Metal–insulator–metal

Metal–insulator–metal (MIM) diode is a type of nonlinear device very similar to a semiconductor diode and capable of very fast operation. Depending on the geometry and the material used for fabrication, the operation mechanisms are governed either by quantum tunnelling or thermal activation.[1] In 1948, Torrey et al. stated that "It should be possible to make metal–insulator–metal rectifiers with much smaller spreading resistances than metal–semiconductor rectifiers have, consequently giving greater rectification efficiency at high frequencies."[2] But due to fabrication difficulties, two decades passed before the first device could be successfully created. Some of the very first MIM diodes to be fabricated came from Bell Labs in the late 1960s and early 1970s[3] Brinkman et al. demonstrated the first zero-bias MIM tunneling diode with significant responsivity. When they are using tunneling transport, the MIM diode can be very fast. As soon as 1974, this diode was reportedly used as a mixer at 88 THz in a setup of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.[4] Thanks to recent researches the zero-bias responsivity of the MIM diode (15 A/W) is now very close to the one of Schottky diode (19.4 A/W).[5]

Today MIM diode is the cornerstone of the ongoing nantenna developments. They are also used as thin-film diode by the flat-panel display manufacturers.

In contrast to MIM diodes, metal–insulator–insulator–metal (MIIM) diodes have two insulator layers.

## See also

* Nantenna
* Resonant tunnelling diode
* Scanning tunneling microscope
* Superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS)
* Thin-film diode
* Tunnel diode
* Tunnel junction

## References

1. ↑ S. Hemour and W. Ke, "Radio-Frequency Rectifier for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting: Development Path and Future Outlook", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 102, pp. 1667–1691, 2014.
2. ↑ Torrey, Henry C.; Whitmer, Charles A. (1948). "4-1: Barrier-layer Rectification". Crystal Rectifiers. Radiation Laboratory Series. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 70. HathiTrust 001618319. OCLC 2207503.
3. ↑ W. F. Brinkman, R. C. Dynes, and J. M. Rowell, "Tunneling Conductance of Asymmetrical Barriers", Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 41, pp. 1915–1921, 1970.
4. ↑ E. Sakuma and K. Evenson, "Characteristics of tungsten-nickel point contact diodes used as laser harmonic-generator mixers", IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 10, pp. 599–603, 1974.
5. ↑ M. L. Chin, P. Periasamy, T. P. O'Regan, M. Amani, C. Tan, R. P. O'Hayre, et al., "Planar metal-insulator-metal diodes based on the Nb/Nb2O5/X material system", Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures, vol. 31, pp. 051204-1–051204-8, 2013.

## External links

* New diode features optically controlled capacitance
* Optical control of capacitance in a metal-insulator-semiconductor diode with embedded metal nanoparticles

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