). Science Advances 9 (5). doi:10.1126/sciadv.add7194. ISSN 2375-2548. PMID 36724270. Bibcode: 2023SciA....9D7194W.
12. ↑ Gasparini, Allison (2023-02-17). "Researchers Spot a Ferron" (in en). Physics 16. doi:10.1103/Physics.16.28. Bibcode: 2023PhyOJ..16...28G. https://physics.aps.org/articles/v16/28.
13. ↑ J. Schlappa; K. Wohlfeld; K. J. Zhou; M. Mourigal; M. W. Haverkort; V. N. Strocov; L. Hozoi; C. Monney et al. (2012-04-18). "Spin–orbital separation in the quasi-one-dimensional Mott insulator Sr2CuO3". Nature 485 (7396): 82–5. doi:10.1038/nature10974. PMID 22522933. Bibcode: 2012Natur.485...82S.
14. ↑ "Introducing the Phoniton: a tool for controlling sound at the quantum level". University of Maryland Department of Physics. http://www.umdphysics.umd.edu/component/content/article/77-modules/582-introducing-the-phoniton-a-tool-for-controlling-sound-at-the-quantum-level.html.
15. ↑ McGaughey, Alan (2016-10-17). "Relaxons Heat Up Thermal Transport" (in en). Physics 9: 118. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.6.041013. https://physics.aps.org/articles/v9/118.
16. ↑ Drost, Robert; Kezilebieke, Shawulienu; Lado, Jose L.; Liljeroth, Peter (2023-08-22). "Real-Space Imaging of Triplon Excitations in Engineered Quantum Magnets". Physical Review Letters 131 (8). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.086701. PMID 37683177. Bibcode: 2023PhRvL.131h6701D. https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/123456789/89093/2/PhysRevLett.131.086701.pdf.
17. ↑ McRae, Mike (2023-08-25). "Waves of Entanglement Seen Rippling Through a Quantum Magnet For The First Time" (in en-US). https://www.sciencealert.com/waves-of-entanglement-seen-rippling-through-a-quantum-magnet-for-the-first-time.
18. ↑ Johnson, Hamish (20 June 2011). "Introducing the 'wrinklon'". Physics World. http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2011/jun/20/introducing-the-wrinklon.
19. ↑ Meng, Lan; Su, Ying; Geng, Dechao; Yu, Gui; Liu, Yunqi; Dou, Rui-Fen; Nie, Jia-Cai; He, Lin (2013). "Hierarchy of graphene wrinkles induced by thermal strain engineering". Applied Physics Letters 103 (25): 251610. doi:10.1063/1.4857115. Bibcode: 2013ApPhL.103y1610M.

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Mesons / quarkonia|

* Pion
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Quasiparticles|

* Davydov soliton
* Dropleton
* Exciton
* Hole
* Magnon
* Phonon
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* Roton
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