Metallization pressure

Metallization pressure is the pressure required for a non-metallic chemical element to become a metal. Every material is predicted to turn into a metal if the pressure is high enough, and temperature low enough.

Z | Element  | p, Mbar  | ref.

|
|
|

1  | hydrogen | 3.9  | [1]
2  | helium | 329  | [2]
5  | boron | 1.6  | [3]
6  | carbon | 11  | [4]
7  | nitrogen | >> 5  | [5]
8  | oxygen | 0.96  | [6]
9  | fluorine | .  | .
10  | neon | 2084  | [7]
14  | silicon | 0.12
15  | phosphorus | 0.048  | [8]
16  | sulfur | 0.83  | [9]
17  | chlorine | 2.0  | [10]
18  | argon | 5.1  | [11]
32  | germanium | 0.11  | [12]
33  | arsenic | 0.022  | [13]
34  | selenium | 0.23  | [14]
35  | bromine | 0.25  | [15]
36  | krypton | 3.1  | [11][16]
52  | tellurium | 0.04  | [17]
53  | iodine | 0.16  | [18]
54  | xenon | 1.3  | [19]
86  | radon | .  | .

## See also

* Metallic hydrogen

## References

1. ↑ McMinis, Jeremy; Clay, Raymond C.; Lee, Donghwa; Morales, Miguel A. (2015). "Molecular to Atomic Phase Transition in Hydrogen under High Pressure". Physical Review Letters 114 (10): 105305. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.105305. PMID 25815944. Bibcode: 2015PhRvL.114j5305M.
2. ↑ Monserrat, Bartomeu; Drummond, N. D.; Pickard, Chris J.; Needs, R. J. (2014). "Electron-Phonon Coupling and the Metallization of Solid Helium at Terapascal Pressures". Physical Review Letters 112 (5): 055504. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.055504. PMID 24580611. Bibcode: 2014PhRvL.112e5504M.
3. ↑ Zhao, Jijun; Lu, Jian Ping (2002). "Pressure-induced metallization in solid boron". Physical Review B 66 (9): 092101. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.66.092101. Bibcode: 2002PhRvB..66i2101Z.
4. ↑ Correa, Alfredo A.; Bonev, Stanimir A.; Galli, Giulia (2006). "Carbon under extreme conditions: phase boundaries and electronic properties from first-principles theory". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (5): 1204–1208. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510489103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 16432191. PMC 1345714. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..103.1204C. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16432191.
5. ↑ Ma, Yanming; Oganov, Artem R.; Li, Zhenwei; Xie, Yu; Kotakoski, Jani (2009). "Novel High Pressure Structures of Polymeric Nitrogen". Physical Review Letters 102 (6): 065501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.065501. PMID 19257600. Bibcode: 2009PhRvL.102f5501M.
6. ↑ Elatresh, Sabri F.; Bonev, Stanimir A. (2020). "Stability and metallization of solid oxygen at high pressure". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22 (22): 12577–12583. doi:10.1039/C9CP05267D. PMID 32452471. Bibcode: 2020PCCP...2212577E.
7. ↑ Tang, Jun; Ao, Bingyun; Huang, Li; Ye, Xiaoqiu; Gu, Yunjun; Chen, Qifeng (2019). "Metallization and positive pressure dependency of bandgap in solid neon". The Journal of Chemical Physics 150 (11): 111103. doi:10.1063/1.5089489. PMID 30901987. Bibcode: 2019JChPh.150k1103T.
8. ↑ Okajima, Michio; Endo, Shoichi; Akahama, Yuichi; Narita, Shin-ichiro (1984). "Electrical Investigation of Phase Transition in Black Phosphorus under High Pressure". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 23 (1): 15–19. doi:10.1143/JJAP.23.15. Bibcode: 1984JaJAP..23...15O.
9. ↑ Akahama, Y.; Kobayashi, M.; Kawamura, H. (1993). "Pressure-induced structural phase transition in sulfur at 83 GPa". Physical Review B 48 (10): 6862–6864. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.48.6862. PMID 10006849. Bibcode: 1993PhRvB..48.6862A.
10. ↑ Dalladay-Simpson, Philip; Binns, Jack; Peña-Alvarez, Miriam; Donnelly, Mary-Ellen; Greenberg, Eran; Prakapenka, Vitali; Chen, Xiao-Jia; Gregoryanz, Eugene et al. (8 March 2019). "Band gap closure, incommensurability and molecular dissociation of dense chlorine" (in en). Nature Communications 10 (1): 1134. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09108-x. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 30850606. Bibcode: 2019NatCo..10.1134D.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kwon, I.; Collins, L.A.; Kress, J.D.; Troullier, N. (1995). "First-principles study of solid Ar and Kr under high compression". Physical Review B 52 (21): 15165–15169. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.52.15165. PMID 9980870. Bibcode: 1995PhRvB..5215165K.
12. ↑ Vohra, Yogesh K.; Brister, Keith E.; Desgreniers, Serge; Ruoff, Arthur L.; Chang, K. J.; Cohen, Marvin L. (1986). "Phase-Transition Studies of Germanium to 1.25 Mbar". Physical Review Letters 56 (18): 1944–1947. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.1944. PMID 10032817. Bibcode: 1986PhRvL..56.1944V.
13. ↑ Li, Ruiping; Han, Nannan; Cheng, Yingchun; Huang, Wei (2019). "Pressure-induced metallization of black arsenic". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 31 (50): 505501. doi:10.1088/1361-648X/ab3f76. PMID 31469104. Bibcode: 2019JPCM...31X5501L.
14. ↑ Akahama, Y.; Kobayashi, M.; Kawamura, H. (1993). "Structural studies of pressure-induced phase transitions in selenium up to 150 GPa". Physical Review B 47 (1): 20–26. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.47.20. PMID 10004412. Bibcode: 1993PhRvB..47...20A.
15. ↑ San Miguel, A.; Libotte, H.; Gaspard, J.P.; Gauthier, M.; Itié, J.P.; Polian, A. (2000). "Bromine metallization studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy". The European Physical Journal B 17 (2): 227–233. doi:10.1007/s100510070136. Bibcode: 2000EPJB...17..227S.
16. ↑ Hama, Juichiro; Suito, Kaichi (1989). "Equation of state and metallization in compressed solid krypton". Physics Letters A 140 (3): 117–121. doi:10.1016/0375-9601(89)90503-3. Bibcode: 1989PhLA..140..117H.
17. ↑ Marini, C.; Chermisi, D.; Lavagnini, M.; Di Castro, D.; Petrillo, C.; Degiorgi, L.; Scandolo, S.; Postorino, P. (2012). "High-pressure phases of crystalline tellurium: A combined Raman and ab initio study". Physical Review B 86 (6): 064103. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.86.064103. Bibcode: 2012PhRvB..86f4103M.
18. ↑ Pasternak, M.; Farrell, J. N.; Taylor, R. D. (1987). "Metallization and structural transformation of iodine under pressure: A microscopic view". Physical Review Letters 58 (6): 575–578. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.58.575. PMID 10034976. Bibcode: 1987PhRvL..58..575P.
19. ↑ Eremets, Mikhail; Gregoryanz, Eugene; Struzhkin, Victor; Mao, Ho-Kwang; Hemley, Russell; Mulders, Norbert; Zimmerman, Neil (2000). "Electrical Conductivity of Xenon at Megabar Pressures". Physical Review Letters 85 (13): 2797–2800. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2797. PMID 10991236. Bibcode: 2000PhRvL..85.2797E.

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