Magnetic drug delivery

Magnetic nanoparticle-based drug delivery is a means in which magnetic particles such as iron oxide nanoparticles are a component of a delivery vehicle for magnetic drug delivery, due to the simplicity with which the particles can be drawn to (external) magnetopuissant targets.[1][2] Magnetic nanoparticles can impart imaging and controlled release capabilities to drug delivery materials such as micelles, liposomes, and polymers.

## Synopsis

Molecular magnets (single-molecule magnets) are a platform that incorporates insoluble (toxic) drugs into biocompatible carrier materials, without adding magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles which might adversely affect patients susceptible to iron overdose. The drawbacks in conventional magnetic drug delivery methods can be overcome by switching from typical iron oxide nanoparticles to ones based on molecular magnets, such as Fe(salen)-based "anticancer nanomagnet" with proven cancer-fighting ability.[3][4][5] However, insoluble drugs including Fe(salen) also have some inherent drawbacks, such as poor water solubility, loss of magnetic activity in solvents, and potential cytotoxicity when accumulated in tissues and organs.

As an alternative synthetic method of magnetic drug delivery, a "non-iron oxide"-based smart delivery platform has been very recently developed by self-assembly of the Fe(salen) drugs into nano-cargoes encapsulated by a smart polymer, exhibiting bio-safe multifunctional magnetic capabilities, including MRI, magnetic field- and pH-responsive heat-releasing hyperthermia effects, and controlled release.[6]

## References

1. ↑ Arruebo, Manuel; Fernández-Pacheco, Rodrigo; Ibarra, M. Ricardo; Santamaría, Jesús (2007). "Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery". Nano Today 2 (3): 22–32. doi:10.1016/S1748-0132(07)70084-1.
2. ↑ Miller, Joel S.; Gatteschi, Dante (2011). "Molecule-based magnets". Chemical Society Reviews 40 (6): 3065–3066. doi:10.1039/C1CS90019F. PMID 21552607.
3. ↑ Eguchi, Haruki; Umemura, Masanari; Kurotani, Reiko; Fukumura, Hidenobu; Sato, Itaru; Kim, Jeong-Hwan; Hoshino, Yujiro; Lee, Jin et al. (2015). "A magnetic anti-cancer compound for magnet-guided delivery and magnetic resonance imaging". Scientific Reports 5: 9194. doi:10.1038/srep09194. PMID 25779357. Bibcode: 2015NatSR...5E9194E.
4. ↑ Sato, Itaru; Umemura, Masanari; Mitsudo, Kenji; Fukumura, Hidenobu; Kim, Jeong-Hwan; Hoshino, Yujiro; Nakashima, Hideyuki; Kioi, Mitomu et al. (2016). "Simultaneous hyperthermia-chemotherapy with controlled drug delivery using single-drug nanoparticles". Scientific Reports 6: 24629. doi:10.1038/srep24629. PMID 27103308. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...624629S.
5. ↑ Ohtake, Makoto; Umemura, Masanari; Sato, Itaru; Akimoto, Taisuke; Oda, Kayoko; Nagasako, Akane; Kim, Jeong-Hwan; Fujita, Takayuki et al. (2017). "Hyperthermia and chemotherapy using Fe(Salen) nanoparticles might impact glioblastoma treatment". Scientific Reports 7: 42783. doi:10.1038/srep42783. PMID 28218292. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...742783O.
6. ↑ Kim, Jeong-Hwan; Eguchi, Haruki; Umemura, Masanari; Sato, Itaru; Yamada, Shigeki; Hoshino, Yujiro; Masuda, Takatsugu; Aoki, Ichio et al. (2017). "Magnetic metal-complex-conducting copolymer core–shell nanoassemblies for a single-drug anticancer platform". NPG Asia Materials 9 (3): e367. doi:10.1038/am.2017.29.

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Routes of administration, dosage forms

Oral|

| Digestive
tract (enteral)|

| Solids|

* Pill
* Tablet
* Capsule
* Pastille
* Time release technology
* Osmotic delivery system (OROS)

|
|

Liquids|

* Decoction
* Elixir
* Electuary
* Emulsion
* Extended-release syrup
* Effervescent powder or tablet
* Herbal tea
* Hydrogel
* Molecular encapsulation
* Powder
* Softgel
* Solution
* Suspension
* Syrup
* Syrup Concentrate for dilution and/or addition of carbonated water
* Tincture

Buccal (sublabial),
sublingual|

| Solids|

* Orally disintegrating tablet (ODT)
* Film
* Lollipop
* Sublingual drops
* Lozenges
* Effervescent buccal tablet
* Chewing gum

|

Liquids|

* Mouthwash
* Toothpaste
* Ointment
* Oral spray

Respiratory
tract|

| Solids|

* Smoking device
* Dry-powder inhaler (DPI)

|
|

Liquids|

* Anaesthetic vaporizer
* Vaporizer
* Nebulizer
* Metered-dose inhaler (MDI)

Gas|

* Oxygen mask and Nasal cannula
* Oxygen concentrator
* Anaesthetic machine
* Relative analgesia machine

Ophthalmic,
otologic, nasal]]|

* Nasal spray
* Ear drops
* Eye drops
* Ointment
* Hydrogel
* Nanosphere suspension
* Insufflation
* Mucoadhesive microdisc (microsphere tablet)

Urogenital|

* Ointment
* Pessary (vaginal suppository)
* Vaginal ring
* Vaginal douche
* Intrauterine device (IUD)
* Extra-amniotic infusion
* Intravesical infusion

Rectal (enteral)|

* Ointment
* Suppository
* Enema
* Solution
* Hydrogel
* Murphy drip
* Nutrient enema

Dermal|

* Ointment
* Topical cream
* Topical gel
* Liniment
* Paste
* Film
* DMSO drug solution
* Electrophoretic dermal delivery system
* Hydrogel
* Liposomes
* Transfersome vesicles
* Cream
* Lotion
* Lip balm
* Medicated shampoo
* Dermal patch
* Transdermal patch
* Contact (rubbed into break in the skin)
* Transdermal spray
* Jet injector

Injection,
infusion<br />(into tissue/blood)

| Skin|

* Intradermal
* Subcutaneous
* Transdermal implant

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Organs|

* Intracavernous
* Intravitreal
* Intra-articular injection
* Transscleral

Central nervous system|

* Intracerebral
* Intrathecal
* Epidural

Circulatory,
musculoskeletal|

* Intravenous
* Intracardiac
* Intramuscular
* Intraosseous
* Intraperitoneal
* Nanocell injection
* Patient-controlled analgesia pump
* PIC line

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